Corticotropin-releasing factor-producing neurons in the rat activated by interleukin-1

Intraperitoneal administration of human recombinant interleukin-1 (IL-1) to rats can increase blood levels of corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The route by which IL-1 affects pituitary-adrenal activity is unknown. That the IL-1-induced pituitary-adrenal activation involves an increased secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is indicated by three lines of evidence. First, immunoneutralization of CRF markedly attenuated the IL-1-induced increase of ACTH blood levels. Second, after blockade of fast axonal transport in hypothalamic neurons by colchicine, IL-1 administration decreased the CRF immunostaining in the median eminence, indicating an enhanced release of CRF in response to IL-1. Third, IL-1 did not stimulate ACTH release from primary cultures of anterior pituitary cells. These data further support the notion of the existence of an immunoregulatory feedback circuit between the immune system and the brain.     

Immunoreactive dynorphin-(1-8) and corticotropin- releasing factor in subpopulation of hypothalamic neurons

Immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and dynorphin-(I-8) were visualized in rat hypothalamus by immunohistofluorescence with specific antibodies. In brains from colchicine-treated, adrenalectomized rats, neuronal perikarya with immunoreactive CRF were observed in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The CRF occurred together with the dynorphin-(1-8). However, the CRF immunoreactivity occurred only in a subpopulation of the dynorphin-(1-8) immunoreactive cells. These findings suggest that there may be a functional interrelationship of CRF with dynorphin-related opioid peptides and provide further evidence that neurons may contain more than one bioactive substance.     

Beta-adrenergic mechanism of insulin-induced adrenocorticotropin release from the anterior pituitary

Intraperitoneal administration of insulin to control rats and to rats with pituitary stalk transections or with lesions of the median eminence resulted in increased plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) levels. The insulin-induced stimulation of ACTH release was blocked in both the control and lesioned animals by prior treatment with either the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol or the glucocorticoid analog dexamethasone. The direct application of insulin to primary cultures of the anterior pituitary did not evoke ACTH release or affect the maximal ability of corticotropin-releasing factor or epinephrine to stimulate ACTH secretion. The results suggest that insulin stimulates ACTH release by a mechanism in which catecholamines of peripheral origin act directly on the anterior pituitary.     

柴术抗激颗粒对LPS诱导大鼠神经-内分泌-免疫相关因子调节机制研究

【目的】“仔猪早期断奶应激综合征”给养猪业带来了巨大的经济损失。中药制剂柴术抗激散(CZKJS)通过现代制药技术制成柴术抗激颗粒(CZKJKL),已被证实其对早期断奶仔猪应激及早期断奶仔猪脂多糖（LPS）免疫应激都具有明显的缓减作用。现进一步探究CZKJKL对LPS免疫应激断奶大鼠应激相关神经递质、细胞因子和HPA轴相关激素的影响,从机理上证实其抗应激作用。【方法】选取体重相近的18日龄断奶的Wistar大鼠72只,随机分为3个处理组,即Ⅰ组（空白对照组）、Ⅱ组（LPS免疫应激模型组）、Ⅲ组（LPS+CZKJKL组）。每个处理设6个重复,每个重复4只。在18-24日龄期间,Ⅲ组的大鼠每天灌服5 000 mg·kg^-1BW柴术抗激颗粒,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组的大鼠每天灌服等剂量生理盐水;21日龄时,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组的大鼠腹腔注射4 mg·kg^-1BW的LPS,Ⅰ组的大鼠腹腔注射等剂量生理盐水,注射后6 h采血并取样。测定指标有：①海马：去甲肾上腺素(NE)和5-羟色胺(5-HT);②下丘脑：β-内啡肽（β-EP）和促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子（CRF）;③血清：β-内啡肽(β-EP)、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、皮质醇(COR)、白介素-1β (IL-1β)、白介素-6 (IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α)、一氧化氮(NO)、诱导性一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)。【结果】与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组大鼠海马NE和5-HT的含量均极显著升高（P＜0.01）,下丘脑β-EP的含量极显著升高（P＜0.01）,血清β-EP、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、NO、ACTH、COR的含量均极显著升高（P＜0.01）,血清iNOS的活性极显著增强（P＜0.01）。与Ⅱ组相比,Ⅲ组大鼠海马NE和5-HT的含量均极显著降低（P＜0.01）,下丘脑β-EP的含量极显著降低（P＜0.01）,血清β-EP、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、NO、ACTH、COR的含量均极显著降低（P＜0.01）,血清iNOS的活性极显著减弱（P＜0.01）。【结论】CZKJKL可通过有效调节LPS免疫应激状态下机体神经-内分泌-免疫系统相关神经递质、细胞因子和HPA轴激素的紊乱而发挥其抗免疫应激作用。     

