2018年中国部分地区猪瘟病毒2.1d亚型新流行株的基因组特征分析

为了解中国猪瘟病毒（classical swine fever virus，CSFV）的分子流行病学及遗传变异情况，本研究应用RT-PCR方法对2018年采集自河南、河北、山东、黑龙江和辽宁5个省份的350份疑似CSFV感染的病料进行E2和NS5B基因扩增，并对PCR产物进行测序和序列分析。结果显示，350份样品中21份为CSFV阳性，共获得14株CSFV的E2基因序列和7株CSFV的部分NS5B基因序列。E2全基因、NS5B部分基因序列分析表明，21份阳性样品均属于近年来在中国流行的CSFV 2.1d亚型，且新发现的2.1d亚型CSFV与中国较早2.1d亚型CSFV毒株间同源性差异不大，新发现的2.1d亚型CSFV分离株在E2基因的6个氨基酸（R³¹、S³⁴、W¹⁸²、K²⁰⁵、K³⁰³、A³³¹）上具有相同的分子特征，E2蛋白中15个位点上的半胱氨酸均未发生变异。韩国2.1d亚型CSFV在E2蛋白上具有3个独特的氨基酸（N⁹⁷、K¹⁵⁹、R²⁰⁵）特征，并且发现了韩国毒株YC11WB可能作为2.1b和2.1d亚型CSFV过渡毒株的证据，流行于中国和韩国的2.1d亚型CSFV可能分别来自于本国早期2.1b亚型CSFV的衍化。本研究证实，2018年中国及周边国家CSFV较为活跃，且流行毒株依然以2.1d亚型为主，为中国科学防控CSFV提供了依据。     

猪瘟病毒非结构蛋白NS5A与Beclin1相互作用并促进病毒增殖

为探究宿主蛋白Beclin1在猪瘟病毒(classical swine fever virus, CSFV)非结构蛋白NS5A激活细胞自噬反应过程中的作用及具体分子机制,本研究在感染CSFV及表达NS5A蛋白的ST细胞中,利用qRT-PCR方法检测Beclin1、PI3K/Akt通路相关因子表达变化情况;利用激光共聚焦、Co-IP及GST-pulldown等方法研究Beclin1与NS5A相互作用关系;通过在ST细胞中过表达或敲低Beclin1,研究其对CSFV复制的影响。结果表明,ST细胞感染猪瘟病毒或外源表达NS5A蛋白,Beclin1转录和蛋白表达水平均显著升高,且PI3K/Akt通路相关因子表达水平与之呈正相关。此外,CSFV NS5A蛋白与Beclin1蛋白在细胞中存在共定位且具有相互作用。最后,作者发现在细胞中过表达Beclin1,对CSFV复制起到明显促进作用;反之,利用siRNA敲低Beclin1后,抑制PI3K/Akt通路活化,CSFV增殖表现出明显抑制效应。以上结果表明,Beclin1蛋白对CSFV复制具有促进作用,其机制是通过与NS5A的相互作用调控PI3K/Ak...     

Characterization of NS3, NS5A and NS5B of classical swine fever virus through mutation and complementation analysis

In order to get further insight into the organization of the pestiviral replication machinery, characterization of NS3, NS5A and NS5B of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) through mutation and complementation analysis was performed. Mutation analysis in genomic replicons and subgenomic replicons indicated importance of the GDD motif in NS5B, the DEYH motif in NS3 and the conserved sequence C2717-C2740-C2742-C2767 in the NS5A for CSFV recover and viral RNA synthesis. Complementation experiments were performed between subgenomic replicons, between RNA replicons or between RNA replicon and expressed nonstructural protein. Rescue of virus and recover of viral RNA synthesis were examined in these complementation experiments. Results showed that mutations within NS5A, neither NS5B nor NS3, can be trans-complemented, strongly suggesting that NS5B and NS3 function in cis mode for regulation of replication. We assumed that the necessary membrane association of CSFV NS5B and NS3 could occur only when they are being translated and originated from an identical translation template, with the exception of NS5A whose membrane association might occur post-translationally.     

