小型猪复合麻醉剂对小型猪血流动力学及血浆中肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的影响

为了探讨小型猪复合麻醉剂对小型猪血流动力学的影响及其作用机制,选用14头中国实验用小型猪肌肉注射小型猪复合麻醉剂(0.15 mL·kg-1),并在注药前及注射药后5、10、30、45、60、80、100、120 min进行无创血压、心率(HR)的监测;并同步采取前腔静脉血样,采用放免法检测肾素(PRA)、血管紧张素(AⅡ)和醛固酮(ALD)活性/含量.试验结果表明:无创血压、HR主要是在注药后5～10 min及80 min时出现明显的改变(P<0.01或P<0.05).PRA、AⅡ和ALD与收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)及HR的变化趋势大致相似,且它们之间存在着一定的相关性,其中以SBP、DBP、MAP表现得明显.由此可以得出:PRA、A Ⅱ和ALD参与了小型猪复合麻醉剂引起的小型猪血流动力学变化过程,肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的变化可能是该复合制剂引起血流动力学变化的主要原因之一.     

中药添加剂对猪血清一氧化氮和内皮素-1含量的影响

研究了藿香、苍术提取物复合制剂Ⅰ和Ⅱ对高温血管活性因子NO、ET-1含量的影响.选用中国试验用小型猪32头,分为对照组和应激组.各组分别在热应激的第1、3、6、10天前腔静脉采血,测定血清中一氧化氮和内皮素-1含量的变化.结果显示:应激组一氧化氮含量呈逐渐逐渐下降趋势,在第10天显著低于对照组(P<0.05);内皮素-1含量第10天显著高于对照组(P<0.05).提取物Ⅰ组可显著降低ET-1含量(P<0.05),但对NO含量无显著影响(P>0.05),提取物Ⅱ组可显著提高NO含量(P<0.05),但对ET-1含量无显著影响(P>0.05).说明热应激条件下,一氧化氮和内皮素-1释放失衡,血管舒张作用减弱,收缩加强,不利于机体散热.提取物复合制剂Ⅰ对ET-1具有调控作用,提取物复合制剂Ⅱ对NO具有调控作用,添加中草药复合提取制剂对热应激造成的生理损伤有缓解作用.     

中药添加剂对猪血清一氧化氮和内皮素-1含量的影响

研究了藿香、苍术提取物复合制剂Ⅰ和Ⅱ对高温血管活性因子NO、ET-1含量的影响。选用中国试验用小型猪32头,分为对照组和应激组。各组分别在热应激的第1、3、6、10天前腔静脉采血,测定血清中一氧化氮和内皮素-1含量的变化。结果显示:应激组一氧化氮含量呈逐渐逐渐下降趋势,在第10天显著低于对照组(P<0.05);内皮素-1含量第10天显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。提取物Ⅰ组可显著降低ET-1含量(P<0.05),但对NO含量无显著影响(P>0.05),提取物Ⅱ组可显著提高NO含量(P<0.05),但对ET-1含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。说明热应激条件下,一氧化氮和内皮素-1释放失衡,血管舒张作用减弱,收缩加强,不利于机体散热。提取物复合制剂Ⅰ对ET-1具有调控作用,提取物复合制剂Ⅱ对NO具有调控作用,添加中草药复合提取制剂对热应激造成的生理损伤有缓解作用。     

