表皮生长因子对水牛胚胎体外发育及凋亡的影响

为了探讨表皮生长因子(EGF)对水牛早期胚胎体外发育及凋亡的影响,通过收集屠宰场卵巢卵母细胞进行体外成熟和体外受精,将假定的受精卵置于含不同浓度EGF(0,25,50和100 ng/mL)的培养液中培养,检查分裂率和囊胚发育率,用细胞凋亡试剂盒(Annexin-V-FluosStaining kit)试剂染色,统计囊胚细胞凋亡率和坏死率。结果表明:50 ng/mL EGF组的孵化囊胚率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),该组细胞凋亡率和坏死率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。100 ng/mL EGF的卵裂率、囊胚率、D7囊胚率和孵化囊胚率显著低于对照组和其他试验组(P<0.05)。细胞凋亡率和坏死率显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。提示:一定浓度的EGF可提高囊胚孵化率,并可抑制胚胎细胞的凋亡。     

Effect of varying glucose concentrations during in vitro maturation and embryo culture on efficiency of in vitro embryo production in buffalo

This study was aimed to optimize glucose level at different stages of buffalo in vitro embryo production procedure. Three glucose levels (1.5, 5.6 and 10 mm ) along with a control (0 mm ) were used at three phases of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) procedure viz. in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro culture (IVC‐I) (12–72 hpi) and IVC‐II (72 hpi to 7 dpi). Maturation rate of oocytes was found different under different glucose concentrations, and significantly more number of oocytes reached to MII under 5.6 mm glucose. The glucose levels at each phase (IVM, IVC‐I and IVC‐II) individually had significant effect on blastocyst rate, and the level used at one phase had significant effect on the outcome of next phase. Complete withdrawal of glucose from any of these stages irrespective of concentrations used at subsequent stage/s resulted in significantly lower number of blastocysts. However, the changing levels of glucose had differential effects during different phases of IVF steps. The most prominent effect of glucose level was observed during IVM. The presence of 5.6 mm glucose at all stages was most effective to yield highest blastocyst rate in buffalo IVF system.     

日粮中添加果寡糖对水牛瘤胃液体外发酵功能的影响

本试验采用人工瘤胃体外产气法研究体外条件下日粮中添加果寡糖(FOS)制剂对水牛瘤胃发酵功能的影响。结果显示:与对照组比较,0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%和2.0%FOS组日粮可消化有机物分别提高0.84%、2.05%、2.06%、2.11%和1.34%,且差异均显著(P<0.05);代谢能分别提高1.45%、3.63%、3.63%、3.63%和2.32%,且差异均显著(P<0.05);培养液中微生物蛋白分别提高42.65%(P<0.05)、37.75%(P<0.05)、53.92%(P<0.05)、52.94%(P<0.05)和13.24%(P>0.05);挥发性脂肪酸分别提高20.9%、14.82%、18.97%、16.4%和14.58%,且差异均显著(P<0.05)。日粮添加FOS可以显著降低培养液中氨态氮含量(P<0.05),但对pH值无显著性影响(P>0.05)。综上所述,日粮中添加FOS可改善瘤胃发酵功能,且以1.6%的添加量效果最优。     

褪黑素对湘中黑牛精子特性及体外胚胎发育的保护作用

本文旨在探讨褪黑素对湘中黑牛精子特性及体外胚胎发育的保护作用,通过不同浓度的褪黑素处理精子,测定冻融湘中黑牛精子运动指标参数,然后用褪黑素处理过的精子用于体外受精,随后分析胚胎发育和凋亡率以及抗氧化相关基因的表达。结果发现10~(-5)和10~(-3) mol/L褪黑素可显著提高质膜完整性、线粒体的活性和顶体完整性,降低了细胞内的活性氧水平(P0.05),10~(-3) mol/L组褪黑素处理的精子体外培养囊胚数显著高于其他组,细胞凋亡率显著低于其他组(P0.05)。10~(-5)和10~(-3) mol/L组Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)基因转录水平显著低于对照组,10~(-3)组B细胞淋巴瘤2(Bcl2)、过氧化氢酶(Cat)转录程度显著高于对照组(P0.05)。表明褪黑素能够改善牛冻融精液的质量,提高体外胚胎发育保护作用。     

