菠菜种子发芽试验

利用不同发芽处理研究菠菜种子的休眠和萌发特性，旨在解决菠菜种子发芽中的困难。结果表明：带果皮的菠菜种子在纸床和沙床上均难以萌发，在土床上的发芽率为85％；而去果皮的种子在纸床、砂床和土床上的发芽率为92％；完整菠菜种子的渗液显著抑制去果皮菠菜种子的萌发；低温处理可以打破休眠，提高种子的发芽率。菠菜果皮结构致密以及果皮内含有的抑制性物质是控制休眠的关键因素。     

草甘膦防除假高粱试验

经对几种茎叶除草剂除草效果的筛选 ,结果表明草甘膦为假高粱的有效除草剂 ,草甘膦的最佳剂量为 60 0 0 g .a .i /hm2 ;试验还就假高粱人工除草与化学除草进行比较 ,表明化学除草是对假高粱有效、可行的扑灭方法。     

重金属铅锌镉对紫茎泽兰种子萌发及幼苗根长的影响

试验以紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium coelestinum L.)种子为材料,研究了重金属铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)单一及复合胁迫对种子萌发及幼苗根长的影响.结果表明,当Pb浓度在100～4 000 μmol/L时,紫茎泽兰种子的发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势都随着Pb浓度的增加而降低,但是当Pb浓度为100 ～200 μmol/L时,其发芽率、发芽指数及发芽势都比对照高,其中在100 μmol/L处理下其发芽率、发芽指数及发芽势都是最高的,分别为94.67％、42.25和89.67％;在Zn浓度为100 ～4 000 μmol/L范围内,紫茎泽兰种子的发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势随着Zn浓度的增加而降低;在Cd浓度为20～1 000 μmol/L范围内,紫茎泽兰种子的发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势都随着Cd浓度的增加而降低;在低浓度Pb(100 μmol/L)+Zn(100 μmol/L)复合胁迫下,其发芽率是最高的,为94.67％,之后随着复合浓度的增加,其发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势呈下降趋势;紫茎泽兰种子的发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势随着复合重金属Pb +Cd、Zn+ Cd、Pb+Zn+Cd浓度的增加而降低.无论是在单一还是复合重金属处理下,紫茎泽兰的幼苗根长与对照相比明显受到抑制.     

温度对4种杂草种子萌发的影响

研究了20℃/15℃和25℃/20℃两种日波动温度对棒头草（Polypogon fugax Nees ex steud.）、大瓜草（Spergula arvensis L.）、红花月见草（Oenothera rosea L’Herit.ex Ait.）和紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorumSpreng.）种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数的作用。结果表明,4种杂草种子萌发对两种波动温度的反应存在差异。前4 d高温有利于棒头草种子萌发,而3 d以后,种子在低温时的发芽率均高于高温处理。前3 d高温促进大瓜草种子的发芽势,而4 d后两种温度下种子的发芽率维持不变,且低温处理的发芽率比高温处理高10%左右。红花月见草和紫茎泽兰种子萌发对温度的反应很相似,即在种子萌发的早期高温和低温种子发芽率差异很大,随着发芽时间的进一步延长,两种温度处理的发芽率逐渐接近。     

层积处理对野慈姑种子萌发的影响

探讨层积处理方法对野慈姑种子萌发的影响,以期为今后以野慈姑种子为萌发材料的相关试验研究与田间防除提供理论依据。试验结果表明：低温层积处理能够提高野慈姑种子的发芽率,处理5～10 d,种子能够发芽,但发芽率低;处理15 d时,种子发芽率大幅度提高,随后提高幅度减小;处理35 d后,种子逐渐达到低温层积处理的最高发芽水平,且与经过自然越冬的种子相比,发芽率无显著差异;处理60 d后种子发芽率不再提高;室温层积处理5～90 d野慈姑种子的发芽率均不高于4．00％,可见室温层积处理不能提高野慈姑种子的萌发率。     

