铁线莲品种耐热性分析及评价指标筛选

为探讨南方夏季高温对铁线莲生理生化的影响,筛选耐热品种并建立耐热性评价体系,于2015年5-8月,以20个铁线莲品种为试验材料,对其高温半致死温度及高温胁迫下植株热害指数(HII)、相对电导率(REC)、萎蔫程度(WD)等10个生理生化指标性进行测定,并采用主成分、隶属函数、聚类分析和逐步回归等方法对其耐热性进行综合评价。结果表明,20个品种可以分为耐高温、较耐高温、高温较敏感和高温敏感4个类型,其中罗曼蒂克、如古和浪子耐热性较强;高温半致死温度可作为耐热性评价的指标;建立了以HII、REC、叶绿素(CC)和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性等6个指标为变量的铁线莲耐热评价模型。本研究结果为铁线莲品种栽培适应性评价体系的建立和耐热型铁线莲品种选育提供了理论依据。     

高温强光下Ca2+对西葫芦幼苗膜质过氧化、抗氧化酶系统及热耗散的影响

为探明不同浓度外源Ca2+对高温强光胁迫下西葫芦植株幼苗的影响,本试验选用西葫芦(Cucurbitapepo L.)品种"阿兰一代"为试验材料,通过外源喷施不同浓度CaCl2溶液,研究了Ca2+对高温强光胁迫下西葫芦幼苗叶绿素荧光特性、膜质过氧化及抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明,较低浓度Ca2+处理(5~20 mmol.L 1)可有效提高高温强光下西葫芦幼苗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、超氧阴离子自由基(O2&)含量和膜透性,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量升高;同时西葫芦叶片PSII的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)较高,而非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)较低。说明5~20 mmol.L 1Ca2+处理对高温强光胁迫具有明显的缓解作用,同时其热耗散较小。当Ca2+处理浓度超过40 mmol.L 1时对高温强光胁迫缓解效应不明显。     

温度对盐胁迫小麦抗氧化机制的影响

本研究以耐盐性不同的8个冬小麦品种为材料,分别在室温(20℃/25℃)和接近小麦生产的低温(10℃/15℃)条件下采用溶液培养,并在苗期进行盐胁迫处理(150 mmol·L-1 Na Cl),研究温度和盐胁迫交互作用对耐盐性不同的小麦抗氧化机制的影响。结果表明,对室温培养的幼苗进行盐胁迫后,耐盐强的小麦幼苗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化酶(APX)活性均显著升高,并且高于2个耐盐性弱的品种;而耐盐性弱的小麦幼苗盐处理后仅APX活性显著升高,其活性氧(ROS)累积量和叶片相对电导率均高于耐盐小麦;抗旱小麦以上指标介于耐盐品种和耐盐性弱的品种中间。低温培养下进行盐胁迫,谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)在所有供试品种中均显著升高2~3倍;耐盐品种仅CAT和APX活性升高,抗旱品种SOD、POD和APX以及耐盐性弱的品种SOD和POD活性显著提高。由此得出与室温盐胁迫下小麦抗氧化机制的响应不同,低温盐胁迫条件下,耐盐小麦SOD和POD酶活性受到抑制,主要通过提高抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的两个关键酶APX和GR活性增加对ROS的清除能力,而抗旱品种和耐盐性弱的品种除GR酶活性显著提高外,SOD和POD对ROS的清除能力均显著增强。在各种抗氧化酶的共同作用下,耐盐性不同的小麦品种之间ROS累积量和叶片电导率等受伤害指标的差异程度与室温盐胁迫相比减弱。     

外源NO对Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下番茄叶片活性氧损伤的缓解效应

为探讨外源一氧化氮(NO)对次生盐渍胁迫下植物抗氧化系统的调节作用,以番茄品种‘秦丰保冠’为试材,在营养液栽培条件下研究叶面喷施外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)对80mmol·L~(-1)Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下番茄幼苗生长、叶片光合、活性氧物质、抗氧化酶活性和抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环的影响。结果表明,Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下喷施SNP处理的番茄幼苗叶片超氧阴离子(O_2~(·-))的产生速率以及过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、丙二醛(MDA)、脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)的含量和电解质渗漏率显著降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)的活性显著升高或得以维持,同时叶片抗坏血酸(AsA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及其还原力(AsA/DHA、GSH/GSSG值)显著升高,叶片活性氧损伤得到有效缓解,叶绿素降解和光合速率的下降得到有效抑制,进而促进了植株的生长发育,提高了番茄幼苗的耐盐能力。     

棉花幼苗AsA-GSH循环对低温胁迫的响应机制研究

为探究棉花幼苗营养器官抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环系统对低温胁迫的响应机制,以新陆早57号为试验材料,研究4℃低温胁迫不同时间(0、1和2 d)对根、茎和叶中抗氧化物质含量和酶活性的影响。结果表明,与对照(0 d)相比,随着低温胁迫时间延长,棉花幼苗根中还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)含量及单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性呈上升趋势,氧化型抗坏血酸(DHA)含量先减少后增加,氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性先升高后降低,谷胱甘肽氧化还原状态(GSH/GSSG比率)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性总体呈下降趋势,抗坏血酸氧化还原状态(AsA/DHA比率)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性无显著性差异;茎和叶中AsA和GSH含量、AsA/DHA比率及APX、MDHAR和GR活性总体呈上升趋势,且茎中DHAR活性升高,DHA和GSSG含量先减少后增加,GSH/GSSG比率和GPX活性无显著性差异,而叶中DHA含量和GSH/GSSG比率先不变后增加,DHAR活性先升高后降低,GSSG含量和GPX活性无显著性差异。综合分析显示,棉花幼苗通过调节根、茎和叶中抗氧化物质含量和酶活性来清除活性氧,从而适应低温胁迫,减轻低温伤害。此外,低温对根中AsA-GSH循环影响最大。本研究结果为揭示低温胁迫对棉花幼苗AsA-GSH循环代谢机制提供了理论依据。     

