Activity of Hydroxamic Acids from Secale cereale Against the Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and Xiphinema americanum

ABSTRACT Cyclic hydroxamic acids are secondary metabolites found in the family Poaceae and have been implicated in the allelopathy of rye (Secale cereale). The toxicity of these compounds against plant-parasitic nematodes is unknown. DIBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one), DIMBOA (2,4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one), and their degradation products BOA (benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one) and MBOA (6-methoxy-benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one) were screened in vitro against Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles (J2) and eggs and mixed-stages of Xiphinema americanum. Xiphinema americanum was more sensitive to DIBOA and DIMBOA than M. incognita J2, with a maximum apparent mortality of 96 and 92% compared to 73 and 72% at 90 mug/ml. Eggs of M. incognita were less sensitive to the hydroxamic acids than J2; only DIBOA resulted in a 50% reduction in egg hatch, with a lethal concentration (LC(50)) of 74 mug/ml compared to 21 mug/ml for J2. When M. incognita J2 were exposed to DIBOA for 48 h and the compound was removed and replaced with water, the LC(50) value increased from 21.0 to 40.7 mug/ml. MBOA was not toxic to X. americanum or M. incognita eggs, but was toxic to M. incognita J2, with LC(50) values of 44 and 20 mug/ml before and after the compound was removed and replaced with water. BOA was the least toxic hydroxamic acid tested; it did not reduce M. incognita egg hatch after 1 week of exposure or increase X. americanum mortality after 24 h of exposure. While in vitro studies provide a valuable starting point in determining the toxicity of the chemical component of rye, the relevance of the data to soil remains to be determined.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌晶体蛋白对北方根结线虫生物测定方法的建立和杀虫效果评价

 A bioassay procedure was developed to assess the toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein against Meloidogyne hapla,a root-knot nematode,under laboratory conditions.Reproducibility and precision of the bioassay results were optimal when forty 2nd stage juveniles were incubated in the dissolved crystal protein solution at 25℃,pH9.0 for 7 days.The juveniles were stained with 1% KMnO₄ for 2 hours or methylene blue solution for 1 hour to distinguish living and dead ones.By the bioassay procedure,the LC₅₀ value of strain YBT-1532 crystal protein against M.hapla was determined as 0.304±0.086 mg/mL(LC₅₀±1.96SE).Moreover,the strain YBT-1532 showed toxicity to Caenorhabditis elegans,a free-living nematode.All results indicated that YBT-1532 is a toxic strain to plant-parasitic nematode,and has the potential to control plant-parasitic nematode.     

4种杀虫剂对甘草胭珠蚧的防治效果

甘草胭珠蚧Porphyrophora sophorae(Arch.)是人工栽培甘草的主要害虫。采用灌根、土壤处理法研究了35%吡虫啉悬浮剂、70%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂、48%毒死蜱乳油和5%毒死蜱颗粒剂4种杀虫剂对甘草胭珠蚧的防治效果。结果表明,8月中旬施药各药剂的防治效果均低于50%,但可有效降低翌年春季田间的虫口密度;6月中旬采用35%吡虫啉悬浮剂和70%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂灌根的防效可达80%以上。建议生产中可在6月中旬或之前采用灌溉后进行35%吡虫啉悬浮剂1 500倍或70%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂7 500倍液300mL/株灌根的措施防治甘草胭珠蚧。     

不同昆虫病原线虫—共生细菌组合的生化特性研究

本文分别以无菌的小卷蛾斯氏线虫的A24品系线虫与其自身携带的共生细菌菌株和与格氏线虫RS92品系的共生细菌菌株,以及以无菌的嗜菌异小杆线虫的H06品系线虫与其自身携带的共生细菌菌株和与大异小杆线虫HNA品系的共生细菌菌株建立单菌组合;测定了各组合感染期线虫的致病力、干重和体内主要生化物质的含量。结果发现,共生细菌除了对感染期线虫的致病力产生显著影响外,对线虫干重、蛋白质、氨基酸、糖原和脂肪酸等生化物质的含量也有很大的影响。     