叶甜菜种子发芽特性的研究

研究了不同化学药剂和植物激素浸种处理及种球色泽、粒径、储藏时间等对叶甜菜种子发芽的影响。研究表明,用一定浓度的双氧水、硼酸、磷酸二氢钾浸种处理叶甜菜种子,可提高种子发芽率、发芽势与发芽指数,其中以10g/kgH2O2、0.5g/kgH3BO3和5g/kgKH2PO4处理效果最好。赤霉素处理(10、30、50、70、100mg/L)叶甜菜种子,促进种子发芽的效果不明显。吸湿-回干处理对叶甜菜种子发芽有良好的促进作用。叶甜菜种球色泽、粒径大小与发芽的关系密切,黄色或黄褐色的种球比黑色或褐色种球及大、中粒种子比小粒种子发芽力显著;叶甜菜种子不耐贮藏,发芽力下降较快,使用年限仅为1a。     

几种除草剂防除假高梁药效试验

通过对6种除草剂除草药效的筛选试验，结果表明农民乐是防除假高梁植株有显著效果的除草剂。经对农民乐有效剂量和施药时期试验表明，最佳施药期是主株在10片叶前，农民乐使用剂量为0.53g/m^2，而当假高梁主株进入抽穗结实期后，使用剂量则需增至0.68g/m^2。     

不同菵草种群对甲基二磺隆的敏感性差异

为监测江苏省不同地区菵草种群对甲基二磺隆的敏感性,采用室内整株生测法测定不同菵草种群在叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数、1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶(rubisco)活性以及生物量积累方面对甲基二磺隆的响应。结果表明,甲基二磺隆影响菵草rubisco活性、最大光化学效率等光合生理指标,但不同地区菵草种群对其的响应存在差异。其中,甲基二磺隆处理10 d后,江苏淮安地区菵草种群生理指标变化较大。在甲基二磺隆36.00 g a.i./hm^2剂量处理下,淮安地区菵草叶片rubisco活性较相应空白对照显著下降48.14%,在9.00~36.00 g a.i./hm^2剂量下,叶绿素含量显著下降26.43%~47.75%,最大光化学效率显著下降1.13%~2.13%。而江苏南京高淳地区菵草叶片rubisco活性与相应空白对照相比下降幅度明显较缓慢,在9.00~36.00 g a.i./hm^2剂量处理下,叶绿素含量显著下降15.37%~32.59%,最大光化学效率则无显著性变化。整株生物活性测定结果表明,甲基二磺隆处理21 d后,淮安地区菵草地上部鲜重ED90值最低,为32.745 a.i./hm^2,高淳地区菵草的ED90值最高,为69.116 g a.i./hm^2,远远超过甲基二磺隆的推荐剂量。可见,高淳菵草种群对甲基二磺隆敏感性明显低于其他地区菵草种群,生产中要密切注意其抗药水平的发展变化,及时调整化学防除策略。     

玉米田四种禾本科杂草对草甘膦的敏感性测定

马唐Digitaria sanguinalis、牛筋草Eleusine indica、狗尾草Setaria viridis和虎尾草Chloris virgata是我国北方和黄淮海玉米田4种主要禾本科杂草,是影响玉米产量和品质的主要因素之一。为了明确禾本科杂草对草甘膦的敏感水平,本研究采用整株生物测定法测定上述4种杂草种群对草甘膦的敏感基线,为将来我国种植转基因耐草甘膦玉米后,玉米田杂草防除提供数据支撑。结果表明,马唐55个种群GR₅₀值范围在13.36～550.28 g a.i./ha,均值为120.02 g a.i./ha。狗尾草69个种群GR₅₀值范围在7.22～201.96g a.i./ha,均值为50.45 g a.i./ha。牛筋草50个种群GR₅₀范围在25.19～808.54 g a.i./ha,均值为218.78 g a.i./ha。测定的所有马唐、狗尾草和牛筋草种群GR₅₀值均低于900 g a.i./ha(田间推荐中剂量),表明这三种杂草对草甘膦敏感。虎尾草34个种群GR     

