黄洲河流域浮游植物的季节变化及其环境影响因子

为了解贵州白云岩喀斯特世界自然遗产地浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系,于2017年秋季(10月)、2018年冬季（1月）、2018年春季（4月）、2018年夏季（8月）对遗产地境内黄洲河流域的浮游植物群落种类组成、优势种、丰度以及多样性的时空变化进行研究,并应用Pearson相关性分析和冗余分析（RDA）探究环境因子总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH3-N）、总磷（TP）、叶绿素a（Chl-a）、溶解氧（DO）、高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）、水温（WT）对黄洲河浮游植物群落结构的影响。结果表明,调查共鉴定出藻类6门、29科、37属、38种,以硅藻门和绿藻门居多。按季节划分,黄洲河流域优势种共9种,其中硅藻门5种,?绿藻门1种,?蓝藻门3?种;按空间划分,黄洲河流域优势种共19种,其中硅藻门9种,绿藻门4种,蓝藻门6种。浮游植物年均丰度为36.45×104个/L,夏季的丰度最高,达到89.7×104个/L,春秋季次之,冬季最低,仅8.9×104个/L。全年Margalef丰富度指数（D）、Shannon多样性指数（H）及Pielou均匀度指数（J）分别为0.34 ~0.51、1.18~1.4及0.72~0.84。Pearson相关性分析和冗余分析(RDA) 表明,影响遗产地浮游植物丰度和分布的主要环境因子为WT、CODMn、Chl-a。     

桃山水库浮游植物群落结构及水质营养状态评价

2009年的枯水期（5月）和丰水期（7月）,在桃山水库对浮游植物结构群落和水质状况进行了调查研究,结合生物监测和理化监测手段,基于浮游植物优势度、丰度、优势度以及综合指数评价方法,对研究水库进行了生态评价。结果显示：（1）桃山水库浮游植物共有7门46属73种及变种,其中以绿藻为主,分别占44 %;（2）生物量在2.29-10.96 mg﹒L-1之间,丰度变幅在(38.76-124.44)×105 ind.﹒L-1之间;（3）枯水期优势种以硅藻为主,丰水期优势种以以蓝藻、绿藻为主;（4）综合营养指数为42.0-60.1。综合评价结果表明：桃山水库枯水期和丰水期水质营养状态为轻富营养化,化学需氧量是影响桃山水库浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子。     

亚热带河流型水库浮游植物群落研究———以分水江水库为例

为了了解亚热带河流型水库蓄水后的水体富营养化状况与浮游植物群落结构特征,于2006年1月至2007年12月,对其进行了20次采样调查。结果表明,分水江水库总氮浓度较高平均值大于2mg/L,氮污染严重,磷污染较轻,水质总体评价较差。分水江水库浮游植物密度范围在0.07×105 ~16831×105ind./L,群落组成以硅藻、隐藻和绿藻为主,在丰度上水库浮游植物主要以富营养指示种为主。浮游植物组成随季节变化而有不同,春季以直链藻（Melosira）、实球藻（Pandorina）、盘星藻（Pediastrum）为优势类群,夏季以微囊藻（Microcystis）、鱼腥藻（Anabaena）、脆杆藻(Fragilaria)为优势类群,秋冬季以小环藻（Cyclotella）、针杆藻（Synedra）、蓝隐藻（Chroomonas）为主。分水江水库浮游植物密度、叶绿素a与降雨量均呈显著正相关,浮游植物的生长受水文特征变化的影响较大,这也间接说明分水江水库受面源污染比较严重。浮游植物与理化因子也有较强的相关性,特别是水温、pH、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数和总磷均与浮游植物呈显著正相关,但是总氮浓度较高且与浮游植物不相关,说明氮元素不是水库藻类生长的限制因子。     

高州水库浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

摘要：为掌握高州水库浮游植物群落结构变化规律及其与环境因子的关系,2011年4月至2012年3月对高州水库浮游植物群落周年动态进行调查和分析。结果表明：高州水库共鉴定浮游植物7门97种,库区浮游植物细胞密度年变化范围为7.8×105-9.72×106 cells/L;全年主要优势种为铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）与梅尼小环藻（Cyclotella meneghiniana）。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和均匀度指数分析结果显示,高州水库各区域属于中污染状态;CCA分析结果表明,氮磷营养盐是影响高州水库浮游植物群落分布的重要因子,温度、pH与CODMn对浮游植物群落分布也有一定程度的影响。     

