进口甜瓜种子中的南瓜花叶病毒的分离鉴定

本实验将美国进口甜瓜种子及用该种子在内蒙制种田繁殖的甜瓜种子播种后出现典型症状的病苗，进行生物接种和蚜传实验。该病毒只侵染葫芦科寄主，不蚜传。经电镜和免疫电镜观察，血清学检测和病毒外壳蛋白分子量测定，表明病毒粒体形态和外壳蛋白亚基诺带与南瓜叶病毒基本一致，血清学反应结果为阳性，实验证明两种甜瓜种子均带有种传的南瓜花叶病毒，种子带病毒率为１％～３．２％。     

水稻黑条矮缩病发病规律研究

通过室内对水稻不同品种、不同生育期接种带毒灰稻虱成虫 ,观察其传毒发病过程和调查田间自然发病结果表明 ,水稻黑条矮缩病在早、晚稻不同品种上的抗性表现和在不同生育期的感染敏感性有差异。分析了秧苗期与本田期的侵染机率 ,提出了秧苗期是水稻黑条矮缩病治虫防病的关键时期     

影响大豆花叶病毒种子传毒和种子斑駁因素的研究

 本文研究了影响大豆花叶病毒种子传毒及种子斑驳的有关因素,以及种子传毒与种子斑驳的关系。结果表明,种子传毒率的高低受大豆品种,大豆花叶病毒(SMV)毒株,大豆感病早晚以及环境条件的影响。这些因素之间对种子传毒还存在交互作用。供试的12个大豆品种中,传毒率最高的为47%,最低的为25%;包括SMV Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ号3个株系群的8个毒株在东农64-3513上传毒率的变化范围为1-33%,在抗霉2号上的变化范围为9-48%;大豆在开花以前感染SMV,种子传毒率可达45%,开花以后感病,种子基本不能传毒。
种子斑驳率因大豆品种,SMV毒株不同而异,并受品种与毒株交互作用的影响。种子斑驳既不代表种子带毒,也不代表种子传毒;从感病植株上采收的大豆种子,其斑驳种子与非斑驳种子的传毒率基本相同(P>0.05),因此,不能从种子斑驳率预测种子传毒率。     

扎兰屯市玉米丝黑穗病流行原因分析及防治建议

一、病害流行原因分析１．近年来,我地大豆重迎茬减产,加之大豆市场价格又降低。于是,玉米面积扩大,并引进了感病的桦单３２品种,以致菌量逐年增长,寄主感病群体加大。当环境条件适合病害发生,便可造成流行。２．春季干旱、气温高、玉米感病期长,有利于病菌侵入玉米丝黑穗病属于积年流行病害。当玉米播种后（５月上旬）,从种子开始萌动至五叶期（６月上旬）都能受病菌侵染,特别是幼芽期侵染率最高。此期土壤温、湿度条件与发病的关系最为密切。病菌侵入适温在２５℃左右,适宜的土壤湿度在２０％。故春旱年份,常为病害的流行年。…     

番茄黄化曲叶病毒与番茄褪绿病毒复合侵染对番茄黄化曲叶病毒传播的影响

番茄黄化曲叶病毒(tomato yellow leaf curl virus, TYLCV)是一种由烟粉虱传播的单链环状DNA病毒, 在田间可与多种病毒发生复合侵染, 如番茄褪绿病毒(tomato chlorosis virus, ToCV)等?本文对比了TYLCV单独侵染和TYLCV与ToCV复合侵染对烟粉虱获取和传播TYLCV的影响?结果表明, 与取食TYLCV单独侵染的番茄相比, 取食复合侵染番茄的烟粉虱对TYLCV的传毒率显著提高, 且番茄植株和烟粉虱体内TYLCV的病毒积累量也显著提高?试验结果说明复合侵染会提高烟粉虱的传毒率, 促进TYLCV的发生与流行?     

