Effect of Chinese Herbal Medicine on Immunohistochemistry of Harder''''s Glands of Chickens

To investigate the mechanism of action of Chinese herbal medicine, the immunocells of Harder’s glands were observed. The healthy Hy-Line Brown chickens of 12-day-old were divided into three groups randomly. The chickens in group 1 and 2 drank the water with 0.5% and 1% Chinese herbal medicine immunopromoter every day. The chickens in group 3 as control drank pure water. The Harder’s glands of the chickens from 0.5% group, 1% group and control group at 24, 36 and 48 d after drinking medicine respectively wer...     

Effects of Immunopotentiator of the Traditional Chinese Medicine on T Lymphocytes in Chicken Blood

In order to investigate the mechanism of action of immunoenhancer, the effects of the traditional Chinese medicine immunopromoter on the quantity and the transformation rates of T lymphocytes in the chicken blood were determined. Total 120 chickens were randomly assigned into three groups. The 1% and the 0.5% of the Chinese medicine immunopromoter were added to the chicken drinking water, respectively. The quantity of T lymphocytes in each group was measured by a-Naphthyl acetate esterase （ANAE） staining. The results showed that the percentages of T lymphocytes of the treatment groups were significantly higher than that of the control group （P〈0.05）, and the percentage of the 1% group significantly higher than that of the 0.5% group （P〈0.05）. In conclusion, the transformation rates of T lymphocytes showed that the Chinese medicine immunopromoter had the significant enhancing effect on the transformation rates of T lymphocytes of the treated chickens. The traditional Chinese medicine immunopromoter had the distinct function to promote the quantity and the transformation rate of T lymphocytes.     

中草药添加剂对荷斯坦奶牛产奶量及抗热应激能力的影响(英文)

[Objective] The research aimed to explore the effects of Chinese herb additive on milk yield and anti-heat stress ability of Holstein cow.[Method] 36 Holstein cows with similar birth order and milk yield were equally and randomly divided into 3 groups which were control group, Chinese medicine Ⅰ group and Chinese medicine Ⅱ group. In control group, cows were fed with basic feed, while in Chinese medicine Ⅰ group, cows were fed with basic feed containing 4% compound Chinese herb additive and in Chinese medicine Ⅱ group, cows were fed with basic feed containing 3% compound Chinese herb additive.All cows in the 3 groups were analyzed comparatively.[Result] Adding some compound Chinese herb additive into basic feed would increase milk yield and anti-heat stress ability of Holstein cow,besides,it also could decrease cow diseases such as cow mastitis.Chinese medicine Ⅰ would generate the highest economic benefit of practical production.[Conclusion] Adding Chinese herb additive into basic feed is an effective way for reliefing heat stress and increasing milk yield.     

Effects of Sub-chronic Aluminum Exposure on Renal Pathologic Structure in Rats

A total of 40 Wistar rats, weighing 130-140 g, were allocated randomly into four groups. They were orally administrated with 0 (control group, GC), 64.18 (low-dose group, GL), 128.36 (middle-dose group, GM), and 256.72 (high-dose group, GH) mg aluminum chloride (AlCl3) per kilogram body weight in drinking water for 120 days. Kidney coefficient and aluminum (Al) concentrations in blood and kidney were determined, and renal autopsy and histological changes were observed. The results showed that kidney coefficient in all Al-treated groups were obviously lower than that in GC (P<0.01) and there was a dose-effect relationship. The kidneys were solid, lusterless and pale brown with white necrosis point on surface. Under electron microscope, renal cortex became thin, the renal tubule was narrowed and the epithelium dissolved; the renal glomerulus became atrophied and the glomerular became vasodilator. The Al concentrations in blood and kidney were higher in all Al-treated rats than those in GC (P<0.01), and there was a dose-effect relationship. The results indicated that sub-chronic Al exposure could lead to Al accumulation in kidney, restrain the development of kidney and cause the pathologic damage in rats.     