小型猪复合麻醉剂对大鼠不同脑区LKB1基因mRNA转录和p-LKB1蛋白表达的影响

旨在研究小型猪复合麻醉剂(XFM)对大鼠不同脑区LKB1基因mRNA转录和p-LKB1蛋白表达的影响。将30只SD大鼠随机分成XFM组(M组)和生理盐水对照组(C组),M组又按照时间点的不同分为4个亚组。各组大鼠到达试验设计时间点后分别采取脑组织并分离各脑区,采用PCR和Western blot技术,分别检测各试验组中大鼠不同脑区LKB1基因mRNA的相对表达量和p-LKB1蛋白表达量。结果显示:在试验的麻醉早期阶段(即M1和M2),各脑区LKB1基因mRNA转录与对照组相比均未出现显著变化(P0.05);大脑皮层、海马及小脑p-LKB1蛋白表达与对照组比较并无显著变化(P0.05),而丘脑与脑干p-LKB1蛋白表达与对照组比较则明显升高,且丘脑差异显著(P0.05),脑干差异极显著(P0.01)。而在麻醉后期阶段(即M3和M4)各脑区LKB1基因mRNA转录表达明显上升,尤以M4突出,差异极显著(P0.01),其中丘脑和脑干变化最为明显;大脑皮层、海马及小脑p-LKB1蛋白表达与对照组比较均无明显变化(P0.05),但丘脑和脑干p-LKB1蛋白表达呈现显著升高(P0.05)。研究表明,XFM麻醉作用可能影响大鼠中枢神经系统中LKB1基因mRNA的转录和p-LKB1蛋白的表达。     

噻环乙胺及小型猪复合麻醉剂(XFM)对大鼠不同脑区β-内啡肽含量的影响

对噻环乙胺及XFM麻醉下,大鼠不同脑区β-EP含量的变化进行研究,以探讨噻环乙胺及XFM中枢麻醉作用可能的机理.选择Wista大鼠84只,先随机抽取12只为对照组.其余随机均分为噻环乙胺组和XFM组,每组又随机均分为麻醉组、恢复Ⅰ组和恢复Ⅱ组3个亚组.用ELISA测定各脑区内β-EP的含量.结果,ip噻环乙胺2mL/kg后,麻醉组大脑皮层、海马、丘脑和脑干内β-EP含量显著增加(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);恢复Ⅰ组和恢复Ⅱ组上述各脑区内β-EP含量显著恢复(P＞0.05);麻醉全过程中小脑内β-EP含量无显著变化.ip XFM 2mL/kg后,麻醉组大脑皮层、海马和丘脑内β-EP含量显著增加(P＜O.01);恢复Ⅰ组和恢复Ⅱ组上述各脑区内β-EP含量显著恢复(P＞0.05);麻醉全过程中小脑和脑干内β-EP含量无显著变化.结果表明,噻环乙胺和XFM对不同脑区β-EP的影响可能是其产生全麻作用的重要机理之一.噻环乙胺麻醉中枢作用可能与增加大脑皮层、海马、丘脑及脑干内β-EP含量有关;而XFM则可能与增加大脑皮层、海马和丘脑内β-EP含量有关.     

小型猪特异性麻醉颉颃剂对XFM麻醉大鼠不同脑区去甲肾上腺素和5-羟色胺的影响

为探讨去甲肾上腺素和5-羟色胺在小型猪特异性麻醉颉颃剂催醒过程中的作用,40只Wistar大鼠随机均分为单纯麻醉组和麻醉-催醒组。这两组又随机均分为恢复翻正反射即刻和恢复直线爬行即刻2个小组。采用高效液相色谱法检测麻醉大鼠不同脑区去甲肾上腺素和5-羟色胺含量变化。结果显示,注射颉颃剂后,麻醉大鼠各脑区内去甲肾上腺素呈现升高趋势,5-羟色胺呈现降低的趋势,与大鼠苏醒过程行为学变化基本吻合。研究表明小型猪特异性麻醉颉颃剂催醒作用可能与大脑皮层、丘脑内去甲肾上腺素和5-羟色胺的变化有关,这可能是XFM麻醉与催醒的靶位之一。     

艾灸足三里、肾俞穴对骨性关节炎模型大鼠PGE2、NO 及 IL-1β的影响

观察艾灸足三里、肾俞穴对骨性关节炎（OA）模型大鼠关节液中前列腺素E2（PGE2）、一氧化氮（NO）及血清中白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）水平的影响，进一步研究艾灸足三里、肾俞穴干预 OA 炎症发生发展的作用机制。将24只 SPF 级健康雌性 SD 大鼠随机分为 Sham 组、对照组和艾灸组。通过切除双侧卵巢并切断右侧膝交叉及内侧副韧带建立 OA 动物模型，术后第4周，艾灸组给予艾灸足三里和肾俞穴治疗，Sham组及模型灌服2 ml 的生理盐水，分别于术后第4、8周采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）法测定关节液中 PGE2、NO 及血清中 IL-1β的水平，对比各组数据。术后第 8周，艾灸组关节液中的 PGE2、NO 较 Sham 组明显升高（P ＜0．01），较对照组明显减少（P ＜0．05），较 Sham 组明显升高（P ＜0．01），艾灸组血清中 IL-1β的水平较对照组明显减弱（P ＜0．01）；艾灸组关节液中的 PGE2较术后第4周明显减少（P ＜0．05），其关节液中的 NO 及血清中 IL-1β较术后第4周明显减少（P ＜0．01）。艾灸足三里、肾俞穴能明显抑制 OA 大鼠关节液中 PGE2、NO 及血清中的 IL-1β水平，减缓 OA 炎症的发生发展，可作为 OA 的有效治疗方法。     

