Effects of processing and in vitro proteolytic digestion on soybean and yambean hemagglutinins

Some conventional processing methods were applied on yambean and soybean seeds and flour samples. They include soaking, fermentation, cooking whole seeds in the presence and absence of trona, autoclaving and dry heat treatment of flour samples. Hemagglutinating activity was assayed for after processing treatments. The hemagglutinating proteins from these seeds were classified based on their solubility properties. Effects of the presence of 0.01% concentration of trypsin, pepsin and proteases on agglutination of human red blood cells were also evaluated. Most processing methods, particularly cooking whole seeds for 1–2h, soaking and fermentation, reduced hemagglutinating activity on cow red blood cells. Size reduction accompanied by heat treatment was effective in eliminating hemagglutination. Both the albumin and globulin fractions of the soybean showed hemagglutinating activity but only the albumin fraction of the yambean had agglutinating properties. Proteolytic action of proteases was more effective in reduction of hemagglutinating activity than that of trypsin and pepsin.     

Trypsin inhibitor in moth bean: thermal stability and changes during germination and cooking

Trypsin inhibitor from moth bean was studied for thermal stability and changes during germination and cooking. The application of dry heat did not inactivate the inhibitor. However, autoclaving at 120°C at 15lbs pressure destroyed inhibitor activity completely. The extracted inhibitor lost 70% activity in 60 min when incubated at 100°C. Soaking of moth bean seeds for 8 h decreased trypsin inhibitor activity by 20%. The germination of seeds for 24 h resulted in 70% reduction in inhibitor activity. No activity was detected in 48 h germinated seeds. Germination (for 24 h) followed by cooking of moth bean seeds destroyed the trypsin inhibitor completely.     

Inactivation of trypsin inhibitors in sweet potato and taro tubers during processing

In order to understand the extent of elimination of trypsininhibitors during processing of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) andtaro (Colocasia esculenta) tubers, a detailed study was conductedusing tubers processed by oven drying, cooking, and microwavebaking. Between 80 and 90% trypsin inhibitor (TI) activity wasretained in sweet potato chips up to 2h at 70 ^°C. Among thefour cultivars of sweet potatoes, RS-III-2 trypsin inhibitors were more heatlabile. Heating at 100 ^°C led to rapid inactivation of TI of sweetpotatoes. Varietal differences in thermal stability were more pronouncedfor the trypsin inhibitors of taro than sweet potatoes. Taro inhibitors werealso more rapidly inactivated than sweet potato TI. Between 17 and31% TI activity was retained in cooked tuber pieces of sweet potatoes,while only 3–10% were retained in taro cultivars. Very effectiveinactivation of trypsin inhibitors of sweet potatoes and taro could beobtained through microwave baking. Flour prepared from taro was devoidof TI activity, while 5–12% TI activity was retained in the flour preparedfrom sweet potatoes. The study clearly established that among the fourtechniques used, microwave baking and flour preparation were the best methods to eliminate TI from sweet potatoes and taro.     

小麦成熟胚诱导胚性愈伤组织的影响因素

为加快小麦成熟胚在转基因研究中的利用,以陕麦159成熟胚为外植体,通过胚性愈伤组织诱导,建立了一套有效的小麦愈伤组织诱导体系。研究表明,不同消毒处理、2,4-D浓度和接种方法对胚性愈伤出愈率的影响有极显著差异,不同浸种时间和培养基类型对胚性愈伤组织出愈率的影响无显著差异。采用次氯酸钠初次消毒20min,升汞二次消毒5min,消毒彻底,对种子损害较小;浸种时间18～20h易于成熟胚的剥取,且诱导的愈伤组织质量较好;MS培养基较1/2MS培养基诱导愈伤组织效果好,MS培养基2,4-D浓度为4mg.L-1时（30g蔗糖＋7g琼脂）胚性愈伤组织率最高,愈伤组织质量较好;完整胚诱导胚性愈伤组织率最高达84.17%,碎胚诱导胚性愈伤组织率最高达94.17%。     

浙北稻麦连作区稻田糠稷发生对水稻生长的影响及对除草剂敏感性研究

调研了浙北稻麦连作区稻田糠稷发生及分布状况,并考察了糠稷种子萌发特性和对水稻生长的影响及植株对不同除草剂的敏感性,旨在为有效防治糠稷提供参考.结果 表明,糠稷在浙北稻麦连作区直播田发生的相对优势度在0～2.8％、机插田发生的相对优势度在0～3.6％;糠稷种子在光照条件下才能萌发,光照36℃(12 h)/黑暗28℃(12...     