牦牛源BVDV非结构蛋白NS5A的原核表达及抗原表位分析

【目的】利用原核表达系统体外表达牛病毒性腹泻病毒(Bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV)NS5A基因,获得非结构蛋白NS5A,对其进行核苷酸、氨基酸序列分析,以解析BVDV非结构蛋白NS5A的功能。【方法】参考BVDV-1型毒株V006的NS5A基因序列(GenBank登录号:KX170647)设计并合成1对特异性引物,以分离到的牦牛BVDV GSTZ毒株cDNA为模板,PCR扩增NS5A基因片段,并克隆至表达载体pET-28a (+)中,构建重组原核表达载体pET28a-NS5A。经酶切初步鉴定及测序鉴定正确后,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,然后利用IPTG诱导表达。经10% SDS-PAGE电泳及Western blotting分析鉴定重组蛋白的表达,并根据NS5A基因的序列构建遗传发育进化树,利用DNAStar软件预测NS5A蛋白的亲水性、表面可塑性和抗原性等特性,并结合二级结构的预测对NS5A蛋白的B细胞抗原表位进行预测。【结果】PCR扩增NS5A目的基因片段为1 488 bp,双酶切和测序鉴定结果证明,重组质粒pET28a-NS5A构建成功。经10% SDS-PAGE电泳及Western blotting鉴定重组蛋白,表达出了大小为55 ku的目的蛋白,大小与预期结果相符。通过对不同BVDV毒株NS5A基因序列构建遗传发育进化树,显示GSTZ毒株NS5A在遗传进化特征上属于BVDV-1型。NS5A蛋白的亲水性主要位于12—21、32—69、75—113、120—135、143—147、152—163、165—180、215—230、265—274、296—340、348—378、389—447、455—463、469—495位氨基酸处,表面可塑性主要位于14—18、37—42、76—81、86—109、154—160、169—178、218—228、297—309、348—358、365—373、414—442、430—437、454—460位氨基酸处,柔性区域较多,主要位于14—21、37—43、67—82、86—93、97—110、152—158、169—179、218—231、240—255、296—310、313—328、344—359、364—373、413—422和472—483位氨基酸处。NS5A蛋白的B细胞抗原表位主要位于15—18、76—81、154—158、169—178、218—228、297—309、348—358、365—373和414—422位氨基酸处。【结论】成功表达并鉴定了牦牛源BVDV的非结构蛋白NS5A,系统发育进化树表明BVDV GSTZ株基因型属于BVDV-1型,NS5A蛋白具有良好的抗原性,为深入解析BVDV非结构蛋白NS5A的自身结构功能、免疫学特性以及进一步研究非结构蛋白对病毒复制的影响提供参考。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒NS3蛋白的生物信息学分析及多表位筛选

本研究旨在对牛病毒性腹泻病毒（BVDV）NS3蛋白进行生物信息学分析及T细胞和B细胞表位的筛选。从GenBank数据库中找到NS3蛋白的氨基酸序列，用Expasy ProtParam在线服务器分析所得序列理化性质。使用TMHMM Server分析跨膜结构域，使用DNAStar软件预测NS3蛋白的二级结构，为了更准确地预测蛋白质的二级结构，使用SOPMA分析软件进行了二次预测。使用Phyre2在线服务器预测NS3蛋白的三级结构，并用Raswin软件标出各个元素所处的位置。使用4种预测软件（BCPREDS、ABCpred、BepiPred和SVMTriP）分析NS3蛋白的线性B细胞表位，使用NetMHCⅡpan预测CD4⁺ T细胞表位，使用NetBoLApan和IEDB预测CD8⁺ T细胞表位，将所得到的结果进行T细胞和B细胞表位筛选。结果表明，NS3蛋白质由683个氨基酸组成，分子质量为75 ku，理论等电点（pI）为8.31，化学式为C₃₃₄₇H₅₃₄₆N₉₁₆O₁₀₀₉S₂₈，不稳定系数为35.93，平均亲水性（GRAVY）值为-0.267，表明NS3为稳定性亲水蛋白质。TMHMM结果显示，NS3蛋白不具有跨膜结构域。SOPMA结果表明，在NS3蛋白的二级结构中，α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角和无规则卷曲分别约占30.75%、22.55%、8.35%和38.35%，用DNAStar软件分别标出了α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角和无规则卷曲所处的位置。运用4种不同的B细胞预测软件筛选出8个线性表位：12-16、289-298、349-360、394-407、421-432、489-498、515-525和665-679位氨基酸。用NetMHCⅡpan筛选出4个T细胞表位：248-262、315-320、400-414和482-496位氨基酸。本研究为BVDV NS3蛋白优势抗原的筛选提供了理论依据。     