Effect of lactoferrin on murine embryo development created from lipopolysaccharide-treated sperm

The effect of lactoferrin (LF) on embryo development was investigated by using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mouse sperm. For the development rate of the 2-cell stage embryo, the embryo derived from LPS- and LF-treated sperm showed similar survival rate to the control embryo. On day 12 after the embryo transfer into the recipient, the frequent abnormality was observed in the embryo derived from LPS-treated sperm, and the abnormality was tended to be inhibited in the embryo derived from LPS- and LF-treated sperm. These results imply that LF treatment on sperm contaminated with bacteria may facilitate the embryo development, which contribute to the improvement of infertility.     

Effect of heat-stress on bovine embryo development in vitro.

Chronic elevation of uterine temperature has long been known to increase embryo mortality in dairy cattle. Short-term elevation in temperature of mouse embryos to 43 degrees C (acute) has been shown to induce intracellular production of heat-shock proteins. In this study, in vitro development of bovine embryos was assessed during short-term (60 h) coculture with oviduct epithelial cells at 38.6 degrees C (T1), 40 degrees C (T2), 38.6 degrees C after a prior pulse treatment (20 min) at 43 degrees C with 5% CO2 (T3), or 38.6 degrees C after a prior pulse treatment (20 min) at 43 degrees C with 100% CO2 (T4). During incubation, embryos cocultured at 40 degrees C had a greater (P < .05) mean embryo development score at 36 h than embryos cocultured at 38.6 degrees C. At 60 h of incubation, embryo development scores were greater (P < .05) for embryos cultured at 38.6 degrees C than for those cocultured at 40 degrees C. The number of embryos hatched at 60 h was similar after coculture at 38.6 degrees C (T1) or a prior pulse treatment with 5% CO2 and 43 degrees C (T3), but the embryo development score at 60 h was greater (P < .05) for the pulse-treated embryos. Embryos in T4 had greater (P < .05) embryo development scores than did T1 embryos from 36 through 60 h. Pulse treatment (T4) resulted in a greater (P < .05) number of hatched embryos at 60 h than T1, T2, and T3. These results indicate a detrimental effect of a chronic elevation in temperature that was evident shortly after embryo hatching.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

氨基酸、维生素对水牛体外受精胚胎体外发育的影响

通过在培养液中添加不同浓度的氨基酸或维生素,探讨其对水牛体外受精(IVF)胚胎体外发育的影响.结果表明:(1)非必需氨基酸可显著提高水牛卵母细胞IVF后胚胎的分裂率,但对囊胚发育率无显著影响;(2)低浓度的必需氨基酸对水牛IVF胚胎的发育具有一定促进作用,但高浓度则有抑制作用;(3)维生素对水牛IVF胚胎发育则有促进作用.在培养液中添加维生素,水牛IVF胚胎的分裂率和第7天囊胚发育率显著提高.     

试管水牛技术研究

水牛卵巢卵母细胞经体外成熟培养、体外受精和受精卵在体外培育的胚胎移植给受体母水牛,结果表明：①卵母细胞体外培养成熟率71．6％、受精分裂率52．8％、囊胚率(占授精卵母细胞)27．2％。②双鲜胚移植受胎率36．2％(30．0％～44．8％),双胎率24％;双冻胚移植受胎率20．0％;生产试管水牛24头,全部成活,其中冻胚试管水牛3头;双胞胎3对。③胚胎冷冻方面：采用玻璃化胚胎冷冻技术,冷冻胚胎解冻后存活率64．4%。     

