乙酰胆碱在淋巴细胞上的细胞递质作用

乙酰胆碱(acetylcholine,ACh)作为胆碱能神经递质,在中枢神经系统、外周神经系统及心血管系统等具有重要生物学、生理学、病理学以及药理学意义.同时也代表了一类系统发生过程中的古老分子.自1963年Whittaker提出在非神经支配组织或生物中存在ACh是自然界中普遍现象.同年,Koelle提出,ACh是系统发育中的保守分子,因为ACh在最原始生物、植物以及单细胞生物中存在,并伴有其合成酶即胆碱乙酰基转移酶(choline-acetyltransferase,ChAT)的表达.     

不同剂量钼对小鼠脑组织CO、ACh、AChE和AChR-Ab含量的影响

为探究钼对小鼠脑组织CO、ACh、AChE和AChR-Ab的影响,选用30日龄昆明小鼠160只,随机平均分成4组(Ⅰ~Ⅳ组),分别在饮水中添加0,100,200,400mg/L剂量的钼酸钠(以钼离子计),建立钼中毒动物模型,定期剖杀取样,检测小鼠脑组织内CO、ACh、AChE和AChR-Ab含量动态变化,试验期11周。结果显示:1Ⅲ、Ⅳ组小鼠脑组织中CO含量随时间延长呈下降趋势且差异显著(P0.05),但Ⅱ~Ⅳ组CO含量显著高于对照组(Ⅰ组)(P0.05)。2Ⅱ~Ⅳ组小鼠脑组织中ACh含量随着时间延长均呈下降趋势,不同时间的检测值之间有显著性差异(P0.01或P0.05);第7周开始,Ⅱ~Ⅳ组小鼠脑组织中ACh的含量显著低于Ⅰ组,且钼剂量越高、作用时间越长ACh含量越低。3试验周期内,Ⅱ~Ⅳ组AChE含量与Ⅰ组相比差异显著(P0.05或P0.01),第7周开始,Ⅱ~Ⅳ组AChE含量随着试验时间延长呈上升趋势,且均高于Ⅰ组。4Ⅱ~Ⅳ组AChR-Ab含量先下降(5~7周)后上升(9~11周),不同检测时间的数值有显著性差异(P0.05或P0.01)。结果表明,200mg/L以上剂量的钼作用7周能造成小鼠脑组织内源性CO升高,ACh含量降低、AChE以及AChR-Ab含量上升。     

中枢兴奋药及安定药的药理作用

凡能提高中枢神经系统功能活动的药物皆称中枢兴奋药。通常中枢兴奋药的作用强度与药物剂量和病畜中枢神经的机能状态有关。一般来说,药物的剂量愈大,作用愈强,甚至引起中毒;当中枢神经受抑制时,药物的兴奋作用比较明显,但严重抑制或衰竭时,有时则无效果。中枢兴奋药对中枢神经系统各部位都有兴奋作用,但对各部位作用有主次、强弱之     

马属动物氦氖激光麻醉前后脑脊髓液内5—羟色胺消长规律的探讨

据文献资料,中枢5—羟色胺(5—HT)是重要的中枢神经递质之一,并与镇痛有密切关系。它既参与吗啡镇痛,又参与针刺麻醉等。显然中枢5—HT在镇痛过程中占重要地位。为了进一步探索He—Ne激光麻醉机理,开展本试验,对He—Ne激光麻醉与脑脊髓液内5—HT含量消长之间的关系进行了研究。     

牛磺酸对中后期蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响

牛磺酸又名牛胆酸、牛胆素,是动物体内游离的一种含硫非蛋白氨基酸,尽管不参与蛋白质合成,却发挥着广泛的生理学作用.它不仅参与维持体内环境自稳态,而且在中枢机能、消化、生理、心血管、免疫和内分泌等系统生理功能的调节中也有重要作用.此外,牛磺酸还有延缓衰老的作用.     