Effects of High Fluoride and Low Iodine on Thyroid Function in Offspring Rats

Thirty-two Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups of eight with six females and two males in each group. The rats were exposed to high fluoride drinking water (45 mg F- L-1 from 100 mg NaF L-1), low dietary iodine (0.0855 mg kg-1), or both together in order to assess the effects of these three regimens on the thyroid function of the offspring rats. After the animal model was established, the offspring rats were bred and 10-, 20-, 30-, 60-, and 90-d-old rats were used for the experiment. The treatments for the offspring rats were the same as those of their parents. In comparison with control rats, the relative thyroid glands were changed by three regimens, but the mean values of thyroid weight in the experimental groups saw no marked difference. Serum TT3 levels were increased in all stages in the low iodine (LI) group. In the high fluoride (HiF) group, increase in TT3 levels was observed except in 20-d-old rats. Decrease in TT3 at 20- and 90-d and increase in TT3 at 30- and 60-d were found in HiF+LI group. Serum TT4 levels first saw an increase, and then dropped in the LI and HiF+LI group. However, an increase in TT4 was found in the HiF group. The levels of TSH in serum rocketed at d 20, and then dropped in the next stages in experimental groups. The results suggested that thyroid disorder could be induced by high flroride in drinking water, low iodine diet, or both of them. Exposure time to fluoride or low iodine diet was one of the important factors that fluoride can induce the development of thyroid dyfunction.     

Histological Study on the Polyovular Folliclular Development of Chinese Prematural Lubei White Goat

The present study was conducted to investigate the histological characteristics of Polyovular follicles in Chinese Lubei white female goats with age 2-5 months. The results suggested that the healthy antral follicles with twin-oocyte could be observed. There were many multi-oocyte phenomena in primordial and primary follicles with a proportion of nearly 75% in primordial follicles. Primordial follicle was in the outer of cortex in ovaries and most of them remained active. The nest of multi-nuclear primordial follicle was developing into primordial follicle with 1 to 3 nuclei.     

Relationships Between Icariin and Anti-Apoptotic miRNA-21 in Mouse Blastocyst Development In vitro

In this study, the effect of icariin, a flavonoid from the Chinese traditional medicine epimedium, on miRNA-21 of mouse developmental blastocysts in vitro and the development of preimplantation embryos were studied. The possible effective targets of icariin promoting preimplantation embryo development in vitro and anti-apoptosis were determined. The embryos were cultured in modified CZB medium (mCZB) as control group. The experimental group (Ica group) was supplemented with 0.6μmL-1 icariin. Mouse pronuclear embryos were cultured in vitro until blastocysts. The development rates of preimplantation embryos were observed. The total cell number, apoptotic cell number and the rate of apoptotic cells in blastocysts were analysed by the staining of Hoechst33342 and labeling of TUNEL and detected under a laser confocal scanning microscope. The miRNA-21 expression, the mRNA levels of pro-apoptotic Caspase3, and the target genes of miRNA-21: pro-apoptotic PTEN, anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 were detected by real-time RT-PCR. The results showed that percentages of morulaes and blastocysts in Ica group were both extremely higher than control group ((85.14?.57)% vs. (72.04?1.58)%; (82.50?.11)% vs. (66.80?1.70)%, respectively, P<0.01). The total cell number of blastocysts had extreme difference between Ica group and control group ((61.40?.64) vs. (46.23?.50), P<0.01). The apoptotic cell number and rate of apoptotic cells of blastocysts were both reduced in Ica group ((1.47?.51) vs. (2.94?.66); (2.40?.27)% vs. (6.25?.62)%, respectively, P<0.01). Compared to control group, addition of icariin into mCZB extremely increased the expression of anti-apoptotic miRNA-21 (P<0.01), down-regulated pro-apoptotic Caspase3 (P<0.05) and PTEN (P<0.01), up-regulated anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 (P<0.01). In conclusion, icariin could reduce the apoptosis, promote the embryo development in vitro by enhancing miRNA-21 expression to up-regulated anti-apoptotic genes and down-regulated pro-apoptotic genes. These apoptosis-related genes were regulated by miRNA-21.     

