禽流感与人流感

流感是由流感病毒引起的传染性疾病，无论是人流感还是动物的流感都具有很强的传染性：人流感可以在不同年龄阶段的人引起发病，每次流感的大流行都给人类带来巨大的灾难；而动物流感中尤其是禽流感的发生可给养殖业带来巨大的经济损失或致命性的打击。由于禽流感病毒被认为是人流感病毒的保存宿主和产生新型流感病毒的来源，     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的研究现状

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒已在世界范围内的禽类中分离确认,并被证实可以传播到人类和低等哺乳类动物。对于它存在的潜在危害已经越来越多地受到关注,相关的研究也相继开展。许多遗传进化的分析为禽或猪流感可以直接感染人提供了证据,通过在人体的适应或与人流感病毒基因重组,可以形成新的病毒株,引起人类流感疫情暴发。文章提示应当密切监控H9N2亚型禽流感病毒,防止人类流感大流行。     

禽流感检测技术研究进展

禽流感作为禽类的烈性传染病,该病的暴发不仅对养禽业带来严重的经济损失,还威胁到世界的公共卫生安全。2013年暴发的H7N9的禽流感疫情及2014年报道人感染H5N6流感死亡案例,使医学工作者高度重视禽流感病毒的检测技术。本文就当前常用的禽流感病毒检测技术及国内外新报道的检测技术展开综述,包括病毒分离鉴定、分子生物学检测技术和免疫学检测技术,为禽流感的监测、防控工作提供一定参考。     

动物流感病毒与人流感流行株起源变异关系的探讨

流行性感冒是由流行性感冒病毒引起的急性上呼吸道传染病。此病具有高度的传染性、传播迅速、易发生流行的特点。而动物流感作为人类研究最早的病毒之一，自1515年至1930年的420年间，流感共发生世界性大流行30多次，平均每14年发生一次，而动物流感中的禽流感自1878年perroncito首次报道意大利鸡群暴发禽流感至今的一百多年历     

人感染H7N9型禽流感疫情综述

禽流感是由禽流感病毒引起的一种禽类传染病,感染人以后会导致人禽流感.人禽流感,是由禽甲型流感病毒某些亚型中的一些毒株引起的急性呼吸道传染病.20世纪以来,人禽流感病毒引发过4次大流行,均发生在人口稠密的地区:1918年暴发的西班牙流感(H1N1),造成近4 000万人死亡;1957年的亚洲流感(H2N2)和1968年的香港流感(H3N2),均造成了近百万人死亡;最近的一次是2009年暴发的猪流感(H1N1),共在208个国家得到确诊,累计1.8万人死亡[1].     

以GIS为基础的禽流感预测预警研究进展

GIS是一种对地理环境等方面数据进行储存、分析、加工和呈现的综合工具。利用GIS可以把流感病例的相关数据与气候、环境和社会等数据进行整合和分析，通过统计学或数学模型，找到影响流感发生和传播的风险因素，对流感的发生趋势进行预测和可视化预警。国内外学者利用GIS在禽流感风险因素分析和预测等方面做了大量研究，包括对人感染H7N9流感、高致病性H5亚型禽流感、野禽流感风险因素和预测的研究，不同基因型病毒分布特征的研究，兽医决策辅助应用研究等。这些研究对指导兽医流行病学研究人员将GIS更好地应用于禽流感防控具有帮助意义。     

禽流感病毒的传播、致病机制及其防治

给全球养殖禽类及产业造成巨大损失的高致病性禽流感病毒，是一种可以导致死亡的疾病。在近三十年当中，这种高致病性禽流感病毒在非洲，中国，欧洲，东南亚等地相当流行，已经形成了一定的流感区域，对当地造成相当大的威胁。虽然目前这种病毒并没有在人际之间发生传播，但是这种病毒若于人流感病毒进行新的重组，就将成为人间传播可致死的流感病毒，这会形成新的流感盛行。人类感染禽流感的主要途径分别是通过直接接触了带有禽流感病毒的禽类或者接触了含有禽流感病毒的排泄物。在经过不断变异后的禽流感很有可能冲破种属屏障，从而将危机到人类和哺乳类动物，从而在宿主和病毒等多种因素的作用下使宿主发病升至死亡。目前研究出其致病机制，并对其进行防治非常关键。     

禽流感研究近况及预防控制

禽流感（AvianInfluenga）是由A型流感的病毒引起的禽类的一种严重疾病。感染后的舍饲禽（包括家禽）可表现亚临床症，轻度呼吸系统疾病，产蛋量降低或急性全身性疾病。本病于1878年首次发现于意大利，目前在世界范围内广泛存在，给养禽业造成了相当大的经济损失。该病起初被称为欧洲鸡瘟或真性鸡瘟（FowlPlague），1955年才证实为A型流感病毒感染。1981年在首届禽流感学术会议上改称高致病性禽流感（highlyPathogenieAvieInfluenga，HPAI），并建议用标准操作程序来确定分离毒株是否属于HPAI。禽流感对火鸡和鸡的危害最严重。1病原…     

禽流感的药物防制

禽流感（ＡｖｉａｎＩｎｆｌｕｅｎｚａ简称ＡＩ）是由Ａ型流感病毒引起的一种禽类和鸟类的感染和疾病的综合征。１８７８年该病在意大利鸡群暴发的一种严重疾病，直至１９５５年美国才分离到Ｈ５Ｎ１流感毒株。近年在美洲、欧洲、非洲、亚洲、澳洲等地时有暴发，已分离到上千株ＡＩＶ毒株，病毒可分为不同的亚型，我国在８０年代从鸭分离到亚型有Ｈ４、Ｈ５、Ｈ６、Ｈ４Ｎ８、Ｈ４Ｎ６，香港在１９７５～１９８０年分离到６２种亚型Ｈ１～１１和Ｎ１～９的组合。禽流感对鸡可直接或间接感染，如鸡、火鸡、鹌鹑、水禽和海鸟等均可感染。水禽…     

禽流感及大流行研究的需要与机遇

2004年的气候条件有利于禽流感流行。首次警报出现在1月，泰国及越南报道A型流感病毒H5N1毒株导致人死亡病例。该毒株因具备大流行可能性而臭名远扬，这是由1997年香港禽流感的暴发和2003年少数人感染病例提示的。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.