西藏巴松错（湖）夏季浮游植物群落的水平和垂直分布

为揭示西藏巴松错浮游植物群落结构的水平和垂直分布特征及其与环境间的关系，于2020年7月对巴松错出入河流及其湖体15个采样点和湖中心B15采样点11个分层的浮游植物进行了调查，同时测定了水体相关理化指标。调查共采集水样275个，分析了浮游植物物种组成、细胞丰度、生物量和物种多样性等群落结构特征，并探讨浮游植物对水平和垂直环境梯度变化的响应。结果表明：（1）巴松错夏季共鉴定浮游植物167种，隶属于5门8纲20目29科66属，物种组成为硅藻-绿藻-蓝藻型；（2）在水平方向上，平均细胞丰度为1.8453×104 cells/L，平均生物量为0.0117 mg/L；在垂直方向上，平均细胞丰度为1.0055×104 cells/L，平均生物量为0.0061 mg/L；（3）巴松错夏季浮游植物群落结构水平分布较为均匀，群落复杂程度相对较高，较垂直分布更稳定；（4）RDA分析结果表明，EC是影响巴松错夏季浮游植物水平群落变异的主要环境因子，TUR是影响垂直变异的主要环境因子。本研究结果为进一步研究高寒湖泊生态系统提供了基础资料。     

河流型水库浮游植物群落特征及环境因子关系研究

为研究河流型水库浮游植物群落结构与水环境因子的关系，对湖北恩施大龙潭水库水环境因子和浮游植物进行调查,利用Pearson相关性分析法对调查结果进行分析。水库在调查期间共鉴定到186种藻类，隶属于7门89属，其中硅藻门（79种）>绿藻门（55种）>蓝藻门（29种）>甲藻门（9种）>隐藻门（7种）>裸藻门（6种）>金藻门（1种）。Margalef丰富度指数平均值在0.94～1.30，依据丰富度指数水质评判标准判断水质整体为中污染。水库浮游植物总细胞密度在夏季较高，在冬季显著下降。水库从夏季至秋冬季节浮游植物总细胞密度在3.889×105～282.983×105cell/L的区间内变化，其均值为79.864×105cell/L。Pearson相关性分析表明，浮游植物总密度与温度、溶解氧、pH、总磷、高锰酸盐指数呈极显著正相关；与电导率、硝酸盐氮呈极显著负相关。冗余分析表明，温度、pH和高锰酸盐指数是影响水库浮游植物群落结构最主要的环境因子。大龙潭水库较高的海拔和较大的流域面积，有利于硅藻生长；水库年平均水深较深，蓝藻通过水流运动停留在水库上层成为优势种群。     

亚热带河流型水库浮游植物群落研究——以分水江水库为例

为了解亚热带河流型水库-分水江水库蓄水后的水体富营养化状况与浮游植物群落结构特征,于2006年1月至2007年12月,对其进行了20次采样调查。结果表明,分水江水库总氮浓度较高,平均值大于2mg／L,氮污染严重,磷污染较轻,水质总体评价较差,为劣V水体。分水江水库浮游植物群落组成以硅藻、隐藻和绿藻为主,密度为0．7×10^4-168310×10。个／L,以富营养种类为主。浮游植物组成随季节变化而有所不同,春季以直链藻（Melosira）、实球藻（Pandorina）、盘星藻（Pediastrum）为优势类群;夏季以微囊藻（Microcystis）、鱼腥藻（Ana-baena）、脆杆藻（Fragilaria）为优势类群;秋冬季以小环藻（Cyclotella）、针杆藻（Synedra）、蓝隐藻（Chroomonas）为主。分水江水库浮游植物密度、叶绿素a与降雨量均呈显著正相关,浮游植物的生长受水文气象条件变化的影响较大,间接说明分水江水库受面源污染比较严重。浮游植物密度和叶绿素a与水体理化因子也有较强的相关性,特别是水温、pH、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数和总磷均与浮游植物呈显著正相关。     

大纵湖浮游植物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

里下河腹地位于江淮两大水系交融地带,人类活动严重影响区域水生态环境。鉴于浮游植物群落结构及多样性可作为水环境变化重要指示生物,于2015-2017年对里下河腹地典型湖泊大纵湖浮游植物群落结构及环境因子进行逐月采样调查,分别采用藻类生物学指标和综合营养指数对大纵湖营养状态进行综合评价,并且基于相关性分析法,探讨浮游植物与水环境因子的响应关系。结果显示,大纵湖在调查期间共鉴定出浮游植物7门、123种,以绿藻、硅藻、蓝藻为主,分别为50、35、18种,占总种数的40.65%、28.46%、14.63%。全湖各采样点浮游植物的平均丰度为3.70×106 ~6.25×106 个/L;空间上略有差异,夏季藻类丰度较高,冬季最低。大纵湖各个采样点浮游植物优势种基本相同,共8种。浮游植物物种多样性指数和均匀度年均值分别为2.74和0.78,表明大纵湖处于轻-中度污染状态。综合营养指数显示,大纵湖处于轻度富营养状态,两者结果基本一致。相关性分析表明,水温（T）、透明度（SD）、浊度（TUB）和总氮（TN）是影响大纵湖浮游植物群落结构的主要水质指标。     