YFM复方麻醉剂对野猪血流动力学及内皮源性血管活性因子的影响

以0.1mL/kg.b.w.YFM复方麻醉剂对野猪进行颈部肌肉注射,观察麻醉效果,并利用PHILIPS MP30监护仪和DATEX循环监护仪动态监测麻醉前后血流动力学变化,同步采取血样,应用放免法和比色法测定同时相血液相关细胞因子、神经递质的变化。结果显示,野猪麻醉期间血浆ET水平下降,6-keto-PGF1α水平升高,血浆ET、6-keto-PGF1α的变化与血流动力学各项指标的变化呈现出显著或极显著相关性;血清NO和血浆TXB2水平基本无变化。结果表明,ET、PGI2两大内皮源性血管活性因子参与了野猪YFM合剂麻醉所致的血流动力学变化的调节。     

饲粮添加α-酮戊二酸对生长猪氮及钙、磷代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究低蛋白质饲粮添加α-酮戊二酸(α-ketoglutarate,AKG)对生长猪氮以及钙、磷代谢的影响。试验选用初始体重为(34.98±2.18)kg的健康三元杂交(杜×长×大)猪18头,按体重相近、性别比例相同原则随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头。各组AKG的添加水平分别为0(对照组)、1%和2%。先进行为期14 d的饲养试验,观察生长性能;然后进行消化代谢试验,试验期为7 d,前5 d为预试期,后2 d为粪尿收集期(全收粪法)。结果表明:1)1%AKG添加组有改善35~45 kg生长猪生长性能的趋势,具体表现为提高平均日增重(P=0.194 2)和平均日采食量(P=0.258 3),降低料重比(P=0.419 7)。2)随着AKG添加水平提高,尿氮含量有下降趋势(P=0.143 2),粪氮、总氮含量及总氮排放率极显著降低(P0.01),氮表观消化率和蛋白质净利用率极显著提高(P0.01)。与对照组相比,1%与2%AKG添加组尿氮含量分别降低了13.31%和41.88%,粪氮含量分别降低了18.73%和54.69%,总氮排放率分别降低了20.57%和50.00%,氮表观消化率分别提高了2.60%和6.32%,蛋白质净利用率分别提高了2.68%和6.51%。3)2%AKG添加组钙食入量、粪钙和粪磷含量显著低于对照组(P0.05),而钙表观消化率和磷表观消化率却显著高于对照组(P0.05);尿钙和尿磷含量有低于其他各组的趋势,但各组间差异不显著(P0.05)。由此可见,在35~45 kg的生长猪饲粮中添加1%~2%AKG可有效降低机体氮、钙、磷排放,提高氮及钙、磷的利用率和日增重。     

