Effects of salinomycin and Bacillus subtilis on growth performance and immune responses in broiler chickens

The present study was undertaken to compare the effect of salinomycin and Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, serum antibody levels against Clostridium spp. and Eimeria spp., and cytokine mRNA expression levels in broiler chickens raised in the used litter. Broiler chickens fed a diet containing salinomycin showed lower (P < 0.05) body weights compared with the control diet-fed counterparts. Serum nitric oxide levels were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in chickens fed the B. subtilis-enriched diet compared with those on either the salinomycin-fed or control diet-fed chickens. None of the dietary treatments affected (P > 0.05) serum antibody levels against Clostridium perfringens toxins. Both salinomycin and B. subtilis significantly lowered (P < 0.05) the serum levels of Eimeria-specific antibodies compared with the control group. Salinomycin, but not B. subtilis, significantly modulated (P < 0.05) the expression of cytokines encoding interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor superfamily 15 (TNFSF15) compared with the control group. In conclusion, dietary salinomycin and B. subtilis affected serum anticoccidial antibody and intestinal cytokine expression, but failed to improve growth performance in broiler chickens. Further study is warranted to investigate the mode of action of salinomycin on host immune response and growth performance in broiler chickens.     

Effects of dietary Crotalaria pallida seeds on the health and performance of laying hens and evaluation of residues in eggs

The effect of three dietary concentrations of Crotalaria pallida (C. pallida) seeds (0, 1, 2, and 3% w/w) of their normal diet were investigated in commercial laying hens during a 35 day feeding trial. All concentrations of C. pallida decreased body weight and feed intake (P < 0.05). Egg mass production and average egg weight were decreased by feeding of ≥2% C. pallida seeds (P < 0.05). All concentrations of C. pallida increased relative lung weight and serum activity of ALT, AST and LDH (P < 0.05); 3% C. pallida seeds decreased liver weight (P < 0.05). Analysis of the C. pallida seeds for dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloid content detected usaramine and its N-oxide at a total alkaloid concentration of 0.18% (dry weight). Usaramine was also detected in the eggs of all hens fed C. pallida seeds.     

MM3-ELISA evaluation of coproantigen release and serum antibody production in sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica

During an experimental infection of sheep with Fasciola hepatica or F. gigantica, MM3-SERO and MM3-COPRO ELISA tests were applied to compare the kinetics of antibody production and coproantigen release between the 2nd and 32nd week post-infection (wpi). The Kato-Katz technique was used to measure the kinetics of egg shedding by both Fasciola species (eggs per gram of feces, epg). The kinetics of IgG antibodies for all sheep infected with F. hepatica and F. gigantica followed a similar pattern. Optical density (OD) increased rapidly between the 4th until the 12th wpi, when the highest values were reached and then decreased slowly until the 32nd wpi. Coproantigen levels increased above the cut-off value between 6 and 9 wpi in the F. hepatica group, and between 9 and 11 wpi in the F. gigantica group. The comparison between coproantigen levels and epg indicated that F. hepatica-infected sheep had detectable amounts of coproantigens 4–7 weeks before patency (egg shedding), while F. gigantica-infected sheep had detectable amounts of coproantigens 3–6 weeks before patency. When comparing the kinetics of coproantigen release vs the kinetics of epg, a similar pattern emerged, but with a two-week time-lag in epg, for both F. hepatica and F. gigantica infections. The amount of coproantigen release by each adult was not burden dependent for F. hepatica infection (burden of 33–66 adults), while it was for F. gigantica infection (burden of 17–69 adults). The results demonstrate the usefulness of the MM3-SERO and MM3-COPRO ELISAs as tools for the diagnosis of early as well as long-term fascioliasis infections, and suggest that they can potentially be applied to human fascioliasis even in countries where F. hepatica and F. gigantica co-exist. These tests can be employed not only in the diagnosis, but also in studies on epidemiology as well as pathogenesis and treatment in animals and humans since they allow post-treatment infection monitoring.     