Effect of Astragalus polysaccharides on Erythrocyte Immune Adherence of Chickens Inoculated with Infectious Bursal Disease Virus

Two hundred and forty specific pathogen free leghorn chickens were randomly divided into four groups and reared in isolated pens. The tested chickens were negative to infectious bursal disease virus （IBDV） at 25 d old. Group 1 was treated with saline, whereas Groups 2, 3, and 4 were inoculated with 0.3 mL IBDV suspension intranasally the next day. Groups 3 and 4 were also administered with Astragalus polysaccharides （APS） intramuscularly twice daily at 5 or 10 mg kg-1 BW, respectively, until 31 d old. The erythrocyte-C3b receptor rosette rate （E-C3bRR） and the erythrocyte-C3b immune complex rosette rate （E-ICRR） were measured at 25, 29, 32, 35, and 38 d old. The results showed that IBDV significantly reduced E-C3bRR and E-ICRR when compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）, while simultaneous administration of APS with 1BDV maintained E-C3bRR at similar levels to the control group （P 〉 0.05） and increased E-ICRR when compared with the control group and the group non-treated with APS （P 〈 0.05）. APS treatment reduced the morbidity and mortality of chickens inoculated with IBDV （P 〈 0.05）. The results suggest that APS may enhance the immune adherence of chickens erythrocytes by affecting the activity and/or the number of complement receptors on the erythrocyte membrane. These findings can be beneficial in providing an understanding of the basic mechanisms required for the rational application of APS in modern medicine.     

Research on the Behavior and Egg Fertilization Rate of Dwarf Layers and White Leghorn Chickens Fed in Floor-Rearing System

Influenced by animal welfare requirements and expensive labor cost, producers tend to feed layers in non-cage system such as floor rearing. With the development of commercial lines of dwarf layers, the property of dwarf layers＇ natural mating is drawing more and more attention. In this study, the authors hybridized Nongda Ill dwarf layers with White Leghorn chickens in floor-rearing system to research whether dwarf layers had defect in natural mating. Two steps of experiments were performed. The authors detected the fertilization rate of collected eggs, observed chickens＇ behavior in step I when a hen from other group was suddenly put into and recorded copulation number of every group in step II from 7：30 to 19：30. The results indicated that drawf cocks were as good as Leghorn cocks in natrual mating under floor-rearing system while drawf hens were better than Leghorn hens. Observation results showed no difference on reaction to intermixed hens between drawf layers and Leghorn layers. The best proportion of male to female for drawf layers was 1：8 in this experiment and dwarf cocks tended to mate dwarf hens rather than Leghorn hens.     

Changes of the Levels of Blood NO and TNF-α Concentrations in Water Buffaloes and Goats Infected with Fasciola hepatica

Changes of concentrations were studied in water buffaloes and goats infected with Fasciola he-patica on blood NO(nitric oxide) and TNF-α(tumor necrosis factor-α). Twenty healthy male castrated waterbuffaloes of 2 - 3 years old and weighing 300 - 500 kg as well as six goats were confirmed free of fasciolosis byfecal examination and Dot-ELISA. Two studies were conducted using the water buffaloes. In the first experi-ment, 8 water buffaloes were randomly divided into control group (n=3) and infection group (n=5). Eachbuffalo in the infected group received orally 60 metacercariae of F. hepatica per day for 20 days (total 1 200metacercariae) to produce a chronic infection. In the second experiment, 12 water buffaloes were randomly di-vided into infected (n=9) and control group (n=3). Each buffalo in the infected group was given a singleoral dose of 1 600 metacercariae to produce an acute infection. The 6 goats were randomly divided into two in-fected groups and a control group. The sheep in two infections received a single oral dose of 200 and 500 meta-cercariae respectively, the control group remained uninfected. Blood NO and TNF-α concentrations of the testanimals were measured by a reductive enzyme assay and RIA, respectively. Blood NO concentration in bothacutely and chronically infected water buffaloes progressively increased from week 3 post-infection and was sig-nificantly greater than that of the control group (P＜0.05) at the 5th week (acute infection) and 7th week(chronic infection), and remaining at higher concentration for the remaining period of the studies. BloodTNF-αt concentrations in both chronically and acutely infected water buffaloes also increased after infection. Inthe goat experiment, plasma NO concentrations in both infection groups increased from week 3 after infection,and remained higher than that of the control group until the end of the experiment. TNF-α concentrations ingoats in infection group 1 and 2 gradually increased after infection and were significantly greater than those ofthe control group from the 9th to 11th week and from the 11th to 15th week respectively.     