SH2B1基因及miR-276-3p对猪背部脂肪沉积的影响

本试验旨在研究SH2B衔接因子蛋白1（SH2B adaptor protein 1,SH2B1）基因在猪不同组织和生长发育各阶段背部脂肪中的表达情况,预测调控该基因的miR-276-3p对猪背部脂肪表达的影响。应用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测SH2B1基因在猪脂肪、下丘脑等6种组织,以及在30、60、90、120和180 d猪背部脂肪组织中的相对表达量。靶标预测SH2B1基因的调控miRNA,并通过实时荧光定量PCR检测miR-276-3p对该基因的调控作用。结果显示,SH2B1基因在猪的6种组织中均有表达,且在脂肪组织中表达量最高,在肌肉组织中表达量最低。在猪生长发育各阶段背部脂肪中SH2B1基因均有表达,在前期（30和60 d）表达量较低,在中、后期（90、120和180 d）持续高表达,且显著高于前期表达量（P<0.05）。高、低背膘厚组背部脂肪中miR-276-3p与SH2B1基因均呈差异表达,且两者表达呈相反趋势,miR-276-3p在高背膘厚组中的表达量显著低于低背膘厚组（P<0.05）,而SH2B1基因在高背膘厚组中的表达量却显著高于低背膘厚组（P<0.05）。miR-276-3p可通过靶向负调控SH2B1基因,影响猪背部脂肪的沉积。本试验结果为进一步深入研究猪背部脂肪沉积和背膘厚差异的分子机制提供参考。     

复合麻醉剂对小型猪血流动力学及一氧化氮和内皮素的影响

小型猪复合麻醉剂(XFM)由噻环乙胺、噻拉嗪、强痛灵等药物组成.该合剂的研制主要是为了满足医学、兽医学、生物工程及畜牧学等领域以小型猪为实验动物,开展相关科研工作及临床外科诊疗在麻醉保障方面的迫切需要[1].     

复合麻醉剂(XFM)对小型猪效果观察

近年来小型猪越来越多地被应用于医学动物模型、转基因动物、克隆、核移植、异种器官移植、胚胎移植和胚胎着床等尖端医学科研的过程中,而合理的麻醉已经成为这些科研项目必须解决的难题[1-2].     

小型猪特异性麻醉颉颃剂对小型猪肝肾功能的影响

为研究小型猪特异性麻醉颉颃剂对小型猪肝肾功能的影响,以复合麻醉剂(XFM)麻醉的中国试验用小型猪为试验模型,采用小型猪特异性麻醉颉颃剂进行催醒,检测催醒过程中血清谷草转氨酶(GOT)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(CREA)的变化。结果发现:不同时间点小型猪血清中各项指标与麻醉前相比,差异不显著(P>0.05),均在生理范围内波动。表明临床剂量的XFM特异性麻醉颉颃剂对小型猪肝肾功能无明显影响。     

小型猪特异性麻醉颉颃剂对小型猪血清一氧化氮一氧化氮合酶丙二醛超氧化物歧化酶的影响

本试验旨在观察小型猪特异性麻醉颉颃剂对小型猪的氧化损伤程度,及对小型猪特异性麻醉剂(XFM)的特异性颉颃效果。选用中国试验用小型猪14头,体重50kg左右,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组7头,均使用XFM肌肉注射进行麻醉,试验组使用小型猪特异性麻醉颉颃剂进行催醒,对照组则注射等量生理盐水,观察催醒效果,并检测血清中一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)浓度。结果表明,小型猪特异性麻醉颉颃剂后缩短了各项生理反射(夹耳反射、眼睑反射、痛觉等)的恢复时间(P0.05);血清MDA及SOD呈现无规则变化,且变化趋势不明显(P0.05),血清NOS及NO在注射XFM 30min后极明显降低(P0.01),然后逐渐回升,60min后恢复正常,差异不显著(P0.05)。表明小型猪特异性麻醉颉颃剂能够很好的拮抗XFM麻醉效果,产生较快的苏醒效果,在催醒过程中对小型猪没有产生明显的过氧化损伤,临床安全性较好。     

小型猪特异性麻醉复合颉颃剂对小型猪脑电影响的试验

为研究小型猪特异性麻醉复合颉颃剂对小型猪脑电图的影响,本试验采用14头中国实验用小型猪,用XFM制作麻醉模型,小型猪特异性麻醉复合颉颃剂不同时间点分组给药,通过脑电图仪监测脑电波变化.结果表明,脑电波节律、频率和振幅呈现了相应的规律性变化,并在麻醉时间上实现了可控性,说明小型猪特异性麻醉复合颉颃剂对XFM表现出了良好的颉颃效果.     