L-肉碱对水牛卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

以水牛为模型,通过探讨L-肉碱(L-carnitine)对水牛卵母细胞体外成熟的影响,同时深入研究添加L-肉碱后卵母细胞抗氧化能力的变化情况,以进一步阐明L-肉碱影响卵母细胞成熟的作用机制。水牛卵丘-卵母细胞复合体(COCs)在添加有不同质量浓度的L-肉碱(0,1,10,100 mg/L即对照组、Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组)的成熟液中体外成熟培养24h后,统计卵母细胞第一极体排出率。结果显示:Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组卵母细胞第一极体排出率分别为(64.44±1.93)%、(66.17±2.76)%和(63.27±1.19)%,与对照组(56.60±1.56)%相比差异显著(P<0.05)。免疫荧光染色观察显示:添加L-肉碱的各处理组的卵母细胞中活性氧的含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。同时,利用酶联免疫法测定卵母细胞中脂质过氧化物丙二醛的含量,结果显示Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的卵母细胞中脂质过氧化物丙二醛的含量分别为0.125 797,0.125 217,0.124 155μmol/L,极显著低于对照组(0.142 609μmol/L)(P<0.01)。此外,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测卵母细胞周围的卵丘细胞中卵丘扩展相关基因ptx3、has2以及卵母细胞抗氧化相关基因gpx4的表达情况,分析结果显示:Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组卵丘细胞中has2的表达量均显著高于对照组的表达量(P<0.05),其中以Ⅱ组的最高;而Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的卵丘细胞中ptx3基因和卵母细胞中gpx4基因的表达量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综上可知,水牛卵母细胞体外成熟液中添加适合质量浓度的L-肉碱能显著提高卵母细胞体外成熟率,推测L-肉碱可以通过提高卵母细胞抗氧化能力来促进卵母细胞的体外成熟。     

Ghrelin对水牛体外受精和孤雌激活胚胎体外发育的影响

本研究的目的是探讨Ghrelin对水牛体外受精和孤雌激活胚胎体外发育的影响.体外成熟的水牛卵母细胞经体外受精或离子霉素孤雌激活后.分别在舍0,0.5,5,50和500 μg/L Ghrelin的培养液中进行体外培养,观察各组胚胎的卵裂率和囊胚率.结果显示,在培养液中添加不同浓度的Ghrelin对体外受精和孤雌激活胚胎的卵裂率均无显著影响(P>0.05),但添加500 μg/L的Ghrelin显著提高体外受精胚胎的囊胚发育率(33.5% vs 13.7%,P<0.05),50 μg/L或500 μg/L的Ghrelin均显著提高孤雌激活胚胎的囊胚发育率(32.4%和34.6% vs 14.5%,P<0.05).结果表明,培养液中添加Ghrelin对胚胎的早期卵裂没有影响,但可促进水牛体外受精和孤雌激活胚胎囊胚的形成.     

鹅胚胎体外培养的研究

以蛋重为 (12 4 .90± 0 .91) g(A组 )、(130 .30± 0 .99)g(B组 )、(134.5 6± 1.0 1) g(C组 )的豁鹅蛋壳作为代用蛋壳 ,将第 1次换壳后的鹅胚转移至其中进行孵化 ,记录孵化第 3～ 4 .5天和第 6 ,15 ,31天的活胚数 ,同时分析代用蛋壳大小对孵化效果的影响。结果表明 :在整个孵化过程中 ,C组代用蛋壳优于B组和A组 ,尤其在孵化中期 (第 6～ 15天 ) ,A组与C组对照差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。结果表明 ,在鹅胚体外操作中 ,第 2次换壳所用的代用蛋壳的大小以大于或等于(134.5 6± 1.0 1) g为宜。     

Electrical activation enhances pre-implantation embryo development following sperm injection into in vitro matured pig oocytes

