我国草坪害虫研究现状与展望

概述了我国草坪害虫种类调查情况.根据日前国内草坪害虫基础研究和防治研究领域的理论和实践,从生物学特性、生态学特性、预测预报、防治技术等方面综述了研究概况,提出了当前研究和实践中存在的问题,并展望了今后进一步加强草坪害虫研究的思路.     

紫茎泽兰化感作用的研究进展

为能更有效地防治和利用紫茎泽兰.国内进行了广泛、深入的研究.其中对紫茎泽兰化感作用的研究较多,针对紫茎泽兰的化学成分及其提取物对植物、动物和菌类化感作用的研究进展,笔者进行了论述,并探讨了研究中存在的问题.     

手性农药的环境行为研究进展

本文对手性农药在环境中的行为研究进行了综述.从手性农药环境行为研究意义、手性农药环境行为研究方法、手性农药环境行为研究现状(有机氯、拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂、苯氧羧酸类除草剂、酰苯胺类杀菌剂、手性分子作为环境示踪物)和手性农药代谢研究发展趋势等方面进行了论述.在宏观研究环境危害的同时,建议开展微观的手性农药代谢研究.以确定其对人类及其他动植物及微生物的毒力和毒理,更好地指导手性农药的应用.     

植物抗旱生理研究与发展半旱地农业

论述了植物抗旱性与节水生理研究趋向,介绍了发展半旱地农业的背景、意义与目标.根据近期植物水分关系方面的研究与实践结果,讨论了半旱地农业的生理生态基础及发展前景.     

线粒体DNA序列在等翅目昆虫分子系统学上的应用

综述了国内外学者利用各种线粒体DNA序列来研究等翅目昆虫系统发育的研究概况.总结发现,CO Ⅰ、CO Ⅱ、12S rDNA、16S rDNA、Cyt b和ND1等线粒体区段被用于等翅目系统发育的研究,其中以COⅡ和16S rDNA的应用最广泛.而且多数是不同分子标记间的联合分析,解决了一些形态分类不能解决的问题.进一步的研究应与传统形态学研究结果相结合,可望全面分析等翅目昆虫的系统发育关系.     

基于四个独立样本的中国版环境关心量表(CNEP)的检验

统一且有效的环境关心量表对于促进环境关心研究领域的对比研究、知识积累以及环境政策的制定均具有重要意义.基于四个独立样本,通过验证性因子分析检验了CNEP量表的维度及其测量的有效性.结果 表明:CNEP量表针对文中的四类特定人群均不适用,因而不具有普适性.研究为检验适用于中国的统一且有效的环境关心量表提供了实证依据.未来...     

国际植物保护研究的发展现状与感思——第15届国际植物保护大会学术交流回顾

对2004年5月11～16日在北京召开的第15届国际植保大会的学术交流进行了回顾,总结出目前国际植物保护研究的热点领域,及大会取得的几点共识.对照国际的研究现状,提出了国内研究的优势领域及尚未能充分展开或需要加强研究的领域.     

作物生产潜力模型研究进展

系统介绍了作物生产潜力的研究方法,评述了该领域在国内外的发展历史及研究现状,探讨了作物生产潜力经验模型和物理模型的优缺点及在应用中存在的问题.在此基础上提出今后作物生产潜力研究的发展方向,认为作物生产潜力研究将从单纯考虑自然因素转向自然因素与社会经济技术因素相结合;机理模型的完善还需要大量相关数据库的组建及相关技术的支持.随着研究工作的不断深入,作物生产潜力研究将在农业生产中发挥更大作用.     

研究称转基因B.t.玉米对瓢虫无害

ART研究所（位于瑞士苏黎世）的一项研究表明,转基因B.t.玉米对瓢虫不会造成危害。这项研究结果反驳了2008年的一项备受批评的研究结果,当时德国政府就是依据这项研究结果,禁止转基因玉米在国内的种植。ART的科学家做此项研究时,     

基因组学与植物病害控制

基因组学研究开创了一个新的生物学世纪.遗传模式植物的利用、农业重要生物基因组序列的测定以及基因组学和生物信息学的结合使用,促进了农业基因学及相关学科研究的快速发展.回顾对基因组学在植物病害控制研究上的应用,并对其所取得的一些进展进行综述.基因组学研究将在深入了解植物--病原菌的互作、发现新的植物抗病基因和病毒寄主因子、提高植物对有害生物的抗性和最终控制植物病害发挥巨大的作用.     