Changes in phytate phosphorus and minerals during germination and cooking of horse gram and moth bean

The phytate phosphorus in horse gram and moth bean seeds accounted for 57% and 55%, respectively, of the total phosphorus. During germination, there was a continuous decrease in the proportion of phytate phosphorus. In 48 h germinated seeds, the phytate phosphorus accounted for only 20% and 26%, respectively of the total phosphorus. A significant amount of calcium was leached out during germination. Other minerals were not affected significantly. Cooking decreased phytate phosphorus in ungerminated and germinated seeds of both the legumes. Calcium content in ungerminated and 12 h germinated moth bean seeds decreased significantly during cooking. Such a decrease was noticed in ungerminated seeds of horse gram. No significant changes were noticed in magnesium, iron, manganese, and zinc contents of both the legumes due to cooking.     

Effect of domestic processing,cooking and germination on the trypsin inhibitor activity and tannin content of faba bean (Vicia faba)

The effects of domestic processing methods like soaking for 12 h dehulling, ordinary cooking of whole as well as dehulled seeds at 151bs/inch² pressure for 15 and 25 min, and germination for 24, 36 and 48 h were observed on trypsin inhibitor (TIA) and tannin content of two varieties of faba bean viz. VH-131 and WF. A non-significant reduction in TIA was observed on soaking and dehulling, while tannins showed a reduction of 42 and 51% on soaking in VH 131 and WF, respectively. Dehulled seeds showed a decline in tannin content by 70 to 73% in two varieties. There was a significant reduction in TIA (75–76 per cent) and tannin (76–81%) on cooking, while autoclaving for 25 min almost completely eliminated both of these stress factors. Germination of seeds for 48 h led to a reduction of 64–65% in TIA and 90–91% in tannins, which was more than germination for 24 and 36 h. Soaked seeds gave positive results of both these antinutrients.     

不同直播方式下种子处理方式对直播稻出苗和产量的影响

为了选择合理的种子处理方式,解决水稻机直播全苗问题,选择杂交稻川优6203、常规稻金农丝苗,在水直播、旱直播方式下,比较了干种子直播、浸泡48 h后直播、浸泡48h催芽至露白后直播、浸泡48 h催芽至半粒谷长后直播等方式对水稻出苗率、基本苗数、有效穗数、颖花数、结实率、千粒重以及产量的影响。结果表明,种子浸泡48 h催芽至露白时播种,有较高的出苗率,可以确保较高的基本苗数。不同种子处理方式对直播稻的有效穗数、千粒重的影响达极显著水平,对颖花数及结实率的影响不显著。在水直播方式下浸泡48 h,催芽露白或至半粒谷长时直播,不仅有利于增加群体数量,还有利于改善产量性状。无论采用水直播还是旱直播方式,宜将种子浸种48 h后催芽至露白时进行机直播,出苗率高,群体足,产量性状合理,可以获得较高产量。     

Nutrient composition and anti-nutritional factors in selected vegetable soybean (Glycine Max [L.] Merr.)

The genetic variation in the nutrient composition and anti-nutritional factors of 17 vegetable soybean genotypes were determined and a wide variation in protein %, total phosphorus (TP_i) and available phosphorus (AP) was found among these genotypes. Variations in Ca, K, Fe, Mn, and Cu were also documented. Variation was also found for trypsin inhibitor (TI) activity and Phytate (PA) content. A highly significant and negative correlation (r=–0.533,P<0.01) was observed between TI and total protein. Strong positive correlation (r=0.90) was also found between TP_i and AP. Several genotypes (Sooty, Emperor, Wilson-5, PI 416771, PI 417322) showed good nutritional potential and can be used in the breeding program. High protein %, TP_i, and minerals are desirable qualities for vegetable-type soybeans that make it as food with high nutrient density. Studies on the nutritional evaluation of immature vegetable type soybean seeds at different reproductive stages are also underway.Agricultural Research Station Journal Article Series No. 172. The use of any trade name varieties, and/or vendors does not imply the exclusion of other products or vendors that may also be suitable.     