淀山湖浮游植物群落结构特征及水生态健康评价

淀山湖是黄浦江上游重要的饮用水源地保护区和生态涵养区。为评估淀山湖水生态健康状况,本文依据2013年、2016年、2019年和2022年的6月和9月生态调查资料,研究了淀山湖夏初、秋初浮游植物的种类组成、数量和多样性等群落结构特点。调查期间共检出浮游植物7门80属169种,其中绿藻门占绝对优势,其次为硅藻门、蓝藻门和裸藻门,甲藻门、隐藻门和金藻门种类数较少。在数量上以铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）和尖尾蓝隐藻（Chroomonas acuta）的优势最明显,其中铜绿微囊藻是引起淀山湖水华的主要物种,且易在9月湖区的西南方引起蓝藻水华。6月和9月浮游植物密度变动范围分别为1.69～3.08×106 cells/L和1.31～128.67×106 cells/L,6月在湖区东北方的平均密度最高,9月在湖区西南方的平均密度最高。水华暴发年份（2016年和2019年）9月平均密度明显高于同年6月,水华未暴发年份（2013年和2022年）9月平均密度则低于同年6月。采用冗余分析（RDA）法研究浮游植物群落结构与环境因子的关系,结果显示水温、溶解氧、透明度、总磷、总氮和高锰酸盐指数等是主要环境影响因子,且水华暴发年份与水华未暴发年份水温、溶解氧、透明度、总磷和总氮等对浮游植物群落的影响存在一定差异;浮游植物群落主要受磷营养限制,其物种数量、密度及优势种主要受水温影响。采用不同指数法评价水质,发现Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数对淀山湖蓝藻水华的指示比综合营养状态指数更灵敏。根据湖区出现的主要优势种均为富营养水体指示物种,以及生物多样性指数、均匀度指数和综合营养状态指数值,可以判断淀山湖夏秋季水体总体上处于轻-中度富营养化水平,且呈轻污染程度。     

复合养殖系统中浮游植物群落结构及其与水环境因子的关系

以主养团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)搭配少量鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthy nobilis)的人工湿地-池塘复合养殖系统为研究对象,2014年8－11月在人工湿地运行期间调查了该复合养殖系统池塘中浮游植物的生态特征,并通过冗余分析(RDA)方法探究了浮游植物群落结构与水环境因子的关系。结果表明,复合养殖池塘中共鉴定出硅藻(Bacillariophyta)、绿藻(Chlorophyta)、蓝藻(Cyanophyta)、隐藻(Cryptophyta)、裸藻(Euglenophyta)、金藻(Chrysophyta)、黄藻(Xanthophyta)、甲藻(Pyrrophyta)共8门、91种(包括变种和变型),其中绿藻种类最多,共53种,占浮游植物总种类数的58.24%;而蓝藻密度占绝对优势,占浮游植物总密度的79.82%。人工湿地运行期间养殖池塘中浮游植物的种类、密度、生物量无显著变化,其密度变化范围为1.09×109~1.83×109 个/L,均值为1.52×109 个/L;生物量变化范围为8.76~11.03 mg/L,均值为9.80 mg/L;浮游植物主要优势种共计10种,包括绿藻门的双对栅藻(Scenedesmus bijuga)、四足十字藻(Crucigenia tetrapedia)、苇氏藻(Westella botryoides),蓝藻门的微小平裂藻(Merismopedia tenuissima)、点形粘球藻(Gloeocapsa punctata)、泥污颤藻(Oscillatoria limosa)、优美平裂藻(Merismopedia elegans)、微小色球藻(Chroococcus minutus)、为首螺旋藻(Spirulina princeps)、不定微囊藻(Microcystis incerta);池塘的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为2.77~3.27,Margalef多样性指数为2.75~3.18,Pielou均匀性指数为0.45~0.55,说明养殖池塘中浮游植物群落结构较为稳定。浮游植物种类丰度与水环境因子的冗余度分析（RDA）结果表明,池塘中浮游植物种类丰度受到多个环境因子的影响,其中小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和四足十字藻等绿藻主要受温度、溶氧、pH的影响,而微小平裂藻和点形粘球藻等蓝藻主要受pH和氨氮的影响。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.