抗除草剂大豆356043对几种除草剂的耐受性评价

在温室隔离条件下,采用室内生物测定的方法,喷施靶标除草剂草甘膦、苯磺隆以及大豆田常用茎叶处理除草剂精喹禾灵、乳氟禾草灵和土壤处理除草剂乙草胺,研究了抗除草剂大豆356043对上述除草剂的耐受性差异。结果表明,大豆356043对靶标除草剂草甘膦和苯磺隆有较高的耐受性,安全使用剂量分别为922.5~2460.0、10.1~29.6 g a.i./hm2。而受体大豆Jack和常规品种科丰6号在草甘膦922.5 g a.i./hm2处理时全部死亡,在苯磺隆10.1 g a.i./hm2处理下出现明显药害症状。大豆356043对大豆田常用除草剂精喹禾灵、乳氟禾草灵和乙草胺也具有较高的耐受性,其对常规除草剂的耐受性与Jack和科丰6号无显著性差异。     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

Investigation of the Mode of Action of Nematode Neuropeptides

The neuropeptide AF2 has a complex set of actions on the dorsal muscle strip of Ascaris suum, including a potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. Caffeine at 100 μm and 5 mm inhibited this potentiation, as did 100 μm theophylline in two out of six studies. The cyclic-AMP-potentiating compounds IBMX, dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin had no effect on the AF2-induced potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. These preliminary data suggest that the potentiating action of AF2 is not mediated by a cAMP pathway.     

Systems of designation of pathotypes of plant pathogens12

A variety of systems of designation has evolved to name pathotypes of plant pathogens. The systems were evaluated to determine those best suited for particular purposes. Virulence and avirulence/virulence formulae of pathotypes have advantage over the use of consecutive numbers or letters given in chronological order of pathotype discovery. As soon as pathotype information exceeds a certain level of complexity, mathematical codes are most advantageous, in particular two codes, octal notation and coded triplets. A more universal adoption of the most appropriate codes is recommended to ease communication and comparisons of results.     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

百合地下害虫主要种类调查及生物（源）农药筛选

调查了甘肃省临洮县为害百合的地下害虫种类, 并以主要发生为害种类为供试对象, 采用拌土法测定了几种生物（源）农药对主要害虫的室内毒力和致死中时。调查发现小云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla gracilicornis、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis为主要发生及为害种类, 不同时间发生种类存在差异, 9月份以小云斑鳃金龟幼虫发生为害为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的66.16%, 平均种群密度为10.48头/m2, 10月份, 则以棕色鳃金龟幼虫发生为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的96.86%, 平均种群密度为7.79头/m2, 主要取食百合根系和鳞茎, 造成根系数量减少, 鳞茎出现不规则褐色缺口或凹陷斑。药剂筛选结果表明, 1.8%阿维菌素乳油、200亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌粉剂对两种蛴螬均具有较高的杀虫活性和速效性, 药后7 d时, 校正死亡率在82.22%以上, 对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫和棕色鳃金龟幼虫的LC50分别为0.161、0.060 mg/g和5.558×107、0.362×107孢子/g, LT50分别为2.237 d（2.2 mg/g）、1.393 d（2.2 mg/g）和6.645 d（40.0×107孢子/g）、4.940 d（2.0×107孢子/g）, 这两种生物（源）农药对两种蛴螬的LC50和LT50值均略大于两种化学农药25%二嗪磷乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油处理的, 且对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性均低于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性, 致死中时则长于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的致死中时。     

Mode of action of meturine

The effect of meturine on the light processes of photosynthesis was studied.Meturine is a herbicide for weed control in potato and cotton crops. It is a N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea.The experiments were carried out on isolated pea and spinach chloroplasts.When examining photosystem I, reduced DPIP was used as an electron donor, whereas methyl-viologen served as an electron acceptor. When examining photosystem II, DPIP represented the electron acceptor.The obtained experimental results have pointed to the absence of the effect of meturine upon the photoreaction I.Unlike N-phenyl—N′, N′-dimethylureas (CMU, DCMU) meturine has been a very weak inhibitor of photoreaction II.The authors explain the photoreaction II inhibition of chloroplasts from plants treated with herbicidal doses of meturine by conversion of N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea into Hill reaction inhibitor(s). N-Phenyl—N′-methylurea can be one of such meturine metabolites.Meturine herbicidal action is accounted for by meturine transformation into Hill reaction inhibitor(s) in the plant tissues.