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1.
Strategies employed by dry bean breeders to improve yield include early generation testing, ideotype breeding, selection for
physiological efficiency, and selection based on genotypic performance and combining ability across gene pools of Phaseolus
vulgaris. Ideotype breeding has been successfully deployed to improve yield in navy, pinto and great northern seed types.
The ideotype method is based on an ideal plant architecture to which breeders target their selection. Breeding for physiological
efficiency is important in combining increased biomass, high growth rates and efficient partitioning. Genotypic performance
and combining ability are also critical for yield improvement, since crosses between gene pools can exhibit negative combining
ability and problems with lethality, whereas interracial crosses within the same gene pool exhibit the greatest potential.
Breeders must work within specific constraints for growth habit, maturity, seed quality and disease resistance. A three-tiered
pyramidal breeding strategy is proposed to facilitate yield improvement in dry bean. Breeding of elite, agronomically acceptable
germplasm within the same market class is restricted to the apex of the pyramid. The intermediate level has fewer constraints
and greater access to diverse germplasm. Interracial crosses within the same gene pool are utilized to exploit genetic differences
within adapted material. Extracting genetic diversity from unadapted sources, including wild germplasm and other Phaseolus
species, is conducted at the base of the pyramid. The objective of this breeding strategy is the movement of improved germplasm
towards the apex, using different breeding procedures to optimize improvement at each tier of the breeding pyramid.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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A series of field experiments was undertaken in order to determine whether resistance to bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) could be incorporated into genotypes of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) suitable for cultivation in Zimbabwe without recourse to backcrossing. Six inbred genotypes carrying the resistance-conferring alleles at the loci I and Bc-3 were crossed with five locally-adapted inbred genotypes. The first experiment comprised F3 progeny rows, each derived from a single unselected F2 plant, the second, F3 bulks selected for resistance, and the third, a comparison of selected and unselected F2-derived F4 lines. The number of days to flowering and to maturity, the incidence of mosaic and necrosis symptoms, seed yield and seed size were recorded. There was evidence that late flowering and maturity were associated with BCMV resistance in some crosses, though not strongly enough to present an obstacle to plant breeding. The incidence of virus symptoms and seed yield were influenced by genetic factors additional to the major resistance genes, and variation in seed yield was present not only between bulk populations of crosses, but also between single-row plots of lines within crosses. This indicates that early-generation selection for yield in the presence of BCMV, even among progeny selected for BCMV-resistace, is likely to be effective. However, the variation in yield among F4 lines was least in the highest-yielding crosses, which may represent a limit to successful selection for yield. Seed size was partly under additive genetic control, but there was also evidence of non-allelic interactions. There was no association between large seed size, preferred by consumers, and susceptibility to BCMV in the progeny, indicating that the association between these characters in the parent lines is fortuitous and will not present an obstacle to plant breeding. It is noted that a considerable amount of useful genetic information can be obtained without recourse to elaborate crossing schemes, provided that unselected progeny are included in experiments as controls. The evidence presented indicates that resistance to BCMV can be combined with appropriate values of maturity date, yield and seed size without the need for backcrossing. 相似文献
4.
Juliano Lino Ferreira José Eustáquio de Souza Carneiro Alexsandro Lara Teixeira Fabiéli Fortunata de Lanes Paulo Roberto Cecon Aluízio Borém 《Euphytica》2007,153(1-2):165-170
This study was conducted in Brazil in order to assess the potential risk posed by gene escape from transgenic into non-transgenic plants and wild populations. A new methodology was applied to evaluate the gene flow between common bean cultivars, by means of a specially delineated experiment in two stages. The first stage consisted of the planting of one cultivar with violet flowers (BB) as pollen source (‘Diamante Negro’), and a receiver (‘Talismã’) with white flowers (bb), at different distances. The source was sown in the center of the area. The pollen receiver cultivar was sown, in concentrical squares around it. At maturity, the rows were sampled at varied distances from the source in the four cardinal directions. In the second stage, the sampled seeds of the previous stage were sown, and the percentage of outcrossing was evaluated during flowering through the presence of violet flowers (Bb). The highest frequency of natural hybrids, 0.136%, occurred at a distance of 0.5 m between the cultivars. The natural outcrossing rate was practically zero beyond a distance of 3.25 m. 相似文献
5.