大鼠脊髓P物质对细胞免疫调节作用的研究

目的：观察大鼠脊髓Ｐ物质对细胞免疫水平的影响，方法：两组新生大鼠分别皮下注射辣椒素（ＣＡＰ）和Ｐ物质抗血清，成年大鼠则于脊髓蛛网膜下腔注射，用丝裂原激活的大鼠脾细胞方法测定了淋巴细胞的白细胞介素－２（ＩＬ－２）水平。结果：大鼠皮下及脊髓蛛网膜下腔各分别注射ＣＡＰ，Ｐ物质抗血清后，ＩＬ－２的水平较对照组显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论：新生大鼠（皮下）与成年大鼠（蛛网膜下腔）注射ＣＡＰ或Ｐ物质抗血清垃     

Mineral element correlation with adenohypophyseal-adrenal cortex function and stress

A statistical correlationl was made between adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and four elements in rats under control, stress, and stress-recovery conditions. Blood serum zinc showed a strong positive correlation with the rise in ACTH during stress and its decline in stress recovery. Serum calcium, copper, and magnesium demonstrated little correlation with ACTH changes. The strong ACTH-zinc correlation points to an as yet undefined interaction between ACTH and zinc     

Rejection of renal allografts: specific immunologic suppression

Kidneys were transplanted across a major genetic barrier (Ag-B locus), from LewisxBN F(1) hybrid rats into bilaterally nephrectomized Lewis rats. Survival of grafts is prolonged (indefinite?) in rats treated with a combination of (i) intravenous injection of donor spleen cells 1 day before the graft, and (ii) passive immunization with antiserum prepared in rats of the recipient strain against donor spleen and lymph-node cells. The recipient's immune response to other antigens is not impaired.     

甘麦大枣汤对慢性应激抑郁大鼠HPA轴及海马显微结构的影响

目的 研究甘麦大枣汤对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠HPA轴及海马显微结构的影响,探讨其可能的抗抑郁机制。方法 将SD大鼠随机分为6组：空白组、模型组、氟西汀组（5.4 mg/kg）、甘麦大枣汤高、中、低剂量组（3.84、1.92、0.96 g/kg）,采用慢性不可预见性温和应激建立抑郁模型,于造模同时给药,连续21 d。采用糖水消耗实验和旷场测试检测大鼠的抑郁样行为,ELISA法检测大鼠血浆促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素（CRH）、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）、皮质酮（CORT）的变化,HE染色观察大鼠海马CA1区、CA3区及齿状回（DG）区的病理结构变化。结果 与空白组比较,抑郁模型组大鼠蔗糖偏食度及自主活动次数显著下降（P<0.01）,血浆CRH、ACTH、CORT含量显著上升（P<0.01）,海马CA1区、CA3区以及DG区神经元均萎缩、缺失,损伤明显;与模型组比较,甘麦大枣汤高剂量组大鼠蔗糖偏食度及活动次数均显著提高（P<0.01）,血浆ACTH、CORT含量下降（P<0.05）,同时海马各区神经元损伤情况得到缓解。结论 甘麦大枣汤能显著改善模型大鼠的抑郁样行为,其作用可能与调节HPA轴高亢,保护海马的损伤有关。     

