Lamellar keratoplasty with a graft of lyophilized acellular porcine corneal stroma in the rabbit

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of lamellar keratoplasty in the rabbit using a graft of lyophilized acellular porcine corneal stroma (APCS). Animal studied Twelve adult 2–2.5 kg Zealand white rabbits were studied. Procedure The cell components of the porcine cornea were removed by the means of enzymatic digestion, freezing, and thawing and then APCS was lyophilized. The 6.5 mm diameter APCS was implanted on a 6.0‐mm diameter keratectomy wound each of 12 rabbits. The postoperative clinical and histological evaluations were performed in the early, intermediate, and late periods. Results All corneal wounds healed. Ten of the 12 grafts of APCS were integrated completely with the receptive cornea except two grafts scraped partially off by the eyelid. The blepharospasm, ocular discharge, and edema of the cornea were marked 1 week after transplantation. New vessels invaded the graft after week 2 and regressed after week 8. The cornea became transparent gradually. The histological evaluation showed that the epithelium on the graft stratified normally post surgery. The keratocytes of the recipient grew into the graft and were proliferative at week 4. The inflammatory cells and new vessels were observed before week 8. The fibrosis in the graft was revealed at week 4 and lessened at week 8. The histological structure of the cornea after surgery was similar to the normal cornea at week 32. Conclusions APCS can recover the integrity of the rabbit's cornea and become transparent in vivo. APCS is an effective graft for lamellar keratoplasty in the rabbit.     

Suitability and calibration of a rebound tonometer to measure IOP in rabbit and pig eyes

Objective To utilize the Icare tonometer TAO1 for intraocular pressure (IOP) determination in experimental animals. To calculate true IOP calibration functions for rabbit and porcine eyes. Animals Enucleated eyes of 3‐year‐old healthy experimental rabbits (New Zealand white), and healthy 1 year old experimental pigs (Deutsche Landrasse) were used for the determination of IOP. Procedures Manometric (Geuder GmbH, Heidelberg/Germany) and rebound tonometry (Icare tonometer TAO1, Icare, Helsinki/Finland) were used to record IOP in enucleated animal eyes (rabbit n = 2, pig n = 3). Results The Icare tonometer TAO1 measurements underestimated true IOP by 37–60% in rabbit eyes and 17–63% in porcine eyes. IOP values obtained by both rebound and manometric tonometry for rabbit and porcine eyes followed a linear regression curve. Linear functions were calculated to correct the Icare tonometer TAO1 measurements to true IOP for both rabbit (p = 1.4244p_ic + 4.2421) and porcine eyes (p = 1.0799p_ic + 5.8557). Conclusions The Icare tonometer TAO1 can be utilized for IOP determination in rabbit and porcine eyes when measured values are corrected with the appropriate linear function.     

Normal corneal thickness measurements in pigmented rabbits using spectral‐domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography

Objective  To document the thickness of the central cornea in pigmented rabbits using spectral‐domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS‐OCT). Animals studied  Seventeen pigmented rabbits (6 male, 11 female, both eyes) were involved in this study. Procedures  Thirty‐four eyes from healthy pigmented rabbits underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination, including AS‐OCT. Eight radial scans, 6 mm in length and centered on the cornea, were obtained using the AS‐OCT. Corneal thickness was automatically calculated using pachymetry software. Measurements were displayed as the mean and standard deviation for each of the 17 regions defined by the software. The regions were the center (1 mm radius, area a), the inner ring (2.5 mm radius, area b), the outer ring (3 mm radius, area c), and the eight radial scan lines in eight directions (Superior (1), SN (2), Nasal (3), IN (4), Inferior (5), IT (6), Temporal (7), ST (8)) with an angle of 45° between each consecutive scan line (a, b 1–8, c 1–8). Results  There was no statistically significance difference in corneal thickness between gender, eye, and the eight directions (P = 0.804, P > 0.05, P > 0.05). There was a statistical difference between the thickness in areas a, b, and c (P < 0.05). The corneal thickness increased gradually from the center to the periphery of the 6 mm measured. The center corneal thickness was 387 ± 19.8 μm for OD and 384 ± 20.2 μm for OS. The corneal thicknesses of the thinnest point of the right eyes (OD) and the left eyes (OS) were 376 ± 20.2 and 370 ± 16.8 μm, respectively. There was positive correlation between the thinnest point and area a in both the right eyes (r = 0.892, P < 0.001) and the left eyes (r = 0.832, P < 0.001). Conclusions  This is the first documentation of the rabbit corneal thickness in vivo using the spectral‐domain AS‐OCT. Pigmented rabbit corneas were almost 150 μm thinner than human corneal values. Gender and eye were not associated with any statistical differences in central corneal thickness in this study.     

