Toxoplasmosis in piglets

Abstract

Extract

Ovine toxoplasmosis is of importance in New Zealand where it is recognized as the most common cause of intrauterine infection leading to abortion and stillbirths (Hartley and Boyes, 1964 Hartley, W. J. and Boyes, Betty W. 1964. Incidence of ovine perinatal mortality in New Zealand with particular reference to intrauterine infections. N.Z. vet. J., 12: 33–36. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]). Although clinical disease is rare in humans, serological evidence shows a high incidence of subclinical infection with 50% of New Zealand adults over 40 years of age showing positive titres (Manning and Reid, 1956 Manning, J. D. and Reid, J. D. 1956. Toxoplasmosis in New Zealand. A serological survey. N.Z. med. J., 55: 441–447. [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]). There is, however, a paucity of information on the disease incidence in other species in this country. Hartley (1956) Hartley, W. J. 1956. Some observations on canine toxoplasmosis. N.Z. vet. J., 4: 115–118. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar] has recorded toxoplasmosis in dogs and fowls. Pneumonia in a pig associated with Toxoplasma gondii was described by Shortridge and Smith (1964) Shortridge, E. H. and Smith, B. 1964. Toxoplasmosis in a pig in New Zealand. N.Z. vet. J., 12: 118–120. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar] while, more recently, Shortridge (1968) Shortridge, E. H. 1968. Toxoplasmosis in cats in New Zealand. N.Z. vet. J., 16: 129–130. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar] noted two cases of feline toxoplasmosis. This present communication concerns an outbreak of acute toxoplasmosis in several piglets.     

仔猪断奶管理要点

断奶至60～70日龄的猪称为仔猪,又称保育猪,它是继哺乳管理后的又一重要阶段.保育期内仔猪的增重和健康状况,对其后期的发育将会产生极其重要的影响.仔猪面临的最大问题是应激,包括3种类型:断奶应激、心理应激、营养应激,在不当的饲养条件和营养条件下,应激可使刚断奶的仔猪生长停滞甚至倒退,因此,仔猪的培育目标是尽量减少断奶应激,降低断奶仔猪腹泻和死亡率,促进仔猪健康、快速生长.     

仔猪喜爱甜味饲料

全球饲料业每年用在调味剂上的花费大约为一亿五千万欧元. 用在调味剂上的花费,大约一半是用在幼猪日粮的.幼猪若能在这一关键阶段内增加食欲,就可减轻其断奶后应激综合征,因为断奶后离开母猪、运送去新猪舍、建立新秩位而等都会对仔猪产生应激,尤其可减轻因日粮改变而产生的应激.     

Antibiotic-free weaning of piglets

In a problem herd the losses by E. coli-infection of weaning piglets could not be reduced neither applicating an oral vaccine before 4-2 weeks to weaning nor via feed of antibiotics or sulfonamides. Therefore many feeding trials were carried out by 1247 weaning piglets which are feeded with high raw fibre rations (wheatbran coarse grained, strawmeal) beginning 2 weeks before weaning till 3 weeks afterwards. The most effective feeding additive was 25-30% wheatbran. In fact of this results the diarrhea, a problem in many herds infected with a lot of EEC (08, 045, 0138, 0139, 0141, 0147 and 0149) could be reduced effectively. Light cases of diarrhea during the trials could be stopped by two applications of TMQ (20 mg Terramycin/kg BW). Based on these results the use of the supplementing wheatbran to the normal feed during the weaning period can be recommended for such problem herds.     

浅谈仔猪水肿病

猪水肿病是由溶血性大肠杆菌引起的肠道毒血症,故又称为肠毒血症.猪水肿病常见于断奶前后的仔猪,引起仔猪四肢麻痹、步态蹒跚、痉挛和昏迷等症状,发病率10%～30%,但病死率高达80%～100%,给养猪业带来极大危害.随着养猪业的不断发展,仔猪水肿病的发生越来越广泛.     

仔猪专用复合酶的开发及其对乳仔猪作用效果的研究

研究旨在开发一种仔猪专用复合酶,并对其作用效果进行研究。运用仿生消化系统筛选乳猪复合酶酶谱,然后采用随机区组设计,选用健康均匀的(杜×长×大)三元杂交31日龄断奶仔猪432头,随机分为3个处理组,A组饲喂基础日粮,B组基础日粮+500 g/t乳猪复合酶,C组基础日粮+1 000 g/t乳猪复合酶,每个处理6个重复,每个重复24头猪,试验期35 d。当酶谱为蛋白酶10 000 U/g、淀粉酶500 U/g、β-葡聚糖酶300 U/g、木聚糖酶15 000 U/g、β-甘露聚糖酶2 000 U/g、α-半乳糖苷酶150 U/g时,体外营养物质消化率结果最优。动物试验结果表明,与A组相比,B组和C组的日采食量均无显著变化,C组的料肉比显著降低(P<0.05);添加乳猪酶的B组(4.62%)和C组(0.96%)腹泻率比A组(7.40%)分别显著降低了37.57%(P<0.05)和87.03%(P<0.05);仔猪发病率呈下降趋势,其中C组(1.00%)较A组(4.80%)显著降低了79.17%(P<0.05)。结果提示,乳猪复合酶可以通过仿生消化系统科学地筛选,且该仔猪专用复合酶对于乳仔猪的生长性能和抗病能力具有较好的改善作用。     