小麦品种抗条锈菌小种专化性估测方法的研究

 在田间设置6品种×4小种组合的小麦条锈病隔离接种试验小区,成株期同步测定了各组合的组织学病变特征数值,包括侵入率、菌落面积、坏死面积、单菌落吸器个数和流行学特征数值,包括相对侵染点数、潜育期、病斑面积、产孢面积、孢子堆密度、病害传播速度和流行速度。计算了各品种,各项特征值的小种间变异系数和品种-小种互作方差贡献率并比较了在抗病性鉴定中利用它们估测小种专化性和非小种专化性的效果。在此基础上进行了多项指标间的相关分析。建议今后在抗病性类型鉴定中,将观察项目简化为镜检坏死面积比、单菌落吸器数或调查侵染几率、孢子堆密度等并计算这些数据的小种间变异系数来定量评价抗病性的小种专化程度。     

种传植物病毒及新检测技术

一、研究种传植物病毒的意义 较早以前,人们认为病毒的种传问题远不及真菌、细菌等病原的种传普遍和重要,在植物病毒病的流行过程中不是主要因素。但隧着植物病毒学和种子病理学发展,及各种检测技术的改进和提高,已报道的种子传带病毒数量,和由种子带毒的植物种类和数量越来越大(见表)。种子传毒逐渐引起了植病、     

豇豆病毒病的鉴定

1983年9月,从新疆石河子豇豆病毒病植株上分离到1株病毒分离物Cp-1。汁液摩擦接种试验的结果证明,它可以侵染3种豆科植物和2种藜科植物。在豇豆上引起系统花叶,叶片皱缩下卷,并有疱疹等症状;在绿豆上表现为局部棕褐色环纹;在苋色藜、昆诺阿藜上引起局部病斑。体外抗性测定,失毒温度为55—60℃,稀释限点为10~(-3)—10~(-4)。体外保毒期3—4天。Cp-1易汁液摩擦接种,桃蚜、棉黑蚜均可传毒,可通过种子传毒,种传率为10.6％。病毒粒体线条状,大小为12—15×700—750毫微米。病株叶片细胞内有风轮状及环状内含体。该分离物与豇豆蚜传花叶病毒(CABMV)的抗血清形成明显的沉淀线。根据以上性状,分离物Cp-1属于马铃薯Y病毒组的豇豆蚜传花叶病毒。在新疆各地采取21个标样,经血清学和寄主范围测定,有13个标样属该病毒,约占62％。说明豇豆蚜传花叶病毒在新疆种植的豇豆上是普遍存在的。     

黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒在葫芦上的种传规律及热处理效果评价

为明确黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒(Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus,CGMMV)在葫芦上的种传规律,以西瓜砧木葫芦种子为材料,采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附测定法(DAS-ELISA)、反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)与生物学检测相结合的方法研究葫芦种子的带毒率和传毒率的关系,并评价了干热处理对病毒的钝化效果。结果表明,DAS-ELISA灵敏度检测种子时,在感染种子研磨液∶健康种子研磨液为1∶1 000时,带毒量仍能检测出阳性,RT-PCR和DAS-ELISA两种方法均能准确检测葫芦种子的带毒情况;6个批次的葫芦种子有4个批次呈阳性,带毒率在0~100%之间,贮藏1年后的传毒率在0~5.6%之间;4个为CGMMV阳性的种子批经干热处理后,仅1株实生苗呈阳性。研究表明,CGMMV在葫芦作物上的隐性带毒现象非常普遍;种子的带毒率高而传毒率低,以表面带毒为主,且非常稳定;72℃72 h干热处理葫芦种子能有效地钝化CGMMV。     

玉米丝黑穗病菌侵染条件与栽培防病措施的研究

玉米丝黑穗病菌侵染寄主的适宜土壤温度范围为20～30℃,最高限点为35℃,最低为10℃左右。播种期与发病关系决定于种子发芽、幼苗生长速度与病菌侵染机会的多少。在吉林省的气象条件下,适期播种发病率高,早播和晚播的病株率较低。催芽播种和育苗移栽能减轻为害。种子带菌虽可传病,但侵染率不高。土壤带菌是主要传病途径。厚垣孢子在土壤中可存活三年。土壤微生物的拮抗作用是病菌丧失致病力的原因之一。此外,植物幼芽与幼根的渗出物促进厚垣孢子萌发,如遇不到寄主则丧失生命力。实行三年以上轮作及连续拔除病株是有效的栽培防病措施。     

大豆褐斑粒与大豆花叶病毒若干株系的关系

 近年来发生的大豆褐斑粒是由大豆感染大豆花叶病毒的黄斑株系和顶枯株系等所致。人工接种上述病毒证明了这一点。种子斑驳的严重度与植株发病的严重度有某种相关性。
病株所结种子并不一定全部为褐斑粒。褐斑粒或病株所结无病状种子都可以传病,带毒种子产生疫苗的多少视环境条件、大豆品种及病毒的株系而异。     