Human-directed aggression in miniature pet pigs

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether associations exist between human-directed aggression and sex, neutering status, age of weaning, the presence of other pet pigs, or the presence of environmental enrichment objects in miniature pet pigs. DESIGN: Internet survey. STUDY POPULATION: Responses from 222 owners of miniature pet pigs. PROCEDURES: Pet pig owners were requested to complete a 48-item multiple-choice and short-answer Internet survey for each pig that they presently owned. RESULTS: Among 222 surveys that met enrollment criteria, human-directed aggression that occurred on at least 1 occasion was reported in 64% (n = 142) and aggression that occurred once or more per month was reported in 31% (69). No significant differences were found in the prevalence of human-directed aggression among castrated males, sexually intact females, and spayed females. Ages of weaning and neutering and the presence of objects intended to serve as environmental enrichment were not associated with frequency of aggression. A significant inverse association was detected between presence of other pigs in the same household and human-directed aggression, such that 21% (20/95) of pigs that lived with at least 1 conspecific were aggressive on a frequent basis, compared with 39% (49/126) of pigs that lived with no conspecific. A similar inverse association was evident regarding aggression that occurred on at least 1 occasion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that human-directed aggression is a common problem in miniature pet pigs. The presence of a conspecific can be expected to reduce the likelihood of human-directed aggression.     

Behavior of miniature pet pigs.

Pigs are clean, intelligent, and entertaining animals. Because they are domesticated animals, they are not even as unusual a pet as a hedgehog or snake. The animal lover that buys a pig on impulse, however, is likely to have a disappointing experience. Those who acquire a pet pig with the most common preconceived but inaccurate notions are even more likely to be quickly disenchanted with their "exotic pet." Many pet owners will complain of the size that their pig attains; but if the pig were more manageable and better behaved, its ultimate size would probably be of less concern. Given the proper environment, diet and veterinary care, the miniature pig can be a terrific pet.     

Electroejaculation and artificial insemination in Vietnamese potbellied miniature pigs

A 15-month-old Vietnamese miniature boar was examined because of suspected infertility. A breeding soundness examination was conducted, using electroejaculation under anesthesia for semen collection. Semen values were normal despite a subpubic location of the testes. Artificial insemination of a gilt with extended semen resulted in the birth of a litter 111 days later. Vietnamese potbellied boars have small and sometimes nearly undetectable scrotal pouches, which may cause the producer to question the fertility of the boars.     

Interferon induction in swine lymphocyte antigen-defined miniature pigs

Interferon was induced in two groups of swine lymphocyte antigen (SLA)-defined miniature pigs with polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid complexed with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose. The group 1 pigs were low antibody-response phenotypes (SLA^a/a, SLA^a/c, SLA^c/c), and the group 2 pigs were high antibody-response phenotypes (SLA^d/d, SLA^d/g, SLA^g/g). Six hours after induction the antiviral titres were not influenced by the SLA group, but higher titres were observed in females. Higher antiviral titres were found in group 2 pigs before treatment and 24 hours after treatment, and higher titres were found in female pigs. The antiviral titres before and after treatment were also influenced by the sire. Group 2 pigs had lower total leucocyte counts before treatment, and there was a significant reduction in leucocyte numbers in both groups six hours after induction, due mainly to a large reduction in lymphocyte counts.     

Age-related changes of bone mineral density and microarchitecture in miniature pigs

Bone mineral density (BMD), distribution of its density and bone histomorphometric parameters were evaluated in lumbar vertebra of normally growing miniature pigs. The fourth lumbar vertebra (L4) of the G?ttingen miniature pig were used in this cross-sectional study in vitro. The BMD of the miniature pig was similar to that of humans in tendency of gender differences and some growth patterns during puberty. In these regards this animal appears useful as a model for human bone study. However, the trabecular and cortical BMDs of lumbar spine were extremely high value (399.43 +/- 26.36 mg/cm(3) in female trabeculae; 973.06 +/- 69.55 mg/cm(3) in female cortical bone; 419.04 +/- 34.84 mg/cm(3) in male trabeculae; 1038.81 +/- 125.72 mg/cm(3) in male cortical bone in pigs 30 months or more). Furthermore, histomorphometric analysis yielded values that were remarkably different from those found in humans. From these results, it was revealed that miniature pig had a higher bone mass and denser trabecular network than human, indicating that its bone is probably stronger. Therefore, care should be taken in choosing the miniature pig as a bone study model.