Morphology of the pig cornea in normal conditions and after incubation in a perfusion apparatus

The fine structure of the pig cornea in normal conditions and after being used in a perfusion apparatus, for 4 h, is described. Earlier reports on the normal morphology of the pig cornea were partly not confirmed. Thus the number of cell layers in the epithelium was found to be 19-23 (a basal cell layer, 4–5 polyhedral cell layers and 14–17 squamous cell layers) compared to earlier reported 6–9 layers.The mean thickness of normal and perfused corneas were 722 μm and 752 μm respectively. Normal corneas had a hydration level of 77.2 % and after perfusion 78.5 %. The normal morphology and morphological changes due to exposure to perfusion were studied by light and electron microscopy. The differences observed between normal and perfused corneas have to be considered limited, and restricted mainly to the anterior squamous epithelium and the endothelium.Taken together our results indicate that the corneas used in the apparatus still had functional integrity.     

菊花粉和苜蓿草粉颗粒料饲喂肉兔对比试验

选择50日龄生长发育良好的塞北兔76只,随机分成2组,试验期60 d,通过饲喂苜蓿草粉和菊花粉各占日粮12%的颗粒料,时比分析两种颗粒料的饲喂效果.结果表明,整个试验期两组兔平均日增重分别为26.72g/(d·只)和28.37g/(d·只),菊花组高于苜蓿组,但差异不显著(P＞0.05),而41～60 d菊花粉组显著高于苜蓿组(P＜0.05).各测试期两组兔体长、胸围、皮张面积、胴体重、屠宰率等生产性能的差异均不显著.用菊花粉代替苜蓿草粉生产的颗粒料饲喂肉兔可行.     

Isolation and cultivation of equine corneal keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts

Objective  To establish an in vitro model for the investigation of equine corneal wound healing. To accomplish this goal, a protocol to isolate and culture equine corneal keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts was developed.
Animal material  Equine corneal buttons were aseptically harvested from healthy research horses undergoing humane euthanasia for reasons unrelated to this study. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy was performed prior to euthanasia by a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist to ensure that all samples were harvested from horses free of anterior segment disease.
Procedure  Equine corneal stroma was isolated using mechanical techniques and stromal sub-sections were then cultured. Customized media at different culture conditions was used to promote growth and differentiation of corneal stromal cells into keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts.
Results  Cell culture techniques were successfully used to establish a method for the isolation and culture of equine corneal keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Immunohistochemical staining for alpha-smooth muscle and F-actin was used to definitively differentiate the three cell types.
Conclusion  Equine corneal stromal keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts can be predictably isolated and cultured in vitro using this protocol.     

四川6个地方猪种的育肥和胴体性能以及肉质和风味物质比较研究

为了研究四川地方猪的种质特性,本试验测定了成华猪、雅南猪、青峪猪、内江猪、丫杈猪和凉山猪6个纯种地方猪的肥育性能、胴体性能、肉质常规理化指标和代谢组(滋味物质和挥发性风味物质)相关肉质指标.结果:丫杈猪的日增重、料重比、屠宰率和眼肌面积均显著或极显著地优于成华猪(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),油酸+亚油酸和己醛+壬醛含...     

集约化种猪场猪伪狂犬病的诊断及净化措施

猪伪狂犬病是集约化种猪场较为常见的一种猪疾病,对养猪业发展有着较大危害,具有高度接触性、热性等特点。本文主要围绕集约化种猪场猪伪狂犬病诊断及净化策略等方面展开讨论,针对病毒特征、流行特点和发病机制等诊断猪狂犬病,并制定针对性净化措施,为养猪场良好发展提供借鉴。     