The USDA trypsin inhibitor study. II. Timed related biochemical changes in the pancreas of rats

A total of 600 rats was distributed equally among 15 diets formulated from mixtures of raw and toasted soy flour and casein so as to provide 5 different levels of trypsin inhibitor (TI) at 3 levels of protein (10%, 20%, and 30%). Animals were sacrificed at the end of 6 months and at 3-month intervals thereafter over a period of 22 months. Increases in the secretory activity of the pancreas, as measured by trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and small intestines, were associated with increasingly higher levels of TI and protein but did not change appreciably with time. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the pancreas, as reflected by changes in pancreas weight and RNA and DNA content, developed at an early stage (6 months) and were likewise positively correlated with the levels of TI and protein in the diet. Although the hypertrophic response remained unchanged with time, hyperplasia became more pronounced as the period of exposure to TI was prolonged. The peptide test confirmed the stimulatory effect of TI on the pancreas, but some functional impairment was noted in those animals which had been fed raw soy flour for 18 months of or longer. The appearance of nodules on the pancreas was observed by gross inspection after 15 months, and these became larger and more numerous with time. The incidence of nodules was highly correlated with the level of TI in the diet and was highest when the diet contained 20% protein.     

Effects of soaking in aqueous acidic and alkali solutions on removal of polyphenols and in vitro digestibility of cowpea

Mature dark red seeds of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) UPL Cp 3, were subjected to several soaking treatments to remove their polyphenols. Soaking in water at room temperature for 8 and 24 h resulted in 17% and 21% loss of assayable polyphenols, respectively. Dilute solutions of alkali (Na₂CO₃, NaHCO₃, NH₄OH and KOH) and acid (CH₃ COOH, HCl and H₂ SO₄) were more effective in removing polyphenols up to 88% than higher concentrations of alkali and acid solutions.Vinegar (0.005–0.65 M CH₃ COOH) decreased polyphenols from 55 to 62% with a 6 to 14% improvement in in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD). Commercial lime (65% CaO) removed polyphenols from seeds soaked for 8 to 24 h by 70% with 2 to 10% increase in in vitro protein digestibility. Ash removed 40 to 60% of the polyphenols after 8 and 24 h of soaking with an increase in IVPD of 7 to 13%. Total polyphenols were significantly correlated (+0.92**) with protein precipitable polyphenols (condensed tannins).     

Influence of seed depth and molluscicide pellet placement and timing on slug damage, activity and survival in winter wheat

In a laboratory experiment, grey field slugs (Deroceras reticulatum) were introduced to trays of clay soil drilled with wheat seeds at 10 or 25 mm depth. Trays were left without molluscicide, or methiocarb pellets were drilled with the seeds or placed on the surface of the soil immediately after drilling. In the absence of molluscicide, there was less damage to seeds drilled at 25 mm than at 10 mm. Methiocarb pellets drilled with seeds at 10 mm depth killed slugs and reduced damage to seeds and seedlings, but the percentage of seeds killed was similar to the percentage of deeper-drilled seeds killed where no molluscicide had been applied. Pellets drilled with deeper-sown seeds did not kill slugs, or reduce damage to seeds and seedlings, whereas pellets placed on the soil surface immediately after sowing were effective in killing slugs and reducing plant damage irrespective of drilling depth. The best protection from slug damage was provided by deeper drilling combined with pellets broadcast on the soil surface. In a field experiment, methiocarb pellets broadcast immediately after drilling at two depths killed slugs and protected seedlings from damage, whereas pellets drilled with seeds were ineffective because seed-bed conditions prevented slugs from reaching seeds and pellets (only 4% of seeds were killed by slugs in the absence of molluscicide treatment). The implications of these results for slug control and for non-target fauna (wood mice and ground beetles) are discussed.     

聚乙二醇对苦瓜种子萌发及相关生理指标的影响

研究不同浓度聚乙二醇(PEG)和不同PEG浸种时间对苦瓜种子萌发及相关生理指标的影响.结果表明,适宜的PEG浓度和浸种时间均能不同程度的促进苦瓜种子的萌发.其中以20%PEG浸种18 h效果最好,表现为能显著提高苦瓜种子的发芽势、发芽率、简易活力指数,增强与种子萌发相关的α-淀粉酶和脱氢酶的活性,降低种子的膜脂过氧化程度.     