The protective effect of a Toxoplasma gondii SAG1 plasmid DNA vaccine in mice is enhanced with IL-18

More effective vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii may contribute to the control of this pathogen that has major veterinary and public health significance. In this study, two recombinant plasmids pcDNA/TgSAG1 and pVAX/mIL-18 containing T. gondii SAG1 (TgSAG1) and murine cytokine interleukin-18 (IL-18) were evaluated for their ability to protect mice against T. gondii challenge. Mice were given two intramuscular immunizations 3 weeks apart, and challenged with T. gondii 3 weeks later. All animals vaccinated with pcDNA/TgSAG1 alone or with pVAX/mIL-18 developed specific anti-TLA (T. gondii lysate antigen) antibodies and specific lymphocyte proliferative responses. Co-injection of pVAX/mIL-18 significantly increased the production of IFN-γ and IL-2. Further, challenge experiments showed that co-immunization with pVAX/mIL-18 significantly (P < 0.05) increased the survival rate (60%), compared with pcDNA/TgSAG1 alone (40%). Therefore, codelivery of the IL-18-secreting plasmid potentiates the induction and maintenance of the type 1 helper T-cell immune response and may be a potent strategy for enhancing the protective efficacy of vaccines against T. gondii.     

Interleukin-2 and interleukin-10 gene expression in calves experimentally infected with Fasciola gigantica

The gene expression of interleukin-2 and interleukin-10 in calves with a primary infection of Fasciola gigantica was studied. Five calves were infected orally with a dose of 1000 viable metacercariae of F. gigantica and five calves served as uninfected control animals. Expression of two cytokine genes i.e. IL-2 and IL-10 (Th1 and Th2) was measured at 10, 30 and 75 days post-infection (PI) by real-time polymerase chain reaction with the double stranded DNA-binding dye SYBR Green. Interleukin-2 was not detected in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of infected or control animals at 10, 30 and 75 days PI, however, IL-10 was present in detectable levels in PBMCs of infected animals at 10, 30 and 75 days PI, with no expression of this cytokine in the control animals. With an increased expression of IL-10 and no expression of IL-2 cytokine gene, the present study suggests that F. gigantica infection in calves evoked Th2 immune response.     

Assessing the efficacy of Duddingtonia flagrans chlamydospores per gram of faeces to control Haemonchus contortus larvae

The aims were (a) to quantify the number of Duddingtonia flagrans chlamydospores per gram of faeces (CPG) recovered from sheep administered with different oral doses and, (b) to describe the relationship between CPG and eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) on the efficacy to reduce Haemonchus contortus infective larvae. Three doses of chlamydospores per kg BW were orally administered during seven days: (T1) non treated control group, (T2) 1 × 10⁶, (T3) 2.5 × 10⁶ and (T4) 5 × 10⁶. Three lambs, infected with H. contortus, were used per group. Faeces were obtained from the rectum of each lamb during the fungal administration period (days 0–6) and for six days after that period. Four coproculture replicates were made from each animal in days 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10. A higher chlamydospore dose produced higher CPG in faeces (p < 0.05), but a clear dose dependent effect was not found either in the larvae reduction or in the CPG:EPG ratio. When ratios were re-analyzed, independently of the treatment groups of origin, a better efficacy was obtained with a ratio from 5 to 10 CPG:EPG and a higher ratio (>10 per egg) showed a lower reduction efficacy (p < 0.05). The binomial analysis showed that for each unit of increment in CPG:EPG ratio there was a reduction of larvae number until a point (between 5 and 10 CPG:EPG) where no further reduction was detected. The surface response test indicated that the number of larvae was reduced by CPG until possible saturation. The highest CPG:EPG ratios did not necessarily improve efficacy of D. flagrans.     

Effects of synbiotic-based Bifidobacterium animalis in female rats experimentally infected with Toxoplasma gondii

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a synbiotic composed of Bifidobacterium animalis and fructooligosaccharides on female rats infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Female Wistar rats, treated or not with dexamethasone, were daily supplemented with synbiotics for 21 days. After 15 days of supplementation, the rats were orally infected with 10⁴T. gondii bradyzoites. Blood samples were collected to measure the levels of IFN-γ, IL-10 and T. gondii antibodies. All synbiotic-supplemented rats survived until the end of the experiment; however, non-supplemented dexamethasone-treated rats died between the fifth and the eighth days after T. gondii infection. Dexamethasone-treated rats supplemented with synbiotics (P < 0.05) were capable of synthesizing IFN-γ, and this immunological response was essential to ensure their survival. In addition, brain cysts were found in one rat not supplemented with synbiotics. Results suggest that the synbiotic composed of B. animalis and fructooligosaccharides may be beneficial to toxoplasmosis control.     