Common bacterial blight (CBB) caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli reduces common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) yield and quality worldwide. Genetic resistance provides effective disease control; however. a high level of resistance is difficult to attain and does not exist in pinto bean, the most important dry bean market class in North America. Our objective was to determine if a backcross breeding approach with the aid of molecular markers linked to quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to CBB in a donor parent could be used to attain higher levels of resistance to CBB in pinto bean. QTL conditioning CBB resistance from the donor parent XAN 159 were introgressed into the recurrent parent‘Chase’using classical backcross breeding and intermittent marker‐assisted selection.‘Chase’pinto bean is moderately resistant and the breeding line XAN 159 is highly resistant to Xanthomonas campestris. Marker assays confirmed the presence of independent QTL from GN no. 1 Sel 27 and XAN 159 in advanced backcross‐derived pinto bean lines with improved CBB resistance. Agronomic characteristics of‘Chase’were fully recovered in the backcross‐derived lines. An important QTL for CBB resistance from XAN 159 on linkage group B6 was not introgressed because tight linkage between this QTL and the dominant V allele that causes an unacceptable black‐mottled seed coat colour pattern in pinto bean could not be broken. 相似文献
6.
Frew Mekbib 《Euphytica》2003,130(2):147-153
An experiment was undertaken to determine the stability of seed yield in 21 common bean genotypes representing three growth
habits. Seven genotypes in each growth habit (determinate bush, indeterminate bush and indeterminate prostrate) were evaluated
in replicated trials at three locations for three years under rain fed conditions in Ethiopia. A combined analysis of variance,
stability statistics and rank correlations among stability statistics and yield-stability statistic were determined. The genotypes
differed significantly for seed yield and genotype × environment (year by location) interaction (GE). The different stability
statistics namely Type1, Type 2 and Type 3 measured the different aspects of stability. This was substantiated by rank correlation
coefficient. There were strong rank correlations among Si
2d, Wi
2,σi
2 and Si
2, where as there was weak correlation between biand Ri
2, Si
2d, Wi
2, σi
2 and Si
2. R2 was significantly and negatively correlated with Wi
2, σi
2 and Si
2. σi
2 is significantly correlated with Wi
2.Yield is significantly correlated with bi and Ri
2.None of the statistics per se was useful for selecting high yielding and stable genotypes except the YS(yield-stability statistic). Most of the high yielding
genotypes were relatively stable. Of the 21 genotypes, only 11genotypes were selected for their high yielding and stable performance.
Genotypes with growth habit III and I (in determinate prostrate and determinate bush) were generally more stable than in determinate
bush.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
7.
Knowledge of patterns of genetic diversity among existing cultivars helps to broaden the genetic base of new cultivars and maximizes the use of available germplasm resources. This study examined the organization of diversity for morphological traits in 66 landraces of cultivated common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) from Galicia and its relationship with phaseolin seed protein diversity. Data on growth habit, seed and pod traits obtained from field evaluations at two locations during the 1989—91 cropping seasons were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis. Cluster analysis based on 14 quantitative variables and five qualitative variables identified 11 groups. The landraces were also characterized by phaseolin electrophoresis. The results allowed separation of these landraces into Middle and Andean American groups, which could be further divided into at least eight groups within the Andean American cultivars and three within the Mesoamerican cultivars. These groups in turn corresponded to the previously described races Nueva Granada and Peru of South American origin, and races Durango, Jalisco and Mesoamerica from the Middle American domestication centre. These results confirm the existence of two major groups of germplasm in the cultivated common bean landraces from Galicia, Mesoamerican vs. Andean American. 相似文献
8.