Phylogenetic analysis of recent classical swine fever virus (CSFV) isolates from Assam, India

Classical swine fever (CSF), a highly contagious viral disease of pigs, is endemic in India. As there is no information concerning the accurate genetic typing of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) isolates in India, 16 CSF viruses isolated during 2005-2007 from domestic pigs in different districts of Assam were typed in 5′ UTR (150 nucleotides). To confirm the genetic typing results and to study the genetic variability, selected viruses were also analyzed in E2 (190 nt) and NS5B gene (409 nt) regions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the 16 CSFV isolates analyzed belonged to group 1 and subgroup 1.1 in contrast to the situation in other Asian countries. Additionally, analysis in E2 and NS5B region placed the Indian isolates in a clearly separated clade within subgroup 1.1. The results suggest that subgroup 1.1 CSF viruses are currently circulating in India, which is important for epidemiology and control of CSF.     

猪瘟病毒石门株NS3蛋白的原核表达及其抗体检测间接ELISA的建立

为配合猪瘟新型疫苗的研发,建立了猪瘟病毒NS3蛋白抗体检测间接ELISA,以期达到有效区分新型疫苗免疫猪与自然感染猪(包括常规疫苗接种猪)的目的。以接种猪瘟病毒(CSFV)石门株的PK-15细胞为模板提取总RNA,经特异性PCR扩增获得长度为2 049bp的CSFV NS3基因,将其克隆至插入了具有自聚集自切割功能短肽的原核表达载体pET-32a(+),在大肠埃希菌Rosetta(DE3)中优化表达CSFV石门株NS3基因。Western blot分析表明重组蛋白NS3具有反应原性。将纯化的重组蛋白NS3作为包被抗原建立检测CSFV NS3抗体的间接ELISA,以美国爱德士(Idexx)猪瘟病毒抗体检测试剂盒抗体检测结果为标准,对502份血清样品进行检测。结果表明,所建立方法的特异性为96.9%,敏感性为89.7%,总符合率为95.8%,为猪瘟新型疫苗的推广应用提供了血清学检测方法。     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒新疆株NS基因的克隆和序列分析

根据已发表的H5N1禽流感病毒NS基因全序列设计了1对引物，对4株禽流感病毒新疆株的NS基因进行了RT—PCR扩增，并将其克隆到pMD18-T载体上，分别获得了全长为817、851、854、854bp的全基因序列。序列分析结果表明，新疆毒株间的核苷酸同源性为97．8％～98．9%，氨基酸同源性为96．5％～98．7％，与广东、香港和东南亚等不同地区的11个毒株比较，同源性为90．0％～99．4％；与来自野禽、猪等不同种类的11个流感毒株比较，同源性为81．4％～99．3％。系统进化树分析表明，新疆株独立分支。     

Effects of different NS genes of avian influenza viruses and amino acid changes on pathogenicity of recombinant A/Puerto Rico/8/34 viruses