控释肥肥效期对裸地和栽培香蕉土壤N_2O减排效果的影响

【目的】研究不同肥效期的控释肥对裸地和栽培作物土壤N_2O减排效果的影响,为进一步研究大田条件下的减排效果提供参考。【方法】通过盆栽试验,采用静态箱法和气相色谱分析技术,对比研究了1、3、5个月3个肥效期的植物油包膜控释肥(CRF 1Mon、CRF 3Mon和CRF 5Mon)及其核心复合肥分别在裸地和栽培香蕉土壤中的N_2O日排放通量和累积排放量。【结果】控释肥肥效期显著影响N_2O排放峰数量、最大排放峰通量、累积排放量及增温潜势。裸地时,CRF 1Mon、CRF 3Mon和CRF 5Mon排放峰数量分别为5、3和3个,出峰时间均为监测的中后期,最大排放峰通量为CRF 1MonCRF 3MonCRF 5Mon,CRF 3Mon和CRF 5Mon的累积排放量显著低于CRF1Mon;栽培香蕉时,仅CRF 1Mon和CRF 3Mon在监测前期有明显的N_2O排放峰,分别为1和3个,累积排放量为CRF 1MonCRF 3MonCRF 5Mon。施用肥效期长的控释肥对栽培香蕉土壤的N_2O减排效果优于裸地,裸地时累积排放量降幅为24.06%~52.81%,栽培香蕉土壤的累积排放量降幅为54.22%~75.34%。【结论】施用肥效期长的控释肥以及栽培作物是减少土壤N_2O排放、降低温室效应的有效措施。     

Antiserum to immunoglobulin A: Inhibition of cell-mediated demyelination in tissue culture

Lymph node cells from rats immunized with sciatic nerve in Freund's adjuvant demyelinate trigeminal ganglion cultures. Rabbit antiserum to rat immunoglobulin A blocks this cytodestructive event. The antiserum may act by combining with IgA on the lymphoid cell surface, preventing the interaction of cell-bound antibody and tissue anitigen.     

Ethanol augments GABAergic transmission in the central amygdala via CRF1 receptors

The central amygdala (CeA) plays a role in the relationship among stress, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and alcohol abuse. In whole-cell recordings, both CRF and ethanol enhanced gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated (GABAergic) neurotransmission in CeA neurons from wild-type and CRF2 receptor knockout mice, but not CRF1 receptor knockout mice. CRF1 (but not CRF2) receptor antagonists blocked both CRF and ethanol effects in wild-type mice. These data indicate that CRF1 receptors mediate ethanol enhancement of GABAergic synaptic transmission in the CeA, and they suggest a cellular mechanism underlying involvement of CRF in ethanol's behavioral and motivational effects.     

茶树专用控释肥在幼龄茶园的肥效研究

在山东两年生幼龄茶园中分别施用金正大茶树专用控释肥CRF1（N—P2O5-K2O=25—4-11）、CRF2（N—P2O5-K2O=20—6—14）和普通肥料CCF（尿素＋复合肥＋碳酸氢铵）,其中CCF处理年施入纯氮量为100．8kg／hm2,CRF1处理设置3个水平CRF1—1、CRF1—2和CRF1—3,其肥料施用量按纯氮计算分别为CCF的100％、80％、50％;CRF2处理设置2个水平CRF2—1、CRF2—2,其肥料施用量按纯氮计算分别为CCF的100％、50％。大田试验结果表明：（1）、CRF1—1和CRF2—1在春、夏季显著提高土壤中有效氮、磷、钾含量;但在秋季,所有处理均表现出营养元素供应不足的现象;（2）、控释肥处理能显著增强茶树光合速率,增加百芽重,同时提高氨基酸含量,降低酚／氨比,进一步提高山东绿茶品质;（3）、山东幼龄茶园肥料施用量偏少．席在CR砣-1处坪的基础上继续试验来确定最佳浓肥量．     