Sérgio Toshio Otubo Magno Antônio Patto Ramalho Ângele de Fátima Barbosa Abreu João Bosco dos Santos 《Euphytica》1996,89(3):313-317
Summary Cultivars tolerant to low temperature during the germination and emergence stages and carriers of the grain quality standards demanded by consumers are needed to increase the success of irrigated common bean in Southern Minas Gerais State. To study the genetic mechanisms controlling these traits and assess the possibility of generating the desirable materials, a diallel cross involving ten cultivars including introductions and pure lines from the breeding program of ESAL was carried out. Speed of germination of the F2 generation from the crosses was assessed under laboratory conditions at 12°C. The diallel analysis was carried out using Griffing's method IV (1956) and predictions of the cross potential were made by the methodology developed by Jinks & Pooni (1986). The results indicated that the parents differed in germination speed at low temperatures with Small White, A-488 and Rio Vermelho being the most tolerant and Carioca, ESAL 591 the most sensitive. No effect of the reciprocal crosses was observed either for germination percentage or germination speed. The parents A-488, Small White and Rio Vermelho showed the greatest general combining ability. Additive genetic effects predominated for both traits. Our results suggest that cold tolerance can be bred successfully into commercially acceptable cultivars. 相似文献
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Low soil phosphorus (P) has been singled out as a major constraint leading to perpetually low bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grain yield far below the expected yield potential. In developing countries beans are mainly produced by small-scale farmers who have little capacity to use inorganic fertilizers to replenish their soils. Yet bean production contributes significantly to their income and provides a cheap source of protein to rural and urban populations. The genetics of inheritance of the traits conferring low soil P tolerance is not well understood. The identification and understanding of the mode of inheritance of the traits for P-efficiency in bean will go along way in boosting bean yields through development of varieties adapted to low soil P. The objective of this study was to determine the inheritance of the traits conferring adaptation to low soil P, for the important large seeded red mottled bean market class. Three parents with known tolerance to low soil P were crossed with five adapted but non-tolerant genotypes in an 8 × 8 half diallel mating scheme. The resulting F1 seeds were evaluated under medium and low soil P conditions at two locations. Both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) variances were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) for all five characters studied except SCA variance for root dry weight at one location. The magnitude of GCA variance was up to twelve times higher than the SCA variance. The GCA:SCA ratio varied from 0.62 to 0.96 for the characters studied. The additive genetic variance was more important than the dominance variance for tolerance to low soil P. 相似文献
11.
In common bean, the most abundant proteins of the lectin family (arcelin, phytohaemagglutinin and α-amylase inhibitor – APA proteins) are major antinutritional factors of the seeds. Reduced protein digestibility and high toxicity at the intestinal level are the causes of their antinutritional effect. Bean lines producing seeds without the lectins mentioned above were developed to improve nutritional characteristics of bean seeds used for human consumption and, potentially, for animal feeding. The genetic trait was transferred from a wild bean accession into a number of bean cultivars. The 1 : 3 'lectin-free/lectin-containing seeds' segregation ratio hypothesis was confirmed by chi-square analysis in the F2 progenies. Four lectin-free stable lines, P500, P501, 938 and 586/8 (white seeded), and 44 climbing breeding lines, have been developed. The 'white seed coat' trait, correlated with a reduced amount of tannins and polyphenols in bean seeds, has been introduced in our lectin-free materials to further improve their nutritional characteristics. The field performance of P501, 938 and 586/8 and that of their lectin-containing parents, was evaluated on 2007 in two locations. Dry seed yield, seed emergence, plant height, plant growth duration, average weight and germination capacity of the produced seeds were surveyed and statistically analysed. At the location of Battipaglia (Salerno), the dry seed yield value of the lectin-free line 938 (3.74 t/ha) and that of one of its parent, the CIAT line BAT 881 (3.65 t/ha), were significantly higher than those of all other lines tested. Germination percentage of lectin-free lines, recorded 3 days after sowing, was significantly higher than that of controls. 相似文献
12.
In this review paper requirement to new cultivars applying biotechnological tools in common bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) breeding and existing literature and available data are discussed. Application of different methods for in vitro cultivation, transformation, gene mapping and techniques for genome analysis are described. Further works needed in some
investigations are also presented. The relation between traditional bean breeding methods and plant biotechnology techniques
are addressed. It is concluded that all these techniques will help creating more genetic diversity, which is the main bean-breeding
goal, particularly for the most important agricultural traits. The review contains 118 references.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
Summary Angular leaf spot (Isariopsis griseola
Sacc.) is a serious disease of French bean in the hills of India and 40 to 70 per cent of the green pods are damaged and rendered unmarketable. Crosses were made between PLB 257, (Phaseolus coccineus L.), a red flowering pole tope, resistant to angular leaf spot, and Contender (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a highly susceptible commercial cultivar. Studies of the F1, F2, and F3 progenies indicated that PLB 257, carries a recessive gene imparting resistance to angular leaf spot. 相似文献
14.
Summary Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at acidic pH showed substantive qualitative pattern difference among accessions that had been classified into one cultivar by conventional taxonomic procedures.Join publication of Food Science Department, University of Manitoba (No. 109) and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical-CIAT. 相似文献
15.