To examine the effects of the NS1 and NEP genes of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) on pathogenicity in mice, we generated recombinant PR8 viruses containing 3 different NS genes of AIVs. In contrast to the reverse genetics-generated PR8 (rPR8) strain and other recombinant viruses, the recombinant virus rPR8-NS(0028), which contained the NS gene of A/chicken/KBNP-0028/2000 (H9N2) (0028), was non-pathogenic to mice. The novel single mutations of 0028 NS1 to corresponding amino acid of PR8 NS1, G139D and S151T increased the pathogenicity of rPR8-NS(0028). The replacement of the PL motifs (EPEV or RSEV) of pathogenic recombinant viruses with that of 0028 (GSEV) did not reduce the pathogenicity of the viruses. However, a recombinant virus with an EPEV-grafted 0028 NS gene was more pathogenic than rPR8-NS(0028) but less than rPR8. The lower pathogenicity of rPR8-NS(0028) might be associated with the lower virus titer and IFN-β level in the lungs of infected mice, and be attributed to G139, S151 and GSEV-PL motif of NS1 gene of 0028. In conclusion we defined new amino acid residues of NS1 related to mice pathogenicity and the presence of pathogenic NS genes among low pathogenic AIVs may encourage continuous monitoring of their mammalian pathogenicity.     

基于重组NS1蛋白猪细小病毒野毒抗体间接ELISA诊断方法的建立与应用

本研究以原核表达的重组NS1蛋白作为诊断抗原,建立了检测猪细小病毒(PPV)野毒抗体的NS1-ELISA诊断方法。该方法检测猪瘟病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪伪狂犬病病毒、猪圆环病毒2型、猪流行性腹泻病毒5种常见猪病病毒的阳性血清均为阴性;检测灵敏度为1:12800;批内、批间重复性试验的变异系数分别小于5%和10%;与血凝抑制试验(HI)符合率为100%。本研究建立的PPV NS1-ELISA检测方法具有良好的特异性、敏感性和重复性,为PPV的野毒抗体检测及PPV流行病学调查等快速诊断提供了一种技术手段。     

鹅细小病毒河北流行株HBZF07 NS1基因的克隆与序列分析

鹅细小病毒HBZF07株经13日龄鹅胚增殖后收集尿囊液,提取病毒基因组总DNA,采用PCR方法,一次性扩增出与预期大小相符的特异性条带.将扩增产物提纯回收后克隆入pMD18-T载体,经转化、筛选及酶切鉴定后,对阳性克隆进行了序列测定和序列分析.测序后拼接的基因长1 892 bp,包含完整的NS1开放阅读框(1 884 bp),编码623个氨基酸.与GenBank中其它毒株的NS1基因核苷酸序列相比,同源性分别为DY(EF515837)98.4%,与B(GPU25749)为99.2%,与HG5/82(AY506546)为93.9%,与YG(AF416726)为93.9%,与SHM319(GPU34761)为97.0%.     

禽流感分离株GD/1/96(H5N1)非结构蛋白结构建模

为预测H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)NS1蛋白全长结构,本研究以A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96(H5N1)株NS1蛋白氨基酸序列为目标序列,通过同源建模以及蛋白质结构叠合预测出NS1蛋白全长单体以及二聚体初始结构,采用约束分子动力学方法对初始结构进行优化,并利用立体化学、折叠可靠性、残基包装质量等评判方法对优化后的模型进行评估。结果表明所建立的NS1蛋白全长单体及二聚体结构模型具有很高的可信度,可用于基于结构的功能研究及虚拟筛选等工作。     