抗鸡致病性大肠杆菌中药的筛选及其疗效观察(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study was to lay a foundation for obtaining effective traditional Chinese medicine preparations controlling chicken colibacillosis. [Method] With the western medicine Lomefloxacin Hydrochloride and Sodium Chloride Injection as the control, drug sensitivity tests of 15 single traditional Chinese herbs and seven self-made Chinese herbal compounds were conducted. Subsequently, the single traditional Chinese herbs presenting good in vitro antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli and all the seven compounds were given to the chicks artificially infected with E.coli to observe their efficacies. [Result] The results of drug sensitivity tests showed that all the 15 traditional Chinese herbs had certain antibacterial effect against E.coli, among which aloe, pomegranate rind and radix sanguisorbae were the best. Compound 1, 2 and 5 had good antibacterial effects in vitro. By in vivo test, traditional Chinese medicines showed superior efficacies on infected chicks than western medicine, and compound 1 and 2 performed well. [Conclusion] Traditional Chinese medicine preparations are good at controlling Chicken colibacillosis, but their bacteriostasis mechanism in vivo was different with that in vitro.     

Assessment of Negative Training on the Use of Cubiele Beds by Heifers

40in-calf heifers were observed to examine the effect of timbers placing in passage area on their use of cubicle beds.prior to the experiment preliminary observation was taken on these 40 heifers and they were divided into two even groups(cubicle user(or control)group versus cubicle refusal (or experimental)group by whether they properly used the cubicle beds or not.The timbers were placed in passage and feeding areas for the cubicle refusal group to force the animls to lie in the cubicle beds.The results of this experiment showed that feeding behaviour was unaffceted by the presence of the timbers.but lying acitvity was about8% higher for the experimental group,which led to a mean of almost 2 hours longer lyin time over 24h.After the timbers were removed,there was a significant decline in lying by the experimental group[.The diurnal pattern of lying behaviour in cubicles indicated that the major effect on lying activity exerted by the presence of the timbers was seen during midnight to 10:00am.Also during this times,the experimental group in the presence of the timbers tended to show more lying in cubicles than control group.At the end of the experiment,95% of the heifers were found to be correctly using the cubicle beds.and on the negative side three hiefers developed a slight injury on their legs or hocks caused by the timber.     

Assessment of Photochemical Reflectance Index as a Tool for Evaluation of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters in Cotton and Peanut Cultivars Under Water Stress Condition

The relationships between photochemical reflectance index （PRI） and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were examined to assess suitability of PRI as a remote-sensing tool for the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using cotton and peanut crops under water stress condition. Five cotton and six peanut cultivars were grown using Andosole soil in pots maintained at two water levels; the control and water stress treatment （WS） of 100 and 50% of the daily transpiration, respectively. Higher non-photochemical quenching （NPQ） was exhibited by peanut than that of cotton by the water stress. On the other hand, the decreases of the actual quantum yield of photosystem II （△F/F＇m） and PRI by the water stress in cotton were larger than those in peanut. There were positively significant correlation coefficients between PRI and △F/F＇m in cotton at noon and in the afternoon including the control and WS. The correlations of PRI with NPQ were negatively significant at noon and in the afternoon for cotton, and in the afternoon for peanut. No clear relationship was found among these parameters in the morning probably due to the diurnal increase in global solar radiation. It was concluded that there would be a possibility to detect the effects of water stress on △F/F＇m and NPQ by PRI with some exceptions, although PRI could not note varietals differences in △F/F＇m and NPQ for each treatment.     