有机酸类化合物对南方根结线虫的生物活性

采用室内离体测定方法,测试了15种有机酸对南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita) 2龄幼虫致死率和卵孵化抑制率。结果表明,甲酸和丙酸对2龄幼虫和卵的生物活性最高,明显优于其他供试有机酸,但是活性低于对照药剂阿维菌素。对生物活性结果及有机酸化学结构进行比对发现,小分子量化合物对南方根结线虫具有较高生物活性。     

铵类化合物对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫存活的影响

在实验室内寄主体外测定了铵类化合物对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫（Meloidogyne incognita J2）存活的影响。结果表明：供试的8种化合物在不同浓度下对南方根结线虫J2有不同程度的致死作用,并且随着浓度的升高致死效果均显著增加。其中NH4HCO3对J2作用最为敏感,浓度为0.025 mol/L（25 ℃,pH 7.95）时校正死亡率达53.5%,浓度达到0.05 mol/L（25 ℃,pH 8.20）时校正死亡率可达100%,而其他化合物只有在高浓度时致死效果才显现出来。致死浓度由低到高的顺序为：NH4HCO3＜(NH4)2SO4＜NH4CNS＜NH4NO3 ＜NH4H2PO4＜NH4Cl＜(NH4)3PO4•3H2O＜(NH4)2HPO4。同时测定了南方根结线虫J2的酸度适应范围是pH4.1~11.0。     

Nematicidal efficacy of MCW‐2, a new nematicide of the fluoroalkenyl group,against the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica

BACKGROUND: The small number of available nematicides and restrictions on the use of non‐fumigant nematicides owing to high toxicity to human and non‐target organisms hinder effective nematode control. The nematicidal efficacy of MCW‐2, a new nematicide of the fluoroalkenyl group, was evaluated against the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica (Treub.) Chitwood. RESULTS: MCW‐2 showed irreversible nematicidal activity against second‐stage juveniles of M. javanica in vitro, following exposure for 48 h at concentrations as low as 0.5 mg L^?1, in contrast to fenamiphos or cadusafos. When exposed to MCW‐2 for shorter periods, motile juveniles became immobile with time after rinsing in water. MCW‐2 at 8 mg L^?1 inhibited nematode hatching, which, however, recovered after rinsing in water. In pot and plot experiments, 0.5 mg MCW‐2 L^?1 soil and 2 kg MCW‐2 ha^?1, respectively, controlled M. javanica similarly to or better than fenamiphos or cadusafos at the same concentrations or at their recommended doses. In the soil, the nematicidal activity of MCW‐2 was less persistent than that of fenamiphos. CONCLUSION: MCW‐2 has potential to be used as a new non‐fumigant nematicide that probably has a novel mode of action. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

海洋放线菌M1D14代谢产物对几种重要植物寄生线虫的抑制作用

采用梯度稀释法室内测定了海洋放线菌M1D14发酵液代谢产物对南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)2龄幼虫及其卵、松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)、大豆孢囊线虫(Heterodera glycines)2龄幼虫的毒力,同时还测定了经过高温高压灭菌和0.22μm微孔滤膜过滤的M1D14发酵液对南方根结线虫的毒力。结果表明,海洋放线菌M1D14发酵液代谢产物对南方根结线虫卵的孵化无明显的抑制作用,对南方根结线虫幼虫毒力最强,对松材线虫幼虫毒力次之,对大豆孢囊线虫幼虫的毒力最弱。经过高温高压灭菌和微孔滤膜过滤的M1D14发酵液对南方根结线虫仍有毒力。M1D14杀线虫谱广、效果好、使用成本低,在生产上具有很好的应用前景。     

3种药剂对象耳豆根结线虫卵及2龄幼虫的影响

为了筛选对象耳豆根结线虫Meloidogyne enterolobii防治效果好的药剂,本文采用浸虫法分别测试了 3％阿维菌素微乳剂、41.70％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂及20％噻唑膦水乳剂不同浓度、不同处理时间对象耳豆根结线虫2龄幼虫的致死作用,以及对卵孵化和卵胚胎发育的影响.结果表明,3％阿维菌素微乳剂对2龄幼虫致死作用最...     