荣昌猪和长荣猪肌肉生长抑制素基因表达规律的研究

为了研究荣昌猪和长荣猪胴体瘦肉率和骨骼肌肌肉生长抑制素(MSTN)基因表达量的变化规律,试验采用2×2因子试验设计,荣昌猪和长荣猪(两种基因型猪)分别饲喂按中国瘦肉型猪饲养标准和荣昌猪饲养标准配制的日粮,共4个处理,每个处理6个重复,在20 kg、35 kg、50 kg、80 kg和110 kg时每个重复屠宰1头。结果表明:荣昌猪和长荣猪的瘦肉率随体重的增加呈降低的趋势,背最长肌中MSTN基因的表达量呈上升的趋势;在相同体重条件下,荣昌猪的胴体瘦肉率显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)地低于长荣猪,其背最长肌中MSTN基因表达均明显高于长荣猪,而日粮营养水平及品种×营养水平交互作用对猪胴体品质和MSTN基因的表达量没有明显影响(P>0.05)。     

3种兽药及其主要代谢产物在猪粪中的排泄规律

以磺胺二甲嘧啶、金霉素和泰乐菌素为研究对象,探讨在饲粮中添加兽药后,猪粪中3种兽药原形及其主要代谢产物的排泄规律。试验选取60头33k左右的长大二元杂交母猪,在饲粮中加入200mg／kg的磺胺二甲嘧啶、75mg／kg的金霉素和100mg／kg的泰乐菌素,分用药期和休药期收集猪粪检测其中的兽药原形及其代谢产物残留。结果表明,7d用药期内猪粪中磺胺二甲嘧啶及其主要代谢产物对位氨基乙酰化磺胺二甲嘧啶的平均残留分别为59．50,15．98μg／g;金霉素及其代谢产物4位差向异构金霉素平均残留分别为239．92,217．79μg／g;泰乐菌素A及其代谢产物泰乐菌素D的平均残留分别为10．50,65．99／μg／g。进入休药期后,猪粪中兽药原型及其代谢产物残留下降很快,到休药期结束时,相应试验组的猪粪中已检测不出金霉素及其代谢产物残留,但仍可检出磺胺二甲嘧啶及其代谢产物和泰乐菌素A及其代谢产物。由此可知,兽药的体内代谢产物在兽药的排泄中占重要比例,提示除兽药原形外还应重视其代谢产物进入环境后的生态毒理学效应。     

Evaluation of smallholder pig production systems in North Vietnam: Pig production management and pig performances

This study investigated the productive adaptability of pig breeds under different smallholder production conditions in Vietnam, comparing an indigenous with a Vietnamese improved breed. Fieldwork was conducted in four villages with different remoteness in North Vietnam from 2001 to 2002, in 64 households keeping the improved Mong Cai or indigenous Ban as sow breeds and progeny for fattening. Four visits per farm yielded 234 structured interviews. Reproductive performances were derived from 135 litters. Individual weights of pigs (n = 755) were obtained. Data were analysed by regression, linear and generalised linear, especially loglinear models.

Two distinct pig production systems were identified, that differed in remoteness, market access, resource availability, distribution of pig breeds and pig production intensity. Higher performances of 1.4 and 1.5 litters year^− 1, 8.4 and 8.4 piglets weaned litter^− 1, 66.6 and 93.0 kg piglets weaned sow^− 1 year^− 1, and 136 and 177 g day^− 1 ADG were found in two villages near town with semi-intensive production conditions and a high rate of improved Mong Cai sows and MC and LW × MC offspring in the observed population. Lower performances of 1.1 and 1.1 litters year^− 1, 4.6 and 5.5 piglets weaned litter^− 1, 20.5 and 30.9 kg piglets weaned sow^− 1 year^− 1, and 66 and 85 g day^− 1 ADG were observed in parallel to higher incidences of indigenous Ban pigs away from town under extensive conditions. Total live weight offtake per household per year was higher near town and in one village distant to town. MC and LW × MC remained even under demand-driven conditions below the performance potential reported for improved genotypes. Under resource-driven conditions with a saving-oriented production pattern, the higher-yielding but more demanding Mong Cai might not be an efficient production alternative as a further performance reduction can be assumed. A considerable live weight output was observed under resource-driven conditions and with a higher percentage of crossbred LW × Ban offspring in the population, possibly representing a promising production alternative. Factors influencing the performance expression of pigs, and the suitability of different methods for the assessment of performance parameters on-farm are discussed.     