控释肥对茶园生态环境及茶叶产量和品质的影响

在山东茶园中分别施用茶树专用控释肥CRF（N-P2O5-K2O=25-4-11）和普通肥料CCF（尿素＋复合肥＋碳酸氢铵）,其中CCF处理年施入纯氮量为504 kg/hm2,CRF处理设置3个水平：CRF1、CRF2和CRF3,其肥料施用量按纯氮计算分别为CCF的100%、80%、50%。两年大田试验结果表明：（1）CRF能显著提高N、P元素的有效利用,减少茶园氮磷用量;（2）CRF能显著提高茶叶产量,特别是春茶产量,同时能降低春季鲜叶酚/氨比,进一步提高山东春季绿茶品质;（3）试验茶园适宜的CRF年施用量为1 005 kg/hm2,其它茶园可以此为参照,结合土壤肥力和茶叶产量实际情况确定最佳施用量。     

六味地黄汤及“补泻”药对对肾阴虚模型小鼠HPA轴功能及肾上腺组织形态学的影响

目的 观察六味地黄汤及三个“一补一泻”药对对肾阴虚模型小鼠下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴功能及肾上腺形态的影响。方法 将小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组和给药组（六味地黄汤组、山茱萸-牡丹皮组、熟地黄-泽泻组、山药-茯苓组）共6个试验组;连续9 d分别灌胃给予以上对应药物;第5~9天,除空白组灌胃蒸馏水外,其他各组按50 mg/kg体质量每天灌胃氢化可的松注射液,称体质量,测定环磷酸腺苷（cAMP）、环磷酸鸟苷（cGMP）、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）、皮质醇（Cor.）含量,观察肾上腺病理切片。结果 肾阴虚模型小鼠体质量、血浆cGMP含量降低,血浆cAMP、血清ACTH、Cor.含量升高,与空白组比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）,肾上腺组织受损;与模型组比较,六味地黄汤能上调模型小鼠体质量、血浆cGMP含量,下调血浆cAMP含量、血清ACTH、Cor.含量（P < 0.05,P < 0.01）,修复受损肾上腺组织;山茱萸-牡丹皮药对能下调模型小鼠血浆cAMP、血清ACTH含量（P<0.01）,修复受损肾上腺组织。结论 六味地黄汤能改善肾阴虚证,其作用机制可能与其降低垂体分泌的ACTH含量、下调肾上腺分泌的Cor.含量,改善HPA轴的功能及肾上腺形态有关。其中山茱萸-牡丹皮药对是该方改善肾阴虚证的主要药效物质基础。     

控释肥对东北春玉米产量和土壤氨挥发的影响

针对控释肥施用条件下作物产量与土壤氨挥发特征不明晰的问题,以东北春玉米种植模式为研究对象,采用德尔格氨管法(DTM法)研究了不同施肥处理[农民常规施肥处理(施氮量为180 kg N·hm~(-2),FP)、控释肥施氮量180 kg N·hm~(-2)处理(CRF180)和控释肥施氮量144 kg N·hm~(-2)处理(CRF144)]下土壤氨挥发动态变化特征、土壤氨挥发总量及玉米产量。结果表明:受施肥和降雨因素的影响,每个处理氨挥发峰值均出现在施肥后(基肥和追肥)第1~2 d、第11~12 d左右;FP处理在12~14 d后氨挥发速率降低至零,但CRF180、CRF144处理仍有少量挥发。全生育期FP、CRF180、CRF144处理来自氮肥的氨挥发量依次为19.9、23.8、19.6 kg·hm~(-2),差异不显著(P0.05),损失率分别为11.06%、13.22%、13.61%。CRF144处理和FP处理产量都保持在12 t·hm~(-2)以上,其两者不存在显著差异,但CRF144处理能够显著地提高氮肥农学效率和偏生产力(P0.05)。综合考虑氨挥发量与产量,在现有施氮量基础上减少20%,并且施用控释肥是该地区春玉米农田减肥增效适宜的推广技术。     

Stress-induced inhibition of reproductive functions: role of endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor

In the adult castrated male rat, exposure to inescapable, intermittent electroshocks inhibited the pulsatile pattern of luteinizing hormone release and markedly lowered its plasma concentrations. The central administration of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) antagonist alpha-helical ovine CRF residues 9 to 41 reversed the inhibitory action of stress. Neither its peripheral injection, nor the intraventricular injection of the inactive CRF analog des-Glu to Arg ovine CRF was effective. These results suggest that endogenous CRF may mediate some deleterious effects of noxious stimuli on reproduction.     