Gastrointestinal flora in iron-deficient piglets

The pH and microflora of the contents of the stomach and small intestine were studied in iron-treated and iron-deficient piglets. Compared with their iron-treated littermates, the gut contents at several sites in iron-deficient animals had a higher pH and contained greater numbers of coliforms, lactobacilli, total aerobes and total anaerobes. The possible relationship of these findings to previous findings in such animals and to their high incidence of diarrhoea is discussed.     

断奶仔猪饲养管理体会

加强断奶仔猪的饲养管理，可降低断奶应激带来的损失，提高断奶仔猪成活率，增加养猪业的经济效益。１断奶仔猪的饲养为了使断奶仔猪尽快地适应断奶后的饲料，减少腹泻发生，减轻断奶造成的影响，保证仔猪的快速生长发育，应采取以下措施：１．１对哺乳仔猪进行强制性补料，从仔猪出生后７日龄开始喂给教槽料，教槽料必须是易消化吸收具有特殊香味的颗粒饲料。每天抓几粒教槽料放入仔猪嘴里，每天喂２～３次，连续５天，到１２日龄时，大多仔猪都能开食，１５日龄可全窝仔猪开食，以后每天少添勤添料，为断奶打基础。１．２断奶前３天，减少…     

Immunologic skin tests in piglets

Immunological skin tests were carried out in 213 weanling piglets at the weight of 5 to 30 kg. Immediate hypersensitivity was evaluated by help of diagnostic allergens (mould, yeast and bacterial ones), delayed hypersensitivity by help of staphylococcus lysate, cellular immunity (tests de novo) by help of phytohemagglutinin and as common recall antigens were used tuberculin, toxoplasmin, candidic and tetanic antigen. The above substances were applied intradermally to the back of the piglets. For an evaluation of non-specific inflammatory response, sodium lauryl sulphate applied epicutaneously was used. The average reaction to diagnostic allergens (50 PNU in 0.05 ml) evaluated after 20 minutes was characterized as light dermal reactions (the papule size of 3-5 mm); in 22% of piglets moderate dermal reactions (the papule larger than 6 mm) to the diagnostic bacterial allergen (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis) were determined. After an intradermal implantation of histamine (50 micrograms in 0.05 ml) the average size of the papule was 13 mm in 20 minutes. After the application of 0.1 ml of staphylococcus lysate (STAVA), the induration exceeding 10 mm was observed in 13% of piglets in 24 hours. After the application of phytohemagglutinin (100 micrograms in 0.1 ml), the induration exceeding 5 mm in 24 hours was determined in 93% of piglets and in 48 hours in 59% of piglets. Common recall antigens were applied at the volume of 0.1 ml. Forty-eight hours after the application no palpable induration was determined: in 91% of piglets after the application of tuberculin (2 TU PPD in 0.1 ml); in 75% of piglets after toxoplasmin (according to PNY 30-33-74); in 98% of piglets after candidic antigen (100 PNU in 0.1 ml) and in 86% of piglets after tetanic antigen implantations (0.03 Lf in 0.1 ml). The epicutaneously applied sodium lauryl sulphate (at 2.5% and 5% concentrations) caused no inflammatory dermal reactions (erythema or induration) after 24 hours. In piglets it is best to apply phytohemagglutinin for evaluating cellular immunity, staphylococcus lysate for evaluating delayed hypersensitivity to staphylococci and histamine for obtaining the information on a disposition of piglets to allergic diseases.     

Retarded growth in hampshire piglets

Imported Hampshire pigs were observed to have low average weights at weaning. To investigate this problem three cross-fostering experiments were carried out between Hampshire and Saddleback females, the latter breed being characterized by heavy weaning weights. The first experiment used ten pairs of gilts of the two breeds and used a simple creep ration for the piglet. Least squares estimates of the 50-day weights of Hampshire and Saddleback piglets were 10.6 ± 0.2 and 13.4 ± 0.2 kg respectively, but the differences due to breed of sow were not significantly different. Similar results were obtained in a second experiment using five pairs of sows and the same creep ration. A third experiment was carried out with eight pairs of females using a more sophisticated creep food with higher protein and energy content. The least squares estimates of 50-day weights for Hampshire and Saddleback piglets were 13.7 ± 0.4 and 16.0 ± 0.3 kg respectively. The retarded growth rate of Hampshire piglets is particularly apparent in the 21–50-day period, and possible explanations are discussed.