Effect of dietary supplementation with flaxseed oil or vitamin E on sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica

The effects of two diets supplemented with flaxseed oil (FO) or vitamin E (VE) were studied in sheep infected with Fasciola hepatica. The control group (CO), not supplemented, had higher weight gain and faecal egg count (P < 0.05) at the end of the study. At necropsy, the number (71.2 ± 26.5) and size of flukes were lower in the FO group (P < 0.01), probably due to the higher levels of white blood cells and lymphocytes (P < 0.01). This group also had higher red blood cell and haematocrit values (P < 0.01). The CO group had more severe hypoproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia, due to having the highest fluke burden (123.0 ± 35.2), and also the highest IgG1 titre (P < 0.01). The diet did not affect production or gene expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-4. On the other hand, the supplementation with VE led to a reduction in adult fluke burden (97.7 ± 39.9) and lower lipid oxidation in the liver (P < 0.001).     

Cytokine expression in colostrum-deprived pigs immunized and challenged with Haemophilus parasuis

The expression of several cytokines in spleen, pharyngeal lymph nodes, lung and brain after different immunization procedures and a challenge with 5 × 10⁹ CFU of Haemophilus parasuis was compared. Five groups of colostrum-deprived pigs were used: vaccinated with (I) a bacterin, (II) an outer-membrane-protein-vaccine, (III) a recombinant transferring-binding protein B, (IV) exposed to a total dose of 10⁵ CFU, and (V) not previously immunized. All pigs in groups III and V died, while all animals in group I, most of group IV and half of group II survived until the end of the experiment. IL-1α was found in significantly higher levels (p < 0.05) in spleen, lymph nodes and brain of dead pigs, which could be explained by the major severity of lesions in these animals. However, IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ were expressed in significantly higher levels by survivors (for all the four cytokines in lymph nodes; for IL-4, IL-10 and TNF-α in spleen; for IL-4, TNF-α and IFN-γ in lung, and only for TNF-α in brain), thus suggesting a role of these four cytokines in the adaptive response, which might contribute to protection against H. parasuis infection.     

Passive protection against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection from maternally derived antibodies of hens vaccinated with a ghost vaccine

This study evaluated maternal immunity against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis acquired through the egg yolk. Two-hundred 19-week-old specific pathogen free (SPF) broiler breeders which were randomly divided into two groups of equal size were injected with S. Enteritidis ghosts (5 × 10⁹ colony forming units in 0.1 ml per hen) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, 0.01 mol⋅l⁻¹, pH 7.4) twice, respectively, with an interval of 2 weeks. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to detect specific antibodies against S. Enteritidis. S. Enteritidis-specific antibody levels in the vaccinated group increased over time and were significantly higher than those of the control group on days 28 (P < 0.001) and 35 (P < 0.001) post-vaccination. Ten 7-day-old chicks from hens that were vaccinated with a S. Enteritidis ghost vaccine were challenged at 14 days of age with 5 × 10⁹ CFU of S. Enteritidis DH091 (homologous to the vaccine strain), 8/10 (80%) chicks from vaccinated hens survived, whereas 3/10 (30%) chicks from unvaccinated hens survived. The chicks acquired high levels of serum antibodies against S. Enteritidis. These results reveal that maternal antibodies in chicks acquired from vaccinated hens through eggs can confer a significant protection against S. Enteritidis infection.     

Hargreaves does not evaluate nociception following a surgical laparotomy in Xenopus leavis frogs

The present study was performed to determine the effectiveness of the Hargreaves test for the evaluation of nociception in frogs, more precisely to determine if cutaneous thresholds to a radiant heat stimulus would increase with analgesics following an abdominal laparotomy performed under general anaesthesia. Non breeding female Xenopus leavis frogs (3 groups (non-anaesthetized, anaesthetized with tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222), with or without an abdominal laparotomy) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the Hargreaves test. Cutaneous thresholds were evaluated at baseline and following anaesthetic recovery (over 8 h) at six different body locations. Increased reaction times were observed in the gular area only at 1 h post-recovery following a MS222 bath immersion in frogs with (p < 0.02) and without the abdominal laparotomy (p < 0.002). In conclusion, the Hargreaves test does not provide an adequate test to evaluate nociception induced by an abdominal laparotomy and consequently cannot be used to evaluate analgesics in X. leavis frogs.     

Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli elicit different innate immune responses from bovine mammary epithelial cells

Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are the most important pathogenic bacteria causing bovine clinical mastitis and subclinical mastitis, respectively. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the different host response patterns caused by these bacteria. The aim of this study was to characterize the different innate immune responses of bovine mammary epithelium cells (MECs) to heat-inactivated E. coli and S. aureus. Gene expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 was compared. The activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and the kinetics and levels of cytokine production were analyzed. The results show that the mRNA for TLR2 and TLR4 was up-regulated when the bovine MECs were stimulated with heat-inactivated E. coli, while only TLR2 mRNA was up-regulated when the bovine MECs were stimulated with heat-inactivated S. aureus. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 increased more rapidly and higher when the bovine MECs were stimulated with heat-inactivated E. coli than when they were stimulated with heat-inactivated S. aureus. E. coli strongly activated NF-κB in the bovine MECs, while S. aureus failed to activate NF-κB. Heat-inactivated S. aureus could induce NF-κB activation when bovine MECs cultured in medium without fetal calf serum. These results were confirmed using TLR2- and TLR4/MD2-transfected HEK293 cells and suggested that differential TLR recognition and the lack of NF-κB activation account for the impaired immune response elicited by heat-inactivated S. aureus.     

Effect of coconut oil and garlic powder on in vitro fermentation using gas production technique

An in vitro gas technique trial was conducted to investigate the effect of coconut oil (Co), garlic powder (G) and their mixtures on in vitro fermentation. Incubation was carried out using rumen fluid obtained from swamp buffaloes. The experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD). The dietary treatments were ratio of Co and G supplementation at 0:0, 16:0, 8:4, 4:8 and 0:16 mg with rice straw as a roughage source. Cumulative gas production was recorded at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h of incubation. In vitro true digestibility (IVTD) was determined after 48 h incubation. Cumulative gas production at 72 h was significantly lowest (P < 0.05) at Co:G, 16:0 mg. Garlic powder supplementation at 16 mg decreased (P < 0.05) NH₃–N concentration and increased (P < 0.05) in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) while supplemented coconut oil at 16 mg decreased (P < 0.05) IVTD. Total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were lowest (P < 0.05) by garlic powder supplementation at 16 mg. However, supplementation of Co:G, 8:4, 4:8 and 0:16 mg tended to increase the proportion of propionate, decrease C2:C3 ratio and reduce (P < 0.05) methane (CH₄) production. Protozoal population was significantly lowest (P < 0.05) at Co:G, 8:4 mg. Moreover, application of quantitative PCR to quantify predominant cellulolytic bacteria (16S rRNA) and fungi (18S rRNA) targets revealed that treatments did not have an effect on Ruminococcusflavefaciens and total fungi population. However, it was found that supplementation of Co:G at 8:4 mg increased Ruminococcusalbus population (P < 0.05). Based on this study, it suggests that supplementation of Co:G at 8:4 and 0:16 mg could improve ruminal fluid fermentation in terms of volatile fatty acid profile, reduced methane losses and reduced protozoal population.     

Cessation of clinical disease and spirochete shedding after tiamulin treatment in pigs experimentally infected with “Brachyspira hampsonii”

With the emergence of “Brachyspira hampsonii” associated with swine dysentery in North America, identification of effective treatments and interventions is a pressing need. Denagard® (tiamulin hydrogen fumarate) Liquid Concentrate 12.5% is approved in the United States for treatment of dysentery caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae at 0.006% in the water. In this study, the effectiveness of tiamulin in resolving clinical disease, eliminating viable spirochete shedding, and reducing neutrophilic colitis following infection with either “B. hampsonii” or B. hyodysenteriae was evaluated. Seventy-eight 7-week-old crossbred pigs were divided into three groups [sham-inoculated (n = 18), “B. hampsonii”-inoculated (n = 30), and B. hyodysenteriae-inoculated (n = 30)]. Each inoculum group was divided into three subgroups which received either 0.006% tiamulin, 0.018% tiamulin, or no medication. Both levels of tiamulin resolved clinical disease within 24 h of treatment initiation, eliminated spirochete shedding within 72 h of treatment initiation, and resolved and/or prevented histologic lesions in pigs infected with either Brachyspira spp.     

In vitro sensitivity of the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis to antifungal therapeutics

Chytridiomycosis, a skin disease caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, has caused amphibian declines worldwide. Amphibians can be treated by percutaneous application of antimicrobials, but knowledge of in vitro susceptibility is lacking. Using a modified broth microdilution method, we describe the in vitro sensitivity of two Australian isolates of B. dendrobatidis to six antimicrobial agents. Growth inhibition was observed, by measurement of optical density, with all agents. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (µg/ml; isolate 1/2) were – voriconazole 0.016/0.008; itraconazole 0.032/0.016; terbinafine 0.063/0.063; fluconazole 0.31/0.31; chloramphenicol 12.5/12.5; amphotericin B 12.5/6.25. Killing effects on zoospores were assessed by observing motility. Amphotericin B and terbinafine killed zoospores within 5 and 30 min depending on concentration, but other antimicrobials were not effective at the highest concentrations tested (100 µg/ml). This knowledge will help in drug selection and treatment optimization. As terbinafine was potent and has rapid effects, study of its pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy is recommended.     