Methods of assessing the efficacy of non-volatile nematicides

In-vivo tests of non-volatile nematicides using a fungal-feeding nematode Aphelenchus avenae were shown to be more reliable than in-vitro tests. Phoxim and carbofuran were as effective as thionazin against the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci in preventing eggs being laid, but they did not prevent nematodes from migrating from treated plants. Aldicarb and phoxim delayed the emergence of second-stage juveniles from cysts of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis; phoxim at 8 mg kg^?1 of soil gave the same results as aldicarb at 2 mg kg^?1 of soil and both chemicals altered the sex ratio in the final population. A simple pot-test with G. rostochiensis in foul soil types was used to demonstrate the comparative effectiveness of non-volatile nematicides.     

土壤药剂处理结合阳光消毒防治番茄根结线虫技术评价

为了筛选安全、高效、实用的化学防治技术,对国内外生产的5种杀线虫剂(棉隆、1,3 二氯丙烯·氯化苦、威百亩、噻唑磷、溴甲烷)土壤处理结合阳光消毒防治番茄根结线虫的效果进行了评价。结果表明,使用98%棉隆微粒剂450 kg/hm2或10%噻唑磷颗粒剂30 kg/hm2防治番茄根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita),结合夏季高温进行阳光消毒,能有效地降低番茄根结线虫的数量,减轻根结线虫的危害程度,节省农户的生产成本,提高番茄的产量和农户的经济效益,是夏季防治番茄根结线虫的有效措施。     

无机化合物对南方根结线虫作用方式的研究

利用体外生物测定方法检测碳酸氢铵、硫酸铜和氯化铁在供试浓度下对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫（Meloidogyne incognita J2）存活的影响,以及药剂对其运动行为、个体发育、呼吸及体液外渗等的影响。结果表明,3种化合物在LC90浓度下使南方根结线虫2龄幼虫50% 致死时间不超过10.14 h,90%致死时间不超过22.66 h,离体条件下均对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫存活有强烈的抑制作用,显著降低了其运动行为,使其体长缩短、透明尾变长。并且,药剂处理均降低了线虫的呼吸作用,线虫悬浮液的电导率明显高于对照。     

Factors affecting the efficacy of non-fumigant nematicides for controlling root-knot nematodes

Second-stage juveniles (J2) and egg masses of root-knot nematodes as well as root debris heavily infected by the latter were exposed for different periods of time to six different doses of the nematicides cadusafos and fenamiphos. The efficacy of the nematicides increased significantly with increasing exposure time. Both nematicides were more effective against J2, although they could not provide acceptable control of J2 inside egg masses or heavily galled root debris. The effect of different application strategies on the efficacy and persistence of certain nematicides was also assessed in a field study. Cadusafos, fenamiphos, fosthiazate and oxamyl were applied in field micro-plots either as a single full dose at the time of crop establishment or as multiple reduced-rate applications at 14-day intervals throughout the cropping period, and their efficacy and persistence were determined using bioassays and analytical studies. Fosthiazate was the most efficient nematicide studied, and this was mainly attributed to its long soil persistence. Oxamyl also provided adequate nematode control for the first 48-56 days after its application, regardless of the application method used and its relatively rapid field dissipation. Fenamiphos and cadusafos failed to provide adequate nematode control, although cadusafos was the most persistent of the nematicides tested. The failure of fenamiphos to provide adequate nematode control was mainly attributed to its rapid degradation by soil micro-organisms, which were stimulated after its repeated low-rate application at 14-day intervals. In contrast cadusafos failure was attributed to the inability of the nematicide to reduce nematode populations even at relatively high concentrations in soil.     