Synergistic effect of Beauveria bassiana and spirodiclofen on the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae)

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important pests in agriculture. Due to its short life cycle and high reproductive rate, this pest has become resistant to most acaricides. Therefore, finding alternative control strategies for this damaging pest is necessary. Application of microbiological agents with minimum concentrations of acaricides is a very suitable tactic in integrated pest management. In the present study, lethal effects of a chemical acaricide – spirodiclofen, and an Iranian strain of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, were evaluated on different life stages of the two-spotted spider mite on two host plants, bean and cucumber. In the next step, compatibility of acaricide with the fungus was studied regarding conidial germination and vegetative growth of the fungus in the presence of different concentrations of the acaricide. Finally, the acaricide at rates of LC₂₅ with the fungus at LC₅₀ were sprayed on adult female mites. The results showed that immature stages of T. urticae were more susceptible to the acaricide whereas the adults were more susceptible to the fungus. Also, mites reared on cucumber were significantly more susceptible to the acaricide and fungus than those reared on bean. Spirodiclofen and the fungus had a synergistic effect; percentage of mortality for fungus infection was 48.6% and 53.5% on bean and cucumber, respectively, while it was 80.6% on bean and 84.5% on cucumber when the mite was sprayed with both the fungus and the acaricide.     

银杏内生真菌No.1028代谢产物的抗真菌活性及其培养生物学特性

采用无菌技术从银杏茎中分离到一株内生真菌(No.1028),经形态分类学和rDNAITS序列分析研究鉴定为黑孢属Nigrosporasp.,菌丝生长速率法测定结果表明,其代谢产物对重要作物真菌病害病原菌具有明显的抑制作用。离体条件下内生真菌发酵液对番茄早疫病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌、菜豆炭疽病菌、葡萄炭疽病菌、水稻纹枯病菌、黄瓜立枯病菌均有较强的抑制作用,对上述不同病原菌的抑制率分别为66.7%、48.3%、64.6%、36.5%、57.1%和23.0%。经提取分离得到纯的白色晶体状活性物质。同时也研究了不同碳源、氮源、无机离子对内生真菌No.1028生物学特性和生长的影响,发现玉米粉、黄豆饼粉比较适合其生长和抑菌代谢产物的合成,Na 对抑菌代谢产物的合成有较明显的促进作用。     

Population structure of Valsa ceratosperma, causal fungus of Valsa canker, in apple and pear orchards

On the basis of mycelial compatibility, the population structure of Valsa ceratosperma, the causal fungus of Valsa canker on broadleaf trees, was investigated in apple and pear orchards in Japan. Field strains of V. ceratosperma from a single canker on trunks or scaffold limbs belonged to different mycelial compatibility groups. Thus, the population structure of this fungus was complex in most orchards. Because mycelia of strains originating from different conidia from the same pycnidium were compatible, infection by this fungus is thought to be ascospores.     

山楂花腐病的研究Ⅰ.山楂花腐病的病原菌

 山楂花腐病是我国山楂生产上的一种新病害。病原菌在病僵果内越冬,翌年春季从地表潮湿处的病僵果上产生子囊盘。子囊盘肉质,灰褐色,盘径3~12毫米,盘柄长1~18毫米。子囊棍棒形,无色,子囊间有侧丝。子囊孢子椭园形或卵园形,单胞,无色,子囊孢子大小为7.4~16.1×4.9~7.4微米。分生孢子单胞,柠檬形,串生,孢子串可分枝,分生孢子大小为12.4~21.7×12.4~17.3微米。经观察及接种试验表明,除山楂外,接种的其他树种均不发病。根据形态特征及致病性山楂花腐病菌鉴定为Monilinia johnsonii(Ell.etEv.) Honey,在我国尚属首次发现。     