棉花幼苗内源保护酶对高温与渍水胁迫的响应

为量化"中棉所45"棉花幼苗内源保护酶对高温和渍水双重胁迫的响应,采用盆栽试验,以正常生长情况为对照(CK),设置3种胁迫:高温(HT)、渍水(WL)、高温+渍水(HT+WL)互作处理;处理前后测定棉花幼苗的形态指标、SPAD值、内源保护酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,分析各处理间差异。结果表明:1) HT、WL和HT+WL胁迫7 d后,棉花株高和真叶相对含水量较对照显著降低。2)与处理前相比,各处理棉花叶片SPAD值显著下降;棉花根和子叶中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和MDA含量增加,其中子叶SOD活性分别增长了15.00%、9.84%和40.93%,子叶CAT活性分别增长了22.6%、76.3%和100.2%,子叶POD活性分别增长了36.23%、56.59%和88.16%。3)高温与渍水双重胁迫对棉花幼苗中内源保护酶活性具有显著叠加效应及互作效应,且根响应胁迫较子叶敏感。     

苯丙烯酸对土培黄瓜幼苗抗氧化酶和脯氨酸含量的影响

以山东密刺黄瓜为试材,分别采用大棚土壤和露地土壤进行盆栽模拟试验,研究了苯丙烯酸对黄瓜幼苗谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和脯氨酸含量的影响,结果表明,苯丙烯酸降低了谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性,使抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性和脯氨酸含量增加,说明苯丙烯酸造成了黄瓜幼苗的逆境胁迫,并随着处理浓度的增加胁迫强度增加。苯丙烯酸对大棚土培幼苗的逆境胁迫大于露地土培。     

不同胡麻资源苗期耐盐性评价及鉴定指标筛选

为了综合评价胡麻资源苗期耐盐性，筛选出合理的胡麻苗期耐盐性鉴定指标，为胡麻耐盐育种和栽培提供基础理论依据，采用300 mmol/L的NaCl溶液对10份胡麻资源进行苗期胁迫处理，分析胁迫对幼苗存活率、株高、地下部干重、地上部干重、生长速率、丙二醛、脯氨酸、叶绿素、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶等10项指标的影响，结合相关性、主成分、聚类和回归分析方法进行综合评价。结果表明，轮选1号、R40、DYMS和陇亚10号具有相对较强耐盐性。筛选出生长速率和过氧化物酶2个鉴定指标为胡麻苗期耐盐能力鉴定的关键指标，以这2个筛选指标计算出的耐盐性预测值与综合评价计算出的综合Z值之间极显著相关(R2=0.982 2**)，表明该鉴定结果具有较高的准确性。将10份胡麻资源的苗期与萌发期耐盐性鉴定结果对比发现，胡麻萌发期与苗期的耐盐性具有不完全的一致性。     

棉花品种耐热性分析及鉴定指标筛选

为比较不同棉花品种花铃期耐热性,筛选耐热鉴定指标,构建棉花耐热性数学评价模型,本研究以13个陆地棉品种为试验材料,在花铃期模拟高温热害,调查花柱长度、衣分、孕籽率、单铃重、成铃率和花药散粉率,构建耐热系数,运用主成分、聚类和逐步回归等分析方法进行耐热性综合评价。结果表明,通过主成分分析将6个单项农艺指标转化为4个相互独立的综合指标,通过聚类分析将13个棉花品种按照耐热性强弱划分为3类,通过逐步回归构建棉花花铃期耐热性评价模型:D=0.145+0.180x1+0.400x3+0.229x4+0.125x5+0.095x6,筛选出散粉率、衣分、孕籽率、单铃重、成铃率等5个耐热性鉴定指标。本研究结果为棉花耐热种质资源鉴定及新品种选育提供了参考依据。     

外源抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽对荔枝保鲜效果的影响

为了探讨外源抗坏血酸（AsA）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）对荔枝保鲜效果的影响。分别在多菌灵500 mg/L+施保克 3 mL/L+ 柠檬酸15.0 mmol/L溶液中分别加入抗坏血酸50.0 mmol/L（AsA处理）和谷胱甘肽50.0 mmol/L（GSH处理）浸果5 min,以多菌灵500 mg/L+施保克3 mL/L+柠檬酸15.0 mmol/L浸果5 min为对照处理,分别置于常温和6℃低温贮藏、相对湿度为80%。结果表明：AsA和GSH处理均能降低荔枝果皮多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性和相对电导率;提高果肉的超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性;降低果肉过氧化氢（H2O2）和丙二醛（MDA）的含量,维持果肉中较高的维生素C和GSH含量。低温下,AsA和GSH处理均能提高荔枝保鲜效果,降低果实的腐烂率,但AsA处理的保鲜效果要优于GSH处理的效果,而常温下GSH处理并不能提高荔枝的保鲜效果。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.