Factors affecting seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus)

Wild felids are considered important in maintaining the sylvatic cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. Although, T. gondii antibodies have been reported in several species of wild felids, little is known of the epidemiology and risk factors associated with T. gondii infection in wild cats. The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) is the most endangered felid species in the world. In the present study, seroprevalence and associated risk factors for T. gondii infection in a large population of Iberian lynx in Spain were determined. Serum samples from 129 Iberian lynx collected from 2005 to 2009 and 85 wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), sharing the habitat with the Iberian lynx, were tested for antibodies to T. gondii by the modified agglutination test (MAT) using a cut-off value of 1:25. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 81 of 129 (62.8%) Iberian lynx. Seroprevalence to T. gondii in Iberian lynx significantly increased with age (P < 0.001). T. gondii seroprevalences were similar in free-ranging (66.7% of 93) and wild-caught captive lynx (69% of 84) but significantly lower in captive-born lynx (22.5% of 40). Seroprevalence was higher in lynx with concurrent Cytauxzoonfelis (88% of 25) but not with concurrent Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) infection (53.8% of 13). There were no significant differences in seroprevalence between sexes, geographic region and year of sample collection (2005–2009). Oocysts of T. gondii were not detected microscopically in fecal samples from 58 lynx. Wild rabbits are considered the most important food for the lynx. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 14 (11.9%) of 85 rabbits tested. The present results indicate that T. gondii infection is widespread in the two areas where Iberian lynx survive in Spain. The fact that four captive-born lynx seroconverted was indication of contact with T. gondii also in the Captive Breeding Centers, hence, control measures to prevent T. gondii infection would be necessary in these centers.     

Evaluation of the in vitro growth-inhibitory effect of epoxomicin on Babesia parasites

Epoxomicin potently and irreversibly inhibits the catalytic activity of proteasomal subunits. Treatment of proliferating cells with epoxomicin results in cell death through accumulation of ubiquinated proteins. Thus, epoxomicin has been proposed as a potential anti-cancer drug. In the present study, the inhibitory effects of epoxomicin on the in vitro growth of bovine and equine Babesia parasites were evaluated. The inhibitory effect of epoxomicin on the in vivo growth of Babesia microti was also assessed. The in vitro growth of five Babesia species that were tested was significantly inhibited (P < 0.05) by nanomolar concentrations of epoxomicin (IC₅₀ values = 21.4 ± 0.2, 4 ± 0.1, 39.5 ± 0.1, 9.7 ± 0.3, and 21.1 ± 0.1 nM for Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Babesia ovata, Babesia caballi, and Babesia equi, respectively). Epoxomicin IC₅₀ values for Babesia parasites were low when compared with diminazene aceturate and tetracycline hydrochloride. Combinations of epoxomicin with diminazene aceturate synergistically potentiated its inhibitory effects in vitro on B. bovis, B. bigemina, and B. caballi. In B. microti-infected mice, epoxomicin caused significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of the growth of B. microti at the non-toxic doses of 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg BW relative to control groups. Therefore, epoxomicin might be used for treatment of babesiosis.     