番鸭呼肠孤病毒非结构基因的克隆和序列分析

参考GenBank禽呼肠孤病毒(Avian Reovirus,ARV)和番鸭呼肠孤病毒(Muscovy Duck Reovirus,MDRV)非结构基因(NS)序列设计合成一对引物,对番鸭呼肠孤病毒S14和C4株NS基因进行RT-PCR扩增,克隆到pMD18-T载体中,并对克隆产物进行酶切鉴定和测序;番鸭呼肠孤病毒NS基因由1 291 bp核苷酸组成,与禽呼肠孤病毒NS基因相比,在非编码区第1155位少一个碱基,本文第一次证实1291bp是番鸭呼肠孤病毒NS基因特有的长度;番鸭呼肠孤病毒S14和C4株NS基因的5'末端和3'末端分别为5‘GCTTTT和TCATC-3',是禽类呼肠孤病毒基因末端特有的碱基序列,S14和C4株NS基因的的有效阅读框(24～1127bp)编码367个氨基酸组成的蛋白,分子量约为40kDa;番鸭呼肠孤病毒S14和C4株NS蛋白等电点分别是7.3和7.0,GC含量分别为54.26%和53.71%,番鸭呼肠孤病毒S14和C4株NS基因间核苷酸同源性为99.3%,仅有4个氨基酸差异,S14和C4与法国番鸭呼肠孤病毒89026株NS基因核苷酸同源性分别为87.8%和87.9%,与鸡关节炎病毒S1133 NS基因同源性分别为79.0%和79.3%;进化树分析表明本研究中的两株番鸭呼肠孤病毒非结构基因(NS)与番鸭呼肠孤病毒的亲缘关系比禽呼肠孤病毒近的多,建议番鸭呼肠孤病毒应归属为正呼肠孤病毒属第二个亚群中不同于禽和内尔森贝海湾呼肠病毒独立基因群.     

甲型H1N1流感病毒NS1蛋白核仁定位的研究

为研究2009年甲型H1N1流感病毒的NS1蛋白的核仁定位情况,采用RT-PCR对其NS1基因进行了扩增,将其克隆至PEGX-KG载体,构建重组质粒KG-NS1,转化大肠杆菌BL21,IPTG诱导表达重组蛋白.然后采用GST柱亲和层析方法纯化NS1重组蛋白,免疫家兔来制备多抗,Western blot检测抗体.通过间接免疫荧光对表达不同长度NS1 (NS1-219、NS1-230、NS1-237)的3种重组流感病毒进行了核仁定位的研究,3种重组毒的NS1蛋白存在于细胞核和细胞质,但都不能定位于核仁,说明NS1蛋白的截短与否并不影响其核仁定位,其生物学意义有待于进一步研究.     

Emergence of 2.1. subgenotype of classical swine fever virus in pig population of India in 2011

Background: Limited studies are available on molecular epidemiology of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in India and are restricted to domestic pigs. These studies show the presence of 1.1. genotype.

Hypothesis/objectives: The aim of the present study was to subgenotype four CSFV isolates, two each from the outbreaks of CSF in wild (Sus scrofa) and domestic pigs of Mizoram state, India, in 2011.

Animals and methods: CSFV isolates were subjected to nucleotide sequencing in E2 and NS5B genomic regions. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolates in both genomic regions was carried out with 39 Indian isolates (4 isolates from the present study of Mizoram state and 35 isolates from the other states of India) and 57 reference sequences retrieved from the GenBank database. Two of the 39 isolates from India were collected from wild boar and were subgenotyped as 2.1. Out of 37 isolates from domestic pigs, only two were subgenotyped as 2.1.

Results: The analysis revealed the emergence of 2.1. subgenotype of CSFV in both wild and domestic pigs in India.

Conclusions and clinical importance: The isolates from domestic pigs of Mizoram state (CSF/MZ/KOL/73 and CSF/MZ/AIZ/115) were grouped in genotype 1 and subgenotype 1.1., thus confirming that the source of CSF outbreaks in domesticated pigs in Mizoram was not from wild pigs. The current study forms an essential step for better understanding of the epidemiology of 2.1 subgroup as well as the movement and spread of the disease in India.     

禽流感病毒H5N1亚型NS1蛋白的真核表达及其在细胞中的分布

为构建禽流感病毒(AIV) H5N1亚型非结构蛋白NS1的真核表达载体,并鉴定其在哺乳动物细胞中的表达与分布,本研究采用RT-PCR技术,从甲型流感病毒的总RNA中扩增NS1全长基因,并将其克隆于pXJ40中,构建真核表达载体pXJ40-HA-NSl.将该重组质粒转染293T细胞,通过western blot方法鉴定表达的NS1蛋白;并以免疫荧光技术观察NS1在H1299细胞中的分布与定位.Western blot结果显示NS1基因编码蛋白获得表达,免疫荧光检测显示NS1蛋白主要存在于细胞核中.本研究为NS1蛋白功能和H5N1亚型AIV致病机制的研究奠定了基础.     