控释肥对大葱生长及品质的影响

以大葱为试材,采用"金正大公司"生产的控释掺混肥(21-6-15)进行栽培试验,并与普通复合肥进行肥效对比.分析不同施肥处理对大葱株高、茎粗、叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量等指标的影响,探讨控释肥在大葱生产上应用的可行性及最佳施肥量.结果表明:控释肥养分的释放能满足大葱整个生长期对养分的吸收需求,与同量养分的普通复合肥相比,控释肥可以改善大葱的品质、提高其产量,单位面积增产率可达57%左右.从经济效益、大葱产量、品质及肥料利用率等方面综合考虑,100 g/m2的控释肥用量为最佳用量.     

不同控释肥对夏玉米籽粒品质的影响

在大田条件下研究树脂包膜控释肥(CRF)和硫包膜控释肥(SCF)对夏玉米籽粒品质的影响。结果表明,在相同施肥量(N、P、K量相同)情况下,控释肥CRFⅢ(1 428 kg/hm2)和SCFⅢ(1 668 kg/hm2)及其减量25%处理的CRFⅡ和SCFⅡ处理的玉米籽粒的粗蛋白和可溶性糖含量和产量都显著高于等量普通复合肥(CCF,1 260 kg/hm2)处理,控释肥减量50%各处理的营养成分含量仍与普通肥处理无显著差异。对于淀粉的含量,施肥量少的处理要高于施肥量多的处理,但差异不显著,产量则施肥量多的处理高。施肥处理的淀粉支/直比都要高于CK,控释肥与普通肥的处理间差异均未达到显著水平,表明施用控释肥能提高和改善玉米品质。     

Synthetic competitive antagonists of corticotropin-releasing factor: effect on ACTH secretion in the rat

Polypeptide analogs of the known members of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family were synthesized and tested in vitro and in vivo for enhanced potency or competitive antagonism. Predictive methods and physicochemical measurements had suggested an internal secondary alpha-helical conformation spanning about 25 residues for at least three members of the CRF family. Maximization of alpha-helix-forming potential by amino acid substitutions from the native known sequences (rat/human and ovine CRF, sauvagine, and carp and sucker urotensin 1) led to the synthesis of an analog that was found to be more than twice as potent as either of the parent peptides in vitro. In contrast, certain amino-terminally shortened fragments, such as alpha-helical CRF or ovine CRF residues 8 to 41, 9 to 41, and 10 to 41, were found to be competitive inhibitors in vitro. Selected antagonists were examined and also found to be active in vivo.     

不同家系马尾松容器苗对基质配比及控释肥的响应

基质配比及养分状况是容器苗培育的关键因子,不同家系容器苗对基质环境条件的响应亦不同。以马尾松Pinus massoniana不同家系苗为对象,开展基质泥炭和谷壳配比及控释肥加载量的析因试验,分析不同基质条件下马尾松家系容器苗生长及氮、磷吸收利用,探明其优质容器苗培育的基质配比和控释肥加载量。结果表明:单因素层面,基质配比对3个家系（32,35和36号）容器苗无显著影响,而控释肥加载量对各家系容器苗影响显著;双因素分析显示,不同家系容器苗对基质配比和控释肥加载量的交互作用响应不同,32号家系的双因素交互效应显著,以泥炭与谷壳体积比为5:5,控释肥加载量为3.5 kg·m-3组合处理的容器苗生长及氮、磷养分吸收利用均较好;而35和36号家系的双因素互作效应均不显著,仅对控释肥加载量表现出明显响应,分别以2.5和3.5 kg·m-3效果较优。经家系与控释肥双因素及容器苗各指标相关分析可知,苗期控释肥效应较家系明显。因此,容器苗培育不仅要注重苗高等表型指标达到出圃要求,还应严格掌控基质养分水平以确保苗木养分吸收利用;不同来源的容器苗育苗应结合其生长需求分别对待。