Assessment of Negative Training on the Use of Cubicle Beds by Heifers

40 in-calf heifers were observed to examine the effect of timbers placing in passage area on their use of cubicle beds. Prior to the experiment preliminary observation was taken on these 40 heifers and they were divided into two even groups (cubicle user(or control) group versus cubicle refusal (or experimental) group by whether they properly used the cubicle beds or not. The timbers were placed in passage and feeding areas for the cubicle refusal group to force the animls to lie in the cubicle beds. The results of this experiment showed that feeding behaviour was unaffected by the presence of the timbers, but lying acitvity was about 8% higher for the experimental group, which led to a mean of almost 2 hours longer lying time over 24 h. After the timbers were removed, there was a significant decline in lying by the experimental group. The diurnal pattern of lying behaviour in cubicles indicated that the major effect on lying activity exerted by the presence of the timbers was seen during midnight to 10:00 a     

Study on the Effects of Cytokine Level in Ducklings with Selenium Poisoning

One-day-old healthy ducklings （n = 100） were randomly allocated into two groups （n = 50, respectively） to investigate the effect of cytokines on ducklings with selenium poisoning. The ducklings in control group （Group Ⅰ） were fed with full rations containing 0.3 mg kg^-1 selenium, and the ducklings in selenium poisoning group （Group Ⅱ ） were fed with seleniumexcessive rations containing 8.0 mg kg^-1 selenium. One mL blood was collected by cardiac puncture at d 15, 30, 60, and 90 （n = 10, respectively）, serum was separated by centrifugation. Contents of cytokines were determined by the radioimmunity method （RIA）. The results showed that the contents of IL-113, IL-213 in Group Ⅱ were higher than that in control group at d 15 （P〉0.05）, but were significantly lower at d 30, 60, and 90 （P〈0.01）; the contents of IL-8β in Group II were significantly lower than that in control group （P〈0.01）; the contents of erythropoietin （EPO） and IGF-2 in Group II were significantly lower in different degree than that in control group at d 60 and 90 （P〈0.01）; the contents of granulocyte- macrophage colony stimulating factor （GM-CSF） in the two groups were lower in different degree and significantly lower at d 60 and 90 （P〈0.01）. It can be concluded that the excessive selenium could result in a decrease in immunity and a series of clinical pathology changes, such as anemia, tissue hemorrhage, and necrosis.     

紫苏叶提取物对高脂血症家兔血脂及脂质过氧化的影响（英文）

[Objective] The preventive and therapeutic effects of Folium perillae extract(FPE)on hyperlipemia induced by feeding rabbit with high fat forage were observed.[Method] The high fat and cholesterol diet were adopted to create the hyperlipemia model of rabbit.The rabbits were randomly and equally divided into 5 groups which were NC(normal control)group,HLM(high lipid model)group,LFPE,MFPE and HFPE group(low,middle,high dosage of FPE were 0.17 g/kg,0.5 g/kg and 1.5 g/kg respectively).The contents of TC,TG,LDL-C,HDL-C,MDA and the activity of SOD in serum were detected respectively.[Result] The three FPE groups could decrease the contents of TC,TG,LDL-C,MDA significantly(P<0.01)compared with these of HLM group,and the contents of HDL-C(P<0.01))and the activity of SOD(P<0.05)in serum was increased significantly.[Conclusion] FPE could regulate blood-fat and counteract lipid peroxidation.     

Effects of Different Progesterone Plugs on Estrous Control in Ewe

In breeding season and non-breeding season, the effects of three kinds of progesterone plugs on estrous control in ewes were studied. Meanwhile, the advantages and the disadvantages of the progesterone plugs were analyzed. The results showed that there were no significant difference among three progesterone plugs on modulating the ewes＇ estrus and pregnancy, and affecting estrous rate and fecundation rate （P〉0.05）. It was observed that the progesterone plug produced by Animal Husbandry Research Center of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences could modulate the ewes＇ estrus and pregnancy effectively, and the low cost and convenience in operation made it popularize in the reproducation of sheep widely.     