Seed transmission of maize downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi) in Nigeria

In an area of Nigeria where downy mildew of maize is present, histological assessment of maize seed revealed the presence of mycelium and oospores of Peronosclerospora sorghi in the kernels. Seed transmission of downy mildew of maize was demonstrated when grain purchased at local markets gave mean seedling infection rates of 12·3% (untreated seeds) and 10·0% (in metalaxyl-treated seeds) within 7 days of emergence, after storage in a desiccator for 30 days. When untreated seeds taken from nubbin ears of systemically infected plants from four states in southern Nigeria were planted at 9 days (17–22% moisture content) and 27 days (9–22% moisture content) after harvest, 20·0% infected seedlings resulted in both trials. Seeds from Borno state in northern Nigeria had 26·6% systemic seedling infection after 9 months of storage at 11% moisture content. When seeds harvested from maize plants inoculated with P. sorghi through silks were examined histologically, hyphae of P. sorghi were observed mostly in the scutellum of the embryo. Transmission of disease to seedlings was observed when the silk-inoculated seeds (9% moisture content) were planted in pots in a greenhouse; however, no disease transmission was observed when such seeds were planted in the field. The epidemiological significance of seed transmission is discussed with particular reference to survival of inoculum and development of epidemics. Also noteworthy is the overall significance of seed transmission in Nigeria, where the major source of seed is that saved by farmers from their grain crop, occasionally supplemented by seed bought from the local market.     

苹果锈果类病毒在八棱海棠种子中的分布及氢氧化钠脱毒效果分析

为明确苹果锈果类病毒在八棱海棠果实和种子中的分布特征、种传率以及药剂脱除效果,以带毒母株上的八棱海棠果实和种子为试材,运用RT-PCR技术分析了八棱海棠果实不同部位锈果类病毒的带毒率、实生后代的带毒情况以及氢氧化钠脱除病毒的效果。结果表明,八棱海棠果皮、果肉、种子以及种胚均不同程度携带苹果锈果类病毒,其带毒率分别为96.0%、96.0%、52.0%和4.0%;该病毒可经种子传递给后代,种传率为12.1%;经2%氢氧化钠溶液浸种10、15、20 min,种子的病毒检出率均为0,但后代实生苗的带毒率分别为2.5%、1.3%和0。表明苹果锈果类病毒可侵染种子不同部位并经种子传递给后代,氢氧化钠浸种是脱除该病毒的有效方法。     

Isolation of Microdochium oryzae and Pinatubo oryzae from Rice Seeds and their Survival on Stored Seeds

The aim of these studies was to develop a semi-selective medium to differentiate Microdochium oryzae and Pinatubo oryzae, determine the frequency of seed infection of M. oryzae, study survival of the pathogen in stored seeds, and determine the frequency of infection of seed components. To simulate epidemics of differing intensities, panicles of rice cultivars that are susceptible (IR36) and resistant (IR42 and IR46) to M. oryzae were either non-inoculated, inoculated once, twice, or three times with a conidial suspension of M. oryzae. Both M. oryzae and P. oryzae colonies were recovered from seeds and were similar in culture. A semi-selective medium developed to detect M. oryzae seed infection rates aided in differentiating M. oryzae and P. oryzae by stimulating aerial conidiogenesis of P. oryzae. The conclusions taken from these results were: (a) seeds of IR36 had higher infection of M. oryzae than of IR42 and IR46 from plants grown in the dry season, but had lower infection of M. oryzae than of IR42 and IR46 from plants grown in the wet season; (b) M. oryzae infected seeds increased with an increase in the epidemic intensity with the highest occurring after three inoculations, the least occurring with non-inoculation, and intermediate with one, or two inoculations; (c) survival of M. oryzae decreased over time in seed lots stored at 10°C and 40% relative humidity and (d) all components of the rice seeds of IR36, IR42 and IR46 lots were infected with M. oryzae with the highest frequency in the endosperm and lemma, intermediate in the basal glumes and palea, and the least in the embryo.     