蝇毒磷对柞蚕体内几种重要生理代谢酶类活性的影响

为了评估柞蚕饰腹寄蝇防治药剂蝇毒磷溶液(商品名灭蚕蝇3号)对柞蚕正常生理代谢的影响,用灭蚕蝇3号药液处理柞蚕5龄幼虫后,测定蚕体内乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACh E)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)、细胞色素P450(CYP450)和羧酸酯酶(Car E)的活性变化。药液处理后12 h内,柞蚕幼虫头部的ACh E、CYP450和Car E活性均显著低于对照组,GST活性与对照组的差异不显著;脂肪体中的ACh E活性显著低于对照组,GST、CYP450、Car E活性与对照组的差异均不显著;血淋巴中4种酶活性与对照组的差异均不显著。药液处理后48 h内,柞蚕幼虫除脂肪体中ACh E的活性发生变化后与对照组之间的差异不再显著外,各组织器官中几种酶的活性与对照组之间的差异,均同药液处理后12 h内测定的结果一致。试验结果表明,以生产上常用浓度的灭蚕蝇3号药液处理柞蚕5龄幼虫,会引起柞蚕头部ACh E、CYP450和Car E的活性显著降低,因而用该药剂防治柞蚕饰腹寄蝇时应禁止盲目增大药剂使用浓度和延长药液浸蚕的时间,避免影响柞蚕的正常生理代谢活动。     

强痛宁对大鼠中枢脑区NO/cGMP信号转导通路影响

为了研究强痛宁麻醉下大鼠中枢脑区一氧化碳合酶(NOS)活性、NO和环乌苷酸(cGMP)浓度变化,探讨强痛宁麻醉镇痛的中枢作用机理。将24只SD大鼠随机分成4组,分别为对照组、诱导期、麻醉期和催醒期组,于不同时期采集大鼠大脑皮质、小脑、脑干、海马和丘脑。采用比色法测定NOS活性和NO含量,酶联免疫吸附法测定cGMP浓度。结果表明,腹腔注射强痛宁6 mg/kg体重后,麻醉期各脑区NOS活性显著降低(P0.05或P0.01);NO产量与对照组比较降低极显著(P0.01);cGMP浓度降低显著(P0.05或P0.01)。结果提示,强痛宁抑制大鼠中枢脑区NOS活性,阻断NO/cGMP信号转导可能是其产生全麻作用的重要机理之一。     

吩噻嗪类安定药的药用机理及使用方法

1盐酸氯丙嗪 该药为白色或乳白色结晶性粉末,有微臭,味极苦,有吸湿性,遇光渐变色,易溶于水、乙醇或三氯甲烷,不溶于乙醚和苯。对动物的中枢神经、自主神经与内分泌系统有作用,可使狂躁、倔强或不安的动物变得安静、驯服。此外,还能抑制动物皮质下中枢,表现为基础代谢降低,体温下降（周围环境温度低时,可使正常体温下降）,各器官活动明显减少,进入人工休眠状态。大剂量使用时,能直接抑制动物的呕吐中枢,因而有明显的止吐作用。该药物能明显加强麻醉药、镇痛药、镇静催眠药及抗惊厥药的作用,亦能翻转肾上腺素的升压作用,使血压下降。     

注射安痛定致高烧犬猝死

犬直肠温度即肛温超过40℃则为高烧。目前认为动物有机体发热可能是由于内在热原的作用下，中枢前列腺素PG的合成与释放增加，前列腺素E1(PGE1)为极强的致热物质；内在热原及PG还同时作用于体温调节中枢，从而引起发热。安痛定等解热、止痛、抗风湿药可抑制前列腺素合成酶，使PG合成减少，因而呈现出解热作用，同时也有镇痛、消炎、抗风湿的效果。     

兽药安全使用常识

1.钙、磷对动物有什么作用？ 钙是骨骼和牙齿的主要成分,当钙不足时,幼畜发生佝偻病,成年家畜出现软骨病,血钙低时,可导致神经肌肉兴奋性升高;血钙过高时,神经肌肉兴奋性降低。钙是重要的凝血因子,当血中镁离子浓度增高出现中枢抑制和横纹肌松弛作用时,钙能消除镁的这种作用,钙能增加毛细血管致密度降低通透性,从而减少渗出。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.