Effects of water-saving irrigation on weed infestation and diversity in paddy fields in East China

The purpose of the article is to investigate the effects of water-saving irrigation on weed infestation and diversity in paddy fields; a two-year field experiment was conducted in Gaoyou Irrigation District, China. The responses of two irrigation treatments, controlled irrigation (CI) and traditional irrigation (TI), were observed and compared. The irrigation water use, yield, weed density, coverage ratio, height, species richness, density, dominant species, Shannon–Wiener index, and Pielou index were examined to analyze the water productivity, weed infestation, and diversity in paddy fields under the two treatments. The results showed that the water conditions were similar before the late tillering stage, and thereafter the CI fields were alternatively dry and wet with shallow standing water and low soil water content, while the TI fields were mostly continuously flooded by deep standing water and high soil water content. Irrigation water use for CI was 46.8% lower than TI. The CI treatment reduced weed density by 38.0%, decreased coverage ratio by 13.8%, and resulted in a 39.0% increase in weed height. Fewer species were found in CI fields than TI fields. The Shannon–Wiener index decreased by 11.5%, and the Pielou index increased by 3.2%. The changed water regime under CI not only impeded the growth of dominant species but also placed the whole weed community at a relatively stable level with reduced weed density. Meanwhile, aquatic weeds were well controlled; however, semi-aquatic weeds became the dominant species. In general, CI effectively reduced the risk of weed outbreaks, and weed diversity also decreased when it reduced irrigation water use.     

超干贮藏对柱花草种子的影响

以热研5号柱花草为材料,研究超干贮藏对柱花草种子的生理生化变化及超干保存技术指标。结果表明,含水量降至3.17%的柱花草超干种子,经50℃15d人工加速老化后,表现出较强的抗老化能力。贮藏2a 后,超干种子与分别在5℃和-20℃贮藏下的含水量为8.10%的种子相比,它们的发芽率、活力指数等方面均无显著性差异;超干种子与室温贮藏下的对照相比,其电导率降低43.0%、脱氢酶活性增强33.5%、丙二醛积累减少50.0%、幼苗的吸氧量高 33.0%。经超干处理的柱花草种子能显著提高其耐藏性。     

Water yam (Dioscorea alata L.) development as affected by photoperiod and temperature: Experiment and modeling

Water yam (Dioscorea alata L.) is one of the most popular tuber crops in the tropics. Although it is well known that photoperiod greatly affects yam development, little information is available on the effect of temperature on different developmental phases, and there has been no attempt to model the effect of both environmental factors. The aim of this study was to assess the combined effect of photoperiod and temperature on the development of two early maturing varieties of yam with similar growth pattern. For this we used a model proposed for potatoes grown under tropical conditions. Experimental information was obtained from 15 field experiments carried out in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) covering a wide range of planting dates. Two yam phases were analyzed: from emergence (EM) to tuber initiation (TI), and from TI to harvest (HA). The EM–HA period varied from 3 to 6 months, with the longer cycles corresponding to early planting dates (e.g. April). On average, EM–TI represented one-third of the EM–HA period, and was mainly affected by photoperiod and to a lesser extent by temperature. Both factors also affected the duration of TI–HA but their effects were less noticeable. The observed mean temperature during TI–HA was near the estimated optimum and its effect was less than that of photoperiod. The variation of the phase duration was higher for EM–TI (CV 45%) than for TI–HA (8%), which was satisfactorily explained by the model. For EM–TI there was a positive interaction between both environmental factors which, together with the greater influence of climatic conditions, resulted in much variability in its duration. For TI–HA, a small influence of environmental factors, coupled with a compensatory effect between environmental factors, resulted in a relatively smaller variation in the duration of this phase. The model estimated satisfactorily the dates and the duration of each phase. The root mean square error (RMSE) was 7.4 d which corresponded to 13% and 7% of the observed mean duration of EM–TI and TI–HA, respectively. Our results showed that small changes in photoperiod and temperature, which are very usual in the tropics, have a big effect on the tested yam varieties. We also showed that the model applied in this study can be a useful tool to predict yam development for management purposes as well as for the modeling of yam growth.     

控蘖剂对超级杂交早稻金优458生长发育及产量形成的影响

研究了控蘖剂对超级杂交早稻金优458生长发育及产量形成的影响.结果表明:喷施控蘖剂能减少无效和低效分蘖的发生,增加高峰苗期分蘖构成中高效分蘖(4叶及以上分蘖)所占比重;喷施柠蘖剂处理的穗长、穗粒数、穗着粒密度、二次枝粳数及着生其上的二次颖花数和结实率均显著高于未喷施控蘖刺的对照;同时喷施控蘖刑能增加株高、中后期群体生物量和叶面积指数,提高孕穗期上3叶叶温和群体透光性,增加叶片SPAD值,从而增强光合作用能力,但也表现出稻株节间长度增加,茎秆粗度减小等特点.喷施控蘖剂处理最终表现为茎蘖成穗率、有效穗数、穗粒数、结实率和千粒重协调提高而增加产量.     