湖南稻瘟病菌致病力的初步分析

 本文记述1973-1977年对湖南的稻瘟病菌致病力的研究结果。1973年从湖南各地分离的48个单胞菌株,在9个初选的鉴别品种上测定,可分成8个小种群,25个小种,1975年分离的69个单胞菌株,在同一鉴别品种上测定可分成9个小种群,36个小种。1976年从早稻感病穗颈上分离的142个单胞菌株,接种于14个抗性谱较广的品种上,特特普、IR26、科印矮3号未发现致病菌株。讨论了稻瘟病菌小种研究中的一些问题。     

Studies on inoculum sources of angular leaf spot of beans caused by Phaeoisariopsis griseola in Uganda

Abstract

Angular leaf spot of beans caused by Phaeoisariopsis griseola is a major problem on this crop in Eastern Africa. The sources of inoculum for this disease were investigated. The causal fungus was confirmed as seedborne in all the cultivars tested. The fungus caused seed discolouration but not all infected seeds were discoloured. Seed to seedling transmission was low. The fungus survived in infected crop debris for a maximum of nine and four to six months under indoor and outside conditions respectively. Under soil, the fungus survived for only two months. Infected offseason crops and volunteer plants were present at the time of planting the seasons’ crops and were an obvious source of the inoculum. It is concluded that the seed, crop debris, off‐season crops and volunteer plants are all possible sources of P. griseola infection under the local conditions.     

18种化学农药与绿僵菌相容性研究

本文检测了18种常用低毒化学农药对生防真菌绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae孢子萌发、菌丝生长及产孢的影响,分析它们与绿僵菌的相容性。总体看,杀虫剂、植物生长调节剂和除草剂与绿僵菌的相容性好于杀菌剂。其中,氰戊菊酯与绿僵菌相容性最好,即使在10倍的推荐浓度下,对孢子萌发无影响,对菌丝生长速度和产孢量的抑制率只有25.13%和38.63%。高效氯氟氰菊酯和乐果与绿僵菌也有较好的相容性,在推荐的田间使用浓度下,孢子萌发抑制率为30%左右,对菌丝生长和产孢量基本没有抑制。溴氰菊酯、啶虫脒、吡虫啉、甲霜灵、氟乐灵、阿维菌素、敌百虫、毒死蜱和波尔多液与绿僵菌有一定的相容性。矮壮素、哒螨灵、多菌灵、甲基硫菌灵、代森锰锌和三唑酮与绿僵菌相容性很差。     

Sooty spot caused by Cladosporium cladosporioides in postharvest Satsuma mandarin grown in heated greenhouses

In June 2006, a large number of small black spots containing a branching network of black hyphae developed on shipped Satsuma mandarin fruits grown in greenhouses, which markedly decreased their commercial value. The fungus that was frequently isolated from the damaged fruits was identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides. Inoculation of fruits with the fungus caused the same symptoms, and the fungus was reisolated from the diseased fruits. The disease caused by this fungus has not been previously documented in citrus fruits; we name this new disease “sooty spot” on the basis of its symptoms.     

吉林省白杨锈菌鉴定

 银白杨,杨属植物,广泛种植于中国东北部地区,其锈病发生特别严重。在本研究中,根据形态特征和生活史将白杨锈菌鉴定为Melampsora laricis。使用杨树锈病叶片上的担孢子对日本落叶松及白山落叶松进行接种试验,结果证实了其精子器和锈子器世代发生在落叶松植物上。     

Colonization of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs by the fungus Verticillium chlamydosporium Goddard.

The process of colonization of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs by the fungus Verticillium chlamydosporium was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The preparations were made by fractionation of egg suspension exposed to the fungus for four days and frozen in liquid nitrogen according to St?rba and Milácek (1986). Ovicidal fungus forms an abundant ramifying mycelial network in the area between the eggs. However, egg-shells are penetrated only by some hyphae without any penetration organs produced (simple hyphal penetration). In a liquid medium, after penetration, hyphae inside the eggs rapidly grow among inner structures of egg-shells and on the surface of developing larvae. In the next phase, hyphae colonize the developing larva. The eggs attacked by this fungus remain morphologically unchanged for a long time except the sites of penetration. Verticillium chlamydosporium is a fungus with unique ovicidal properties. It colonizes the eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides at all stages of embryo development and also attacks larvae inside the eggs.