南方根结线虫二龄幼虫对不同类型盐离子的趋化反应

为了明确南方根结线虫对不同类型盐离子的趋化性,在琼脂糖平板培养基上测试了南方根结线虫2龄幼虫对37种无机盐和11种有机盐的趋化反应。结果表明,Cl-和SCN-盐对南方根结线虫均有排斥作用;对南方根结线虫有排斥作用的NO-3盐为Ba(NO3)2、NH4NO3、Mn(NO3)2;H2PO-4或HPO2-4盐为KH2PO4、K2HPO4;CO2-3或HCO-3盐为 Na2CO3、K2CO3、(NH4)2CO3 和KHCO3;OH-盐为KOH和 NaOH;有机酸为C2H4O2、C3H6O3和C4H6O6。含有相同阳离子的不同盐对南方根结线虫的吸引或排斥作用不受影响。阴离子对南方根结线虫的排斥作用大小为SCN->NO-3>Cl->OH->CO2-3> H2PO-4>有机酸>SO2-4。只有KCl、Ba(NO3)2、NH4NO3、Mn(NO3)2、(NH4)2CO3、C2H4O2和 C4H6O6对线虫的趋化性随浓度的增加而增加,而其他被测试的41种盐浓度对线虫的趋化性没有显著影响。     

Pathozone dynamics of Meloidogyne incognita in the rhizosphere of tomato plants in the presence and absence of the nematophagous fungus, Pochonia chlamydosporia

Pathozone dynamics were derived for approx. 50 Meloidogyne incognita juveniles infecting a single root of tomato under controlled conditions from a point source of inoculum and described using simple, non-linear models. The pathozone decayed sigmoidally with distance, but increased over time as progressively more nematodes were able to infect the root. Despite the reported ability of M. incognita juveniles to travel up to 50 cm in some conditions, the maximum width of the pathozone for a single tomato root was estimated as 18·1 mm. It is conjectured that this was because of (i) diffusion from a point source of inoculum, (ii) a small infection court (a single root tip) and (iii) the limited life span of the nematode. A second experiment was used to assess the effect of the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia on the pathozone dynamics of the nematode. This fungus is known to produce nematicidal products in vitro , which may affect invasion of roots by the free-living nematode. To examine the possibility of a change in the position of the site of infection, changes in the probability of gall formation along the root length were also examined. In the absence of P. chlamydosporia , the pathozone dynamics of M. incognita were very similar to those of the first experiment. It was shown that P. chlamydosporia did not significantly affect the pathozone dynamics of M. incognita nor the site of gall formation, which appear to have little importance for the role of the fungus as a biological control agent.     

昆虫病原线虫与Bt联用对黏虫的防治效果

为明确昆虫病原线虫与Bt联用后对黏虫致病力的协同增效作用, 本研究分别测定了自主分离获得的一种新嗜菌异小杆属线虫Heterorhabditis sp.(LF)和实验室保存的Heterorhabditis bacteriophora(Hb)线虫对黏虫的致病力; 比较了两种Bt菌株(HD1和G03)对黏虫的毒力差异, 开展了G03对黏虫的毒力测定试验; 明确了室内和田间试验条件下两种线虫(LF和Hb)与G03联用对黏虫的交互作用。结果表明, 黏虫的死亡率随两种线虫剂量的增加而增加, 在100 IJs/mL剂量下黏虫死亡率均达到了90%以上; Bt菌株G03对黏虫的毒力显著高于HD1, G03对黏虫的LC50为3.55×10 10 cfu/mL; 室内条件下LF 25 IJs/mL+G03(LC50)联用处理6 d对黏虫的防治具有显著的协同增效作用, 较单独LF线虫和G03处理死亡率分别提高了50.72和50.0百分点, Hb 25 IJs/mL+G03(LC50)联用处理6 d对黏虫的防治也具有显著的协同增效作用, 较单独Hb线虫和G03处理死亡率分别提高了76.67和50.0百分点; 田间小区试验表明线虫与Bt联用对黏虫的防治具有协同的加成或增效作用, 其中LF线虫与G03联用具有显著的增效作用, 较单独LF线虫和Bt处理死亡率分别提高了47.96和46.80百分点。本研究为黏虫的防治提供了新的技术措施, 拓宽了黏虫生防研究的思路。     

4,5,5-三氟-N-(杂芳基甲基)戊-4-烯酰胺的合成及杀线虫活性

植物寄生线虫可能对全球农作物造成严重的危害.本研究设计合成了15个未见文献报道的4,5,5-三氟戊-4-烯酰胺衍生物,并测定了它们的离体活性和在沙土中的活体杀线虫活性,且进一步研究了沙土活体活性较好的化合物在基质中的活体杀线虫活性.离体测试结果表明:部分目标化合物表现出较好的杀线虫活性,其中含呋喃环的化合物B8对南方根...     