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of electrical stimulation (EST) on pronuclear formation, chromosomal constitution, and developmental capability among in vitro matured pig oocytes following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). After ICSI, the oocytes were randomly distributed and cultured into 3 groups: the EST activated ICSI group, non-activation ICSI group, and in vitro fertilization (IVF) group. The proportion of oocytes in which 2 pronuclei were formed in ICSI groups was significantly higher in the former groups than in the IVF group (96.2 and 93.5 vs. 64.5%, respectively, P<0.05). The cleavage rate was significantly higher in EST activated ICSI group (78.6%) than in the IVF and non-activated ICSI groups (51.8 and 46.0%, respectively, P<0.05), as was the proportion of oocytes that developed to the blastocyst stage at day 7 (18.9 vs. 11.6 and 9.1%, respectively, P<0.05). Diploid blastocysts were observed in 52.4, 63.0, and 65.2% of oocytes in the IVF, activated, and non-activated ICSI groups, respectively. Eight out of 23 gilts (34.8%) were confirmed to be pregnant in activated ICSI groups, but none of these pregnancies were carried to term. These results show that oocyte activation after ICSI is effective in elevating the cleavage rate and blastocyst development, while ensuring normal chromosome composition. Further research is needed to determine the pregnancy maintenance requirements for ICSI-embryos in pigs.     

Effect of vitrification medium composition and exposure time on post-thaw development of buffalo embryos produced in vitro

This study examined the effects of different vitrification medium compositions and exposure times (2, 4 and 6min) on the post-thaw development of buffalo embryos produced in vitro (IVP). The compositions were (1) 40% ethylene glycol (EG); (2) 25% glycerol (G)+25% EG, and (3) 25% EG+25% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The base medium was 25mM Hepes-buffered TCM-199+10% steer serum +50microg/mL gentamycin. The IVP embryos were cryopreserved by a two-step vitrification method at 24 degrees C. After warming, the embryos were cultured in vitro for 72h. The vitrification of morulae and blastocysts in 25% EG+25% DMSO with an exposure time of 2 and 4min, respectively, resulted in a better hatching rate than other combinations. The hatching rate of morulae vitrified in 25% EG+25% G, 25% EG+25% DMSO, and blastocysts vitrified in 40% EG, 25% EG+25% DMSO were negatively correlated with exposure time. However, the hatching rate of blastocysts vitrified in 25% EG+25% G was positively correlated with exposure time. The study demonstrated that the post-thaw in vitro development of IVP buffalo embryos was affected by the vitrification medium composition and exposure time.     

Translocation of active mitochondria during buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) oocytes in vitro maturation, fertilization and preimplantation embryo development

Mitochondria are energy-supplying organelles, whose distribution and functional integrity are necessary for cell survival and development. In this study, the mitochondrial distribution pattern and activity during buffalo oocyte in vitro maturation, fertilization and preimplantation embryo development were revealed using a fluorescent dye and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Distribution of active mitochondria changed during buffalo oocyte in vitro maturation. Active mitochondria were transferred from the outer to inner and perinuclear cytoplasm as oocytes matured in vitro and aggregated around the pronuclei in the fertilized eggs. Active mitochondria were also observed in preimplantation embryos. In the two-cell stage, they were distributed throughout the cytoplasm. From four-cell to the spherical embryonic stages, active mitochondria translocated to the perinuclear and the periphery of the cytoplasm. These results confirm that mitochondria play an important role in oocyte and embryo. The distribution of active mitochondria might be a marked feature of buffalo oocyte maturation, fertilization and preimplantation embryo development in vitro.     

鸡胚胎体外操作技术的研究现状和进展

本文介绍了禽类胚胎操作技术方面的概况，对受精卵收集及体外受精、早期胚胎体外培养、人造材料蛋壳培养胚胎、代用蛋壳培养胚胎、嵌合体鸡的生产、转基因鸡生产等的进展及发展进行了综述。     

胎牛血清对猪孤雌胚早期体外发育的影响

探讨了在猪孤雌胚体外发育的第3、4、5、6天分别添加胎牛血清(FCS)对孤雌胚发育能力的影响.结果,在体外培养的第5,6天添加10%FCS组得到的囊胚率和囊胚孵化率最高,第5天添加FCS组的囊胚细胞数最多.结果表明,FCS可以促进猪孤雌胚胎的早期体外发育.     