Silva Silviany Angelica Fernandes Silva Fláive Loyze Baldassarini Ribas Alessandra Ferreira de Souza Silvia Graciele Hülse dos Santos Tiago Benedito 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2020,23(3):241-251
Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology - Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are a group of enzymes that play essential roles in catalyzing the dismutation of superoxide radicals to protect cells from... 相似文献
16.
Summary A comparison between the Royal Red bean variety and a reduced leaf mutant on the basis of growth indices is reported. The mutants has lower leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area duration (LAD) (–43.7%), higher specific leaf weight (SLW) (on the mean +33.3%) and accumulates less dry matter (–7.7%) than the normal genotype. When the net assimilation rate (NAR) is considered, the mutant is superior to the normal (+62.3%). It is concluded that the unit area of the mutant leaves accumulates dry matter more efficiently than that of the corresponding normal variety. 相似文献
17.
Summary Electrophoretic procedures were developed for seed proteins which can discriminate cultivars of field beans. Proteins were extracted from seven varieties and the extracts were analysed using acid and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Electrophoregrams are presented to illustrate the results that can be obtained with the methods described. Results indicate that sufficient variation is present among the seven cultivars examined to afford unambiguous discrimation and identification of the cultivars. Banding patterns were stable for each genotype.Joint publication of the Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba (No. 747) and Centro Internacional de Agricultural Tropical-CIAT. 相似文献
18.
L. Lioi A. R. Piergiovanni D. Pignone S. Puglisi M. Santantonio Gabriella Sonnante 《Plant Breeding》2005,124(6):576-581
This study was undertaken to estimate the level of variation among and within 33 local populations belonging to seven Italian common bean landraces, by analysing the polymorphism of seed storage proteins, simple sequence repeat (SSR) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) molecular markers. The nutritional seed quality of the landraces studied was also investigated. Results showed that the landraces retain a considerable level of heterogeneity. Use of both biochemical and molecular approaches provided a picture of the genetic diversity of each landrace. Cluster analyses based on Nei's genetic distances and Jaccard's similarity index as defined by SSR and AFLP markers, respectively, showed that all populations clustered into two groups corresponding to the Andean and the Mesoamerican gene pools. Knowledge of the genetic structure of a landrace is fundamental in elaborating strategies, which involve the local farmers, allowing us to improve and, at the same time, safeguard the genetic integrity of landrace genetic resources. 相似文献
19.
Sebastião Soares de Oliveira Neto Francisca Franciana Sousa Pereira Tiago Zoz Carlos Eduardo da Silva Oliveira Vânia Moda Cirino 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2023,209(1):83-93
Brazil is the world's largest producer of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Drought stress harms the morphological and agronomic traits of beans. This study evaluates the reaction to water deficit in five genotypes of black beans. The experiment was conducted in the IDR-IAPAR-EMATER in Londrina-PR, Brazil. A split-plot design was used, with three replications. The genotypes were included in the subplots and the treatments with or without water deficit in the plots. Water deficit was induced on the pre-flowering stage and maintained for 20 days in the plots submitted to drought stress. For the growth analysis, plants were collected at 35, 54 and 70 days after emergence. At the stage of physiological ripeness, several morphological and yield traits were evaluated. The genotypes IPR Uirapuru and BRS Esplendor can be considered tolerant and used as a tolerant source to water deficit in common bean germplasm banks. The line LP 08-90 has morphological and agronomic adaptations efficient to overcome water deficit's effects, presenting a higher grain yield in both crop conditions, which indicates the success of black beans breeding to deal with water deficit. 相似文献
20.
Maria Jose de Oliveira Zimmermann 《Euphytica》1996,92(1-2):129-134
Summary Despite the growing industrialization, technification and transformation that is happening in the agriculture around the world, and despite that agricultural research has always concentrated its effort on sole crops, multiple cropping systems have historically been important for common bean production in tropical countries. The reasons for this fact, are economical and social, as well as biological. Bean breeders have always been questioned on their work, because the development of new varieties is usually done in sole crop, but the varieties are grown in either systems. This paper addresses a set of questions that are usually presented to the breeders, in light of the evidence obtained from many trials conducted in Brazil and in the U.S.A.: Will the genotypes bred for sole crop conditions, perform well when grown in intercrop; How different should a genotype be, for cultivation in intercropping compared to genotypes developed for sole crop conditions; Is there a need for special breeding programs for intercropping and How could a breeding program focus the question of multiple (associated) cropping? 相似文献