产生几丁质酶的交枝顶孢(Acremonium implicatum)对南方根结线虫生防潜力

 由于化学杀线剂给环境带来了污染问题,寄生线虫的生防真菌成为研究热点。为进一步鉴定和筛选高效食线虫真菌,从山东日照五莲烟草北方根结线虫卵中分离到1株较高应用潜力菌株WLE1。根据形态学和rDNA-ITS序列分析方法鉴定该菌为交枝顶孢Acremonium implicatum。该菌是1株能够产生几丁质酶的食线虫真菌,在第4天几丁质酶活性到达高峰,为18.49 μmol·h^-1·mL^-1 ,直到第16天依然维持较高活性;活性电泳测定其几丁质酶分子量分别为98.0、82.9、70.2和35.9 kDa;交枝顶孢几丁质粗酶液处理南方根结线虫卵,第7天卵的孵化抑制率为80.17%。该菌能够寄生南方根结线虫卵、2龄幼虫和雌虫。第6天卵和2龄幼虫的寄生率分别为82.11%和73.97%。说明具有高效产生几丁质酶特性且能寄生南方根结线虫不同生活史阶段的交枝顶孢WLE1对南方根结线虫具有巨大生防潜力。     

Chemical alternatives to methyl bromide for the control of root-knot nematodes in greenhouses

The complete phase-out of methyl bromide from use in developed countries by 1 January 2005 will cause many problems in agricultural industries that are now heavily reliant on its use. Three field experiments were established to compare management tactics on tomato and cucumber in commercial greenhouses naturally infested with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp). Reduction of nematode juveniles in soil and roots to nil detection levels was observed in all plots following soil fumigation with methyl bromide. A significant reduction of nematode juveniles and root-galling index was observed in plots treated with metham-sodium, dazomet and 1,3-dichloropropene compared with the control and plots treated with non-fumigant nematicides. Reduction of the nematode population led to an increase in fruit yield. However, data collected from the second cultivation season indicated that single control methods such as fumigant or contact nematicides alone cannot drastically decrease initial nematode population and those nematodes which escape control lead to population increase by the end of the cropping season.     

Effect of plant elicitors on the reproduction of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne chitwoodi on susceptible hosts

Sustainable strategies for plant-parasitic nematode control are required to reduce dependence on chemical nematicides. Foliar application of various compounds can induce a systemic defence response that reduces nematode infestation. The effects of benzothiadiazole (BTH), β-aminobutyric acid (BABA), jasmonates (cis-jasmone and methyl jasmonate) and salicylic acid (SA) in the development and reproduction of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne chitwoodi in tomato plants were assessed. The effects of BTH and of the jasmonates were further tested on potato plants. Pot assays were conducted using tomato plants cv. Tiny Tim or potato cv. Désirée treated with foliar sprays and inoculated with 300 second stage juveniles. Nematode development and reproduction were assessed 21 and 45 days after inoculation. Treatment with SA had a negative effect on nematode development in tomato plants but did not affect reproduction and methyl jasmonate treatment was the most effective in reducing nematode penetration (58 %). Nematode development was significantly affected in potato plants sprayed with cis-jasmone. Nematode penetration was reduced by 90, 67 and 81 % in plants treated with BTH, cis-jasmone and methyl jasmonate respectively, although the reproduction factor (Rf) was only significantly lower in the BTH treatment (Rf?=?7.6) when compared to the control (Rf?=?18.1). Our results suggest that both the SA and JA pathways play an important role in plant defence mechanisms against root-knot nematode development and reproduction for both plants, and should be considered in the design of integrated pest management approaches.