甲基-β-环化糊精对猪体外受精及早期胚胎发育的影响

为了优化猪体外受精技术体系,本试验探索了甲基-β-环化糊精(methyl-beta-cyclic dextrin,MBCD)对猪体外受精以及早期胚胎发育的影响。在体外受精0和4 h向受精液(modified Tris-buffered medium,mTBM)中添加不同浓度(0,0.5,1,2,5,10,15,20μmol/mL)的MBCD,受精孵育结束后转至PZM-3培养液中进行胚胎培养。对各处理组卵母细胞的受精情况以及胚胎发育能力进行了系统的检测,并用金霉素(chlortetracycline,CTC)染色法评估了MBCD处理后精子获能状态。结果显示:1)体外受精0 h添加5μmol/mL MBCD组的卵裂率、囊胚率、囊胚细胞数显著高于(P<0.05)对照组和除10μmol/mL MBCD组之外的其他试验组。2)体外受精0 h添加5和10μmol/mL MBCD组、单精入卵率显著高于(P<0.05)对照组和其他试验组,而多精入卵率显著低于(P<0.05)对照组和其他试验组。3)添加5μmol/mL MBCD组,0～1 h,F型精子迅速减少(78.56～19.43),B型精子迅速增加(10.79～69.86);1～4 h,F型精子和B型精子基本保持不变(B型:69.86～78.78,F型:19.43～9.11)。上述结果表明在体外受精0 h向mTBM中加入5μmol/mL MBCD可以显著提高获能精子比例,减少多精受精发生,提高早期胚胎发育潜能。     

不同血清类型对水牛胚胎体外培养效果的影响

从屠宰场收集水牛卵巢上抽取的卵母细胞,经体外成熟培养后分别进行孤雌激活(PA)和体外受精(IVF),将获得的PA或IVF胚胎分别培养于添加浓度均为5%的牛血清白蛋白(BSA)、胎牛血清(FBS)、炭情水牛血清(OBS)、发情牛血清(OCS)和混合血清(OCS与FBS按1:1混合)的培养液中培养7～9 d,并观察胚胎的体外发育情况.结果,PA胚胎培养在OCS和混合血清组的卵裂率(73.52%,68.07%)和囊胚率(30.59%,27.73%)均显著高于BSA(38.37 %.6.40%)、OBS(44.97%,10.05%)和FBS(52.02%,17.04%)组(P＜0.05);IVF胚胎的卵裂率和囊胚率以OCS组最高(62.50%,22.62%),显著高于BSA(30.50%,6.38%)、OBS(35.48 %,7.10 %)和FBS组(40.11%,11.76%,P＜0.05),但与混合血清组(60.42%,21.35%;P＞0.05)差异不显著.结果表明,在水牛胚胎体外培养体系中添加5%的OCS或混合血清均能有效地促进水牛胚胎的体外发育.     

围封沙质天然草地植物的构件和个体生物量比较研究

生物量是植物积累能量的主要体现,其在各器官中的分配是植物对环境适应的结果,反映了植物的生长策略。调查甘肃省景泰县绿洲边缘围封沙质草地常见的27种灌木和草本,采用全挖法研究了各植物盛花期时的个体和根、茎、花、叶等构件的生物量特征以及地下-地上生物量关系(根冠比,R/S)的变化趋势。结果表明:1)27种植物中,花、叶、茎干重小于1.0 g的分别占到89%,70%,56%,27种植物的根冠比均小于1;2)随着封育措施和人工抚育措施的实施,4种灌木的根冠比(R/S):沙蒿(均值为0.32)、猫头刺(均值为0.78)、荒漠锦鸡儿(均值为0.24)和白刺(均值为0.10)在各样地中表现出显著差异性;3)大部分植物构件对地上生物量的贡献率为:茎>叶>花>根,植物构件对个体生物量的贡献率为:叶>茎>花>根;一年生草本地上(花、叶、茎)生物量与个体生物量的比率显著高于多年生草本和灌木(P<0.05),不同构件对生物量贡献率的差异有利于不同生活型植物的种群扩散和繁衍。