三株广西狂犬病病毒NS基因和M基因的克隆与序列分析

本研究设计了一对特异性引物NSM1/NSM2,对三株广西狂犬病病毒NS和M基因同时进行了RT_PCR扩增、克隆和测序。同源性分析表明,三株广西野毒NS基因核苷酸同源性为87.2%~98.4%,M基因核苷酸同源性为90.1%~99.7%;与固定毒和狂犬病相关病毒比较,NS基因分别为79.9%~82.8%和69.7%~71.0%;M基因的分别为82.8%~87.8%和75.0%~77.8%。三株野毒NS基因氨基酸同源性为93.3%~98.7%,M基因氨基酸同源性分别为97.5%~100%。表明广西各地毒株之间亲缘关系不同,但最为相近;与狂犬病固定毒株亲缘关系较远;与狂犬病相关病毒亲缘关系最远。     

禽呼肠孤病毒μNS非结构蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

根据GenBank中禽呼肠孤病毒(ARV)M3基因序列,设计并合成了一对跨越μNS非结构蛋白基因完整开放阅读框(ORF)的特异性引物,对ARV的10个毒株进行RT-PCR扩增、克隆及序列测定。结果表明,10个毒株μNS蛋白基因ORF的核苷酸序列全长均为1908 bp,编码635个氨基酸。这10个毒株之间的核苷酸及推导的氨基酸同源性分别都在98%以上。将它们与哺乳动物呼肠孤病毒(MRV)、番鸭呼肠孤病毒(DRV)等进行核苷酸及推导的氨基酸序列比较,并进行遗传系统树分析,结果表明ARV与MRV有较大的差异,与DRV差异较小。     

Development of a triplex TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assay for differential detection of wild-type and HCLV vaccine strains of classical swine fever virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus 1

In this study, genomic sequences of pestiviruses available in GenBank were aligned to design three primer pairs and TaqMan probes: two targeting the NS5A region of the viral genome of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) for the differentiation of wild-type CSFV and hog cholera lapinized vaccine (HCLV) vaccine, and one targeting the 5'-untranslated region of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1). With these primers and probes, a triplex TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assay was developed for differentiating wild-type CSFV, the HCLV strain, and BVDV-1. The detection limit of the assay was 4.5 TCID(50) for wild-type CSFV, 10 TCID(50) for HCLV-strain CSFV, and 3.2 TCID(50) for BVDV-1. The triplex real-time RT-PCR had at least 98% (248 samples) agreement with other RT-PCR methods. The assay provides a sensitive tool for simultaneous detection and differentiation of wild-type CSFV and HCLV from BVDV-1.     

Isolation and characterization of influenza A virus (subtype H5N1) that caused the first highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak in chicken in Bhutan

We characterized Influenza A/H5N1 virus that caused the first outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in chickens in Bhutan in 2010. The virus was highly virulent to chicken, killing them within two days of the experimental inoculation with an intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) of 2.88. For genetic and phylogenetic analyses, complete genome sequencing of 4 viral isolates was carried out. The isolates revealed multiple basic amino acids at their hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site, similar to other "Qinghai-like" H5N1 isolates. The receptor-binding site of HA molecule contained avian-like amino acids ((222)Q and (224)G). The isolates also contained amino acid residue K at position 627 of the PB2 protein, and other markers in NS 1 and PB1 proteins, highlighting the risk to mammals. However, the isolates were sensitive to influenza drugs presently available in the market. The sequence analysis indicated that the Bhutan viruses shared 99.1-100% nucleotide homology in all the eight genes among themselves and 2010 chicken isolate from Bangladesh (A/chicken/Bangladesh/1151-11/2010) indicating common progenitor virus. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Bhutan isolates belonged to sub-clade 2.2.3 (EMA 3) and shared common progenitor virus with the 2010 Bangladesh virus. Based on the evidence of phylogeny and molecular markers, it could be concluded that the outbreaks in Bhutan and Bangladesh in 2010 were due to independent introductions of the virus probably through migratory birds.