Anti-Leishmania IgA in urine samples from dogs with clinical leishmaniasis

Recently, anti-Leishmania IgG has been detected in urine samples from Leishmania-infected dogs and its concentrations have been correlated with impairment of renal function. The presence and relationship with other anti-Leishmania Ig isotypes in urine have not yet been investigated. The current study analyzed the concentrations of anti-Leishmania IgA and IgG in sera (Ig-S) and urine (Ig-U) samples by ELISA in 64 untreated dogs with clinical leishmaniasis. All 64 serum samples tested were positive for anti-Leishmania IgG. Fifty of them (78.1%) were also positive for anti-Leishmania IgA. The results showed the presence of anti-Leishmania IgA-U in 38% of the 50 dogs that were positive for specific IgA-S. Thirty-eight of the 64 dogs positive for Leishmania-specific IgG-S (59.4%) were also positive for Leishmania-specific IgG in urine (IgG-U). The concentrations of anti-Leishmania IgA-U were significantly correlated with urine protein/creatinine (uP/C) ratio (ρ = 0.542; P < 0.001) and with serum biochemical parameters, such as γ-globulins, urea and creatinine. Goldmann–Witmer coefficient (C value) indicated that detection of specific IgA in urine samples from dogs with leishmaniasis might not only be due to impairment of filtration of the glomerular barrier but also be due to local production of this isotype, which might reflect a local immunological response to the presence of the parasite in the genitourinary tract. Anti-Leishmania IgG-U concentrations were highly correlated with uP/C ratio (ρ = 0.779; P < 0.001) and C value did not support in any case local production of this isotype. IgG isotype might be a more suitable and specific tool to evaluate renal damage due to the lower IgA-U sensitivity and correlation coefficients and evidence of IgA local production. However, dogs found positive for both Ig isotypes in urine presented significantly higher specific IgG-U concentrations and higher uP/C ratios than dogs found positive only for IgG-U, thus suggesting that the first group suffered more severe renal damage. This fact makes it necessary to evaluate the prognosis of dogs showing both anti-Leishmania IgA-U and IgG-U in future studies.     

Infection of normal C3H/HeN mice with Taenia saginata asiatica oncospheres

Normal C3H/HeN female mice were used to develop an animal model of Taenia saginata asiatica oncosphere infection. The host cellular immune response in this model was analyzed by a cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cytokine ELISA) and flow cytometry. Tumor-like cysts containing cysticerci were recovered from the inoculation sites of female mice 7 weeks postinfection with the T. saginata asiatica oncospheres. A sharp increase and sustained elevation in the ability of spleen cells to produce interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-2 revealed that cellular immunity played an important role during the infection. An immediate increase in the levels of IL-6 at 1 week postinfection indicated the induction of a local acute inflammatory response. However, no significant change in the levels of IL-10 indicated that Th2 cells were not involved in this immune response. The patterns of cell distribution revealed by flow cytometry also supported the same finding. These results suggested that Th1 cells played a major role in the immune response in C3H/HeN mice during the early stages of the oncosphere infection and that the Th2 response was not induced during the stage of cysticercus formation.     

The onset of puberty of Pelibuey male hair sheep is not delayed by the short term consumption of Morus alba or Hibiscus rosa-sinensis foliage

The present trial evaluated the effect of phytoestrogens consumed from Mulberry (Morus alba) or Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) foliage, on the onset of puberty of Pelibuey male lambs. The design of the study aimed at identifying possible acute changes on the onset of puberty. Eighteen male lambs were used (107±9 days of age, 16±3 cm scrotal circumference (SC), 3.4±0.1 body condition score (BCS) and 17±1 kg bodyweight (BW)). At weaning, the lambs were distributed in three groups (n=6 each): (i) Control group (balanced feed based on grains+star grass), (ii) Mulberry Group (Mulberry foliage+balanced feed) and (iii) Hibiscus Group (Hibiscus foliage+balanced feed). BW, SC and body condition score (BCS) were determined every 14 days. An estrogenized adult female was used to attempt the collection of semen samples from the males two times per week. The onset of puberty was determined as the presence of sperm showing progressive movement in the ejaculate. From then, semen collections continued in the males (once a week) until the first normal ejaculate was obtained. The nutritional value of the foliages, as well as the content of total phenols, total tannins and condensed tannins, was determined. The phytoestrogen content (Equol, 4′7-dimetoxyisoflavone, Genistein, Rutin and Ononin) was determined from the methanolic extract of both plants. Total dry matter consumptions were similar between the Control and Mulberry groups and both were higher than the Hibiscus group (P<0.05). The total consumption of phytoestrogens and tannins was similar in the Mulberry and the Hibiscus group. The short-term consumption of phytoestrogens from Mulberry or Hibiscus foliage failed to delay the onset of puberty. The mean age at the onset of puberty was similar in the three groups (146 days in the control and Mulberry groups and 154 days in the Hibiscus group; P>0.05). The mean age at the first normal ejaculate was also similar between groups (167 days for Mulberry and Hibiscus groups and 169 days in the control group; P>0.05). The BW (Control: 21.6±3.1; Mulberry: 20.7±1.9; Hibiscus: 19.8±2.8 kg), the BCS and the SC were similar between groups at the onset of puberty. The present trial showed that a short exposure to M. Alba or H. rosa-sinensis foliage through diet did not influence the onset of puberty of Pelibuey male lambs.