Use of specular microscopy to determine corneal endothelial cell morphology and morphometry in enucleated cat eyes

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of age on endothelial morphology and morphometry in cats. The corneal endothelium was studied using a contact specular microscope. A total of 18 cats (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) were evaluated in this study. The subjects were divided into three groups of six cats each in function of age: G1 (1 to 3 months old), G2 (5 to 12 months old), and G3 (24 to 40 months old). The examination presented data as endothelial cell density (ECD), average cell area, corneal thickness, polymegathism, and pleomorphism. Results revealed ECD decrease in corneas of normal cats with age, as well as a corresponding increase in endothelial cell area and pleomorphism. The present work suggests that the endothelial parameters evaluated change with advancing age.     

1株致病性兔无乳链球菌的分离、鉴定与系统发育分析

从患病家兔肝、肺、脑和心血中分离到1株链状革兰阳性球菌P110323,以1×106 CFU/mL菌液灌胃感染健康家兔后,表现出站立不稳、四肢划动、惊厥和呼吸障碍等症状,感染96 h后,死亡率为60％.解剖见肺淤血、出血;肝、脾和肾肿大,坏死;大脑肿胀,脑膜充血,脑回肿胀扁平,脑沟变浅.分离菌在BHI平板上形成湿润、边缘整齐的灰白色菌落;在5％的脱纤维羊血平板上形成透明的β溶血环;V-P试验、水解精氨酸与马脲酸等为阳性;水解七叶苷和利用甘露醇、山梨醇和乳糖产酸为阴性.16S rDNA系统发育分析显示分离菌与Streptococcus difficilis和Streptococcus agalactiae聚在一簇.gyrB基因系统发育分析表明分离菌属于无乳链球菌(S.agalactiae),结合细菌形态特点和生理生化特性鉴定该病原菌为无乳链球菌(S.agalactiae),多重PCR方法确定该菌荚膜多糖类型为Ia型.     

1例规模化猪场暴发高致病性繁殖与呼吸综合征（HPPRRS）与圆环Ⅱ型（PCV-2）混合感染的诊治

四川省邻水县的1个规模化猪场60-60日龄猪只430头相继暴发疲病,采集15头病猪血清样品和2头病死猪肺和脾脏组织病料,采用HPPRRSV RT—PCR试剂盒（军事兽医研究所涂长春教授惠赠）检测,结果是8份血清（占55．8％）和2份病料（100％）为阳性。同时,6份血清和2头病死猪肺和脾脏组织病料用PCV-2 PCR试剂盒（自制）检测,结果是3份血清（占50％）和2份病料（100％）为阳性;结果表明：该猪场暴发了HPPff,RSV和PCV2混合感染。     

Occurrence, isolation and serotyping of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in cattle and pig slurry

In a survey on the occurrence of potential pathogenic bacteria in slurry, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (E. rh.) was found in samples from 49 % of 84 cattle herds, 44 % of 32 pig herds, and 39 % of 67 cattle and pig herds. Among E. rh. isolates from 81 of the herds, 16 different serotypes were distinguished, including 1 serotype not previously described, which was designated serotype 23.Procedures of isolation and serotyping are presented and discussed, and the serotype distribution within the different herd categories is outlined.     

人胚胎角膜的肾上腺素能神经纤维分布及其特点

用乙醛酸诱发灾光技术研究了14－30周胎儿眼结膜的肾上腺素能神经纤维的分布。发现角膜巩缘的肾上腺素能神经纤维主要与角巩膜的血管伴行,纤维数量随胎龄增加而增加,角膜基质层于16周以后有少量纤维,角膜内皮层和上皮层未发现神经纤维。     

小麦及其副产物在猪营养中的价值

小麦是猪饲料中重要的能量原料,其淀粉含量高,与蛋白原料相比,其粗蛋白质含量相对较低,但其含大量必需氨基酸氨基酸。小麦副产物如麦麸、次粉和小麦酒糟及其可溶物在猪营养中越来越受到重视。特别是用于生物燃料生产后的小麦副产物,它们具有较高的粗蛋白质和粗脂肪水平。此外,小麦含有不同比例的非淀粉多糖,包括阿拉伯木聚糖、β-葡聚糖和果胶,这些成分可作为营养成分,但也可能影响营养物质的消化率。在以小麦和小麦副产物为基础的日粮中使用饲用酶可以降低非淀粉多糖对营养和能量消化率的负面影响,从而提高这些饲料成分的饲用价值。此外,一些加工方法,如粉碎、膨化、制粒、超微粉、发酵、青贮等均可提高猪饲粮中小麦的营养和能量消化率。本文对小麦及其副产物在猪营养中的营养价值进行综述,为其在猪营养中的应用价值提供参考。