Histopathological Study on Chickens Artificially Infected with Infectious Laryngotracheitis

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the histopathological changes in chickens artificially infected with infectious laryngotracheitis（ILT）. [Method] Through ar- tificial injection of allantoic liquid containing ILTV into chickens to induce infectious laryngotracheitis, the clinical symptoms in infected chickens were observed; tissues of trachea, lungs, heart, liver, kidney and spleen were collected from dead chickens, and prepared into paraffin sections, followed by histopathological observation under a microscope. [Results] This disease occured in the inoculated chickens 3d later, with a morbidity rate of 95%. The main symptoms were dyspnea, asthma and coughing up of bloody exudate; yellowish-white pseudomembrane was observed on dissected larynx trachea; swelling, haemorrhage, and further erosion were observed on the in- fected tracheal mucosa, resulting in death of chickens, with the mortality rate of 25%; histopathological observation showed that parenchymal organs exhibited exuda- tive inflammation; swelling, degeneration, necrosis and shedding of epithelial cells were observed; disturbance of blood circulation occured.[Conclusion] This study pro- vides reference bases for the treatment of ILT.     

Effects of Different Compound Trace Element Premixed Materials on Beef Cattle Production Performance and Anti-oxidation Capacity

In this study, the effects of two types of premixed materials with different combinations of trace elements on the production performance and antioxidant capacity of simmental beef cattle were examined.Fifteen healthy simmental beef cattle of similar weight(approximately 330 kg), the same age(12 months), without castration, and a good physique were divided into three groups, with five beef cattle in each group.Food of GroupⅠ beef cattle was supplemented with a commercially marketed 5% compound trace element premixture for fine beef cattle.Food of GroupⅡbeef cattle was supplemented with a 5% compound microelement premixture for beef cattle that was designed to address local nutrient deficiencies and surpluses.In the blank control group, the beef cattle were not fed a premixture.The pretest period was 15 days, and the test period was divided into prefattening(45 days) and postfattening(45 days) stages.Body weight and body size indices were recorded at 1, 2 and 3 months, and blood samples were collected regularly.In GroupⅠ, the daily weight gain increased significantly by 15.7% compared with that of the control group.The largest daily weight gain was in Group Ⅱ, which increased by 31.6% compared with that in the control.During the test period of 90 days, the body size indices of the three different groups increased in different months, with significant increases in the indices for both test groups compared with those of the control.In GroupⅠ, the activity of CP, the total activity of SOD and Cu-Zn-SOD increased significantly(p0.05) compared with those in the control group, with a highly significant increase observed in GSH-PX activity(p0.01).In GroupⅡ, the increases in the activity of CP and the total activity of SOD and Cu-Zn-SOD were highly significant compared with those in the control group(p0.01).In addition, a significant increase was observed in GSH-PX activity(p0.05).Based on pretest results, the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mo, Mn, Se and Co in the blood of experimental beef cattle were lower than those of the normal range.After feeding for 90 days, the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mo, Mn, Se and Co in the blood of GroupsⅠ andⅡ were significantly higher than those in the control group(p0.05).The concentrations of elements in the blood of Group II were close to the appropriate levels.Thus, the effects of the specifically designed compound microelement premixture on the prevention of nutrient imbalances and control of beef cattle nutrition metabolism and the production of fattened beef cattle were significant.     

Effects of Imidapril on Venous Blood Gas Values in Broiler Chickens Exposed to Low Ambient Temperature

ObjectiveThis study was designed to evaluate the effects of imidapril on blood gas parameters in broiler chickens. MethodTwenty-four chickens were randomly divided into three groups (n=8), control group, low temperature group and imidapril group. Chickens in low temperature group and imidapril group were exposed to low ambient temperature (12-18 ℃) from age at 14 d to 45 d, whereas the control group was exposed to 24-30 ℃; chickens in imidapril group were gavaged with imidapril (3 mg/kg) once daily for 30 d. At age of 45 d, blood was taken from wing vein and blood gas parameters were evaluated by blood gas analyzer in Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University. ResultImidapril significantly increased hematocrit (HCT) and total hemoglobin content (T HBC ) and blood Na concentration in broiler chickens exposed to low ambient temperature. No significant differences were observed in pH, P CO 2 , P O 2 , K + , Ca 2+ , HCO 3-, HCO 3std , T CO 2 , BE and SO 2c . ConclusionImidapril increases hematocrit, total hemoglobin content and blood Na + concentration in chickens exposed to low ambient temperature.