Impact of bacterial spot outbreaks on the phytosanitary quality of tomato and pepper seeds

The impact of disease outbreaks on the phytosanitary quality of seeds was investigated for two pathosystems: tomato–Xanthomonas vesicatoria and pepper–Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. This study, which was performed in Italy and Serbia, aimed to evaluate the season‐to‐season transmission of phytopathogenic regulated bacteria associated with phytosanitary risks posed by seeds produced in areas where bacterial infections are possible. For each pathosystem, field plots were experimentally inoculated to simulate an initial infection rate of 1%, 5% and 15%. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated for each field plot, the seeds produced were analysed to determine the contamination level and rate, and the plant‐to‐seed transmission was evaluated by a seedling grow‐out (SGO) assay. To investigate transmission under field conditions, a second‐year experiment was performed, wherein seeds collected from the first year were used to establish new field plots. During the first growing season, AUDPC values were positively correlated with the percentages of initial infection for each pathosystem. Seed contamination levels in pepper ranged from 34 to 100 CFU g^?1, and the contamination rate ranged from 1.50% up to 3.17% for X. euvesicatoria, whereas processing and fresh market tomato seeds produced both in Italy and Serbia were not infected by X. vesicatoria. During SGO assays and the second cropping year, no symptoms were observed in either tomato or pepper plants. Therefore, the calculated pepper seed contamination rate for X. euvesicatoria appeared to be less than the threshold necessary to initiate a disease outbreak. Finally, all seeds obtained during the second cropping year were uninfected.     

大豆疫病的种子处理技术研究

本试验用不同浓度的瑞毒锰锌、杀毒矾和克露进行大豆种子处理试验，结果表明，５００ｐｐｍ瑞毒锰锌对大豆疫病具有很好的治疗作用，而用杀毒矾以种子重量０．４—０．５％的剂量闷种，能显著地抑制大豆疫霉菌的侵入     

Seed transmission of Melon necrotic spot virus and efficacy of seed-disinfection treatments

Rates of seed transmission of Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) were estimated in seedlings grown from commercial melon ( Cucumis melo ) cv. Galia F₁ seeds. Seedlings at the cotyledon stage and adult plants were assayed for MNSV by DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR. None of the seedling groups tested positive for MNSV by ELISA. The proportion of seedlings infected with MNSV was at least 7 and 8% in seed lots 05 and 06, respectively, as estimated from RT-PCR analysis of grouped seedlings. Fourteen and eight grouped samples (10 seedlings per group), of a total of 200 and 100 seedlings, respectively, grown from infected seeds were MNSV-positive in seed lots 05 and 06, respectively, corresponding to seed-to-seedling transmission rates of 11·3 and 14·8%, respectively. Several seed-disinfection treatments were evaluated for their ability to prevent seed transmission of MNSV. The results suggest that a treatment of 144 h at 70°C can be used to eradicate MNSV in melon seeds without hindering germination.     

Infection of sesame seed by Alternaria sesami (Kawamura) Mohanty and Behera and severity of Alternaria leaf spot in Kenya

Infection levels of Alternaria sesami in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds collected from farmers in western districts of Kenya were detected using the oatmeal agar plate method. Infection levels varied from 9% in Kakamega to 24% in Siaya. Samples from Busia had a mean infection level of 11.69%. Alternaria leaf spot was monitored in plots planted with Alternaria sesami infected seed at six different infection levels at Kibwezi to determine the effect of transmission of the fungus by seed on disease severity. Increase in per cent leaf area blighted and per cent defoliation fit more closely the Gompertz model than the logistic model. Rates of disease increase in blighted leaf areas and defoliation, and areas under disease progress curves (AUDPC), varied among the six seed infection levels. Infection levels with larger AUDPC generally had faster rates of disease progress. Disease was most severe on plants established from seeds with 8% infection and least on plants established from seeds with 0% infection. Disease severity increased with increased seed infection level.     

Incidence of Chalara elegans in groundnut seed samples and seed transmission of blackhull

The incidence of Chalara elegans ( =Thielaviopsis basicola ) was determined in seven commercial groundnut seed samples in the Vaalharts area of South Africa. It was demonstrated that 1.19% of the seeds were infected by the pathogen. Surface contamination of visually healthy seeds from the same samples was confirmed by testing seed washings for viable propagules of C. elegans on raw carrot dises. Naturally infected seed planted in autoclaved soil in the greenhouse resulted in 34.4% severely diseased plants. These results indicate that seed-borne inoculum may be an important factor in the transmission of this disease.