The USDA trypsin inhibitor study. III. Sequential development of pancreatic pathology in rats

Weanling male, Wistar rats (40 per diet) were maintained on 15 diets which provided 4 graded trypsin inhibitor (TI) levels (93, 215, 337, and 577 mg/100g diet) repeated at 3 levels of protein (10%, 20%, and 30%). Raw and heated (toasted) soy flour provided 10% protein in the diet, while casein was added to increase the protein level to 20% and 30%. Three diets containing only casein as the protein source, at 10%, 20%, and 30% were included. Histologic changes occurring in the pancreas were evaluated in approximately 5 rats from each diet at 3 month intervals, beginning at 6 months, for 22 months. Criteria for the diagnosis of the observed histologic changes in the pancreas are discussed. Ultrastructure of the endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa was also examined.Pancreatic acinar cell density, as determined morphometrically, was reduced throughout the study in rats fed the 577 mg TI/100 g diet, indicating hypertrophy at the cellular level. Nodular hyperplasia was observed in the first sacrifice group at 6 months. Incidence of the lesion was positively related to both time of exposure and level of dietary TI. Acinar adenoma was first observed at 18 months and was most prevalent in rats fed the highest concentration of TI.Endocrine cells of the duodenal mucosa which contain cholecystokinin (so-called I cells) contained a denser population of secretory granules in animals fed the high TI diet compared with I cells from control animals, leading to the speculation that production and secretion of cytoplasmic hormones was increased in TI treated rats.Reference to a company and/or product named by the Department is only for purposes of information and does not imply approval or recommendation of the product to the exclusion of others which may also be suitable.     

The USDA trypsin inhibitor study. IV. The chronic effects of soy flour and soy protein isolate on the pancreas in rats after two years

In two year feeding trials, histologic changes in the pancreas of the Wistar rat were evaluated after chronic dietary exposure to raw and heated, dehulled, defatted soy flour and soy protein isolates which provided a range of trypsin inhibitor (TI) concentrations from 93 to 1271 mg/100 g diet. Also investigated was the nutritional interaction of level of dietary protein with the development of pancreatic pathology. Graded levels of TI were achieved from mixtures of raw and heated soy flour or protein isolate. Dietary protein levels were 10%, 20%, and 30%; the two higher levels obtained in some diets through casein supplementation. A total of 26 diets, including casein controls, were fed to groups of 40 male rats. Growth rates with these diets were commensurate with protein quality and level. Mortality rates tended to be slightly greater in the higher protein diets, and rats fed only raw soy as a source of protein survived well.Two lesions, nodular hyperplasia (NH) and acinar adenoma (AA) constituted the major pathological findings in the pancreas, and the incidence rates of both were positively associated with the concentration of dietary TI. The incidences of pancreatic NH and AA compared to those of the corresponding casein control were significantly elevated in rats fed heated soy flour supplying 10% protein and the lowest level of TI investigated (93 mg/100 g diet). At low levels of TI (215 mg/100 g diet), supplementation by casein to raise the concentration of protein from 10% to 20% and 30% reduced the frequency of NH and AA. When the dose-response data for NH and AA was linearized by plotting the probit of percent incidence against log of TI concentration per gram of dietary protein, the response to soy flour and soy protein isolate was not significantly different. Numerous lesions commonly found in the aging rat were diagnosed, and modulation of their rate of occurrence by nutritional factors associated with the diets was apparent in some instances.Reference to a company and/or product named by the Department is only for purposes of information and does not imply approval or recommendation of the product to the exclusion of others which may also be suitable.     

茶肥1号种子硬实破除化学方法探讨

为破除茶肥1号种子硬实的外壳,提高其发芽率,采用硝酸钾、氢氧化钠不同浓度不同时间对其种子进行破壁处理,在人工气候箱进行发芽试验。结果表明:硝酸钾0.05 mol/L浸泡6 h和0.15 mol/L浸泡12 h,能显著提高其发芽率,发芽率均可达到80%以上。