高钼对艾维茵肉鸡法氏囊细胞周期和凋亡影响分析

300只1日龄艾维茵肉鸡健雏随机分为4组,分别饲以对照日粮(Mo 13 mg.kg-1)和高钼日粮(Mo 500mg.kg-1,高钼Ⅰ组;Mo 1 000 mg.kg-1,高钼Ⅱ组;Mo 1 500 mg.kg-1,高钼Ⅲ组)6周,以实验病理学和流式细胞术的方法观察雏鸡法氏囊变化。结果,高钼Ⅱ、Ⅲ组法氏囊绝对质量和脏器指数显著低于对照组。组织学观察见法氏囊淋巴细胞减少,网状细胞增生。超微结构观察,淋巴细胞线粒体肿胀、嵴断裂,或见线粒体基质电子密度增高;凋亡淋巴细胞增多。流式细胞结果显示,28和42日龄时高钼Ⅱ、Ⅲ组法氏囊淋巴细胞G0/G1期显著升高(P0.01),S期、G2+M期和增殖指数(PI)显著降低(P0.01),同时凋亡率显著高于对照组(P0.01),TUNUL染色观察结果与流式细胞仪检测结果一致。结果表明,日粮钼含量为1 000及1 500 mg.kg-1时可抑制法氏囊生长发育。     

高钼对雏鸡肝细胞周期和凋亡的影响

300只1日龄健康Avian肉鸡随机分为4组,分别喂以对照组日粮(Mo 13 mg/kg)和高钼日粮(M0 500mg/kg,高钼Ⅰ组;M0 1 000 mg/kg,高钼Ⅱ组;Mo 1 500 mg/kg,高钼Ⅲ组)6周,于14,28,42日龄每天随机抽取5只以流式细胞术研究高钼对雏鸡肝脏细胞周期和凋亡的影响.结果显示:高钼Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组雏鸡体质量和肝脏质量显著低于对照组(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),脏器指数显著高于对照组(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).电镜下肝细胞内质网扩张,线粒体肿胀、空泡化.流式细胞仪测定,高钼Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组肝细胞G0/G1期极显著升高(P＜0.01),S期、G2+M期和增殖指数(PI)与对照组相比不同程度地降低;同时,高钼Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组肝细胞凋亡率均极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01).结果表明,日粮含钼1 000mg/kg及以上时可引起肝细胞分裂增殖能力受阻,凋亡细胞显著增多.     

高钼对雏鸡肝脏和脾脏抗氧化功能的影响

本文旨在观察日粮高钼(Mo)对雏鸡肝脏和脾脏抗氧化功能的影响。300只1日龄Avian肉鸡健雏随机分为4组,分别喂以对照日粮(Mo 13 mg.kg-1)和高钼日粮(Mo 500 mg.kg-1,高钼Ⅰ组;Mo 1 000 mg.kg-1,高钼Ⅱ组;Mo 1 500 mg.kg-1,高钼Ⅲ组)42 d。与对照组比较,高钼Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组雏鸡肝脏和脾脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)活性显著下降(P0.01),丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高(P0.01);血清中相应酶活性和丙二醛含量变化与肝脏和脾脏中的一致。病理形态学观察,高钼组雏鸡肝细胞呈现不同程度的颗粒变性和空泡变性。流式细胞仪测定,高钼Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸡脾脏细胞G0/G1期显著升高(P0.01),S期、G2+M期和增殖指数(PI)显著降低(P0.01)。结果表明,日粮钼含量1 000 mg.kg-1及其以上可引起肝脏和脾脏抗氧化功能降低,脾脏细胞增殖受阻。     

高钼对艾维茵肉鸡胸腺细胞周期和凋亡影响的研究

本文旨在研究高钼对肉雏鸡胸腺的影响。300只1日龄艾维茵肉鸡健雏随机分为4组,分别饲以对照日粮(Mo13mg·kg-1)和高钼日粮(Mo500mg·kg-1,高钼Ⅰ组;Mo1000mg·kg-1,高钼Ⅱ组;Mo1500mg·kg-1,高钼Ⅲ组)6周,以实验病理学和流式细胞术的方法观察研究雏鸡胸腺变化。与对照组比较,高钼Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组胸腺淋巴细胞减少,胸腺小体增大增多,肌样细胞增多;胸腺绝对质量和脏器指数显著降低(P0.05或P0.01);流式细胞仪测定,高钼Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组胸腺细胞G0/G1期显著升高(P0.05或P0.01),S期、G2+M期和增殖指数(PI)显著降低(P0.05或P0.01),同时凋亡率显著高于对照组(P0.01)。TUNUL染色观察结果与流式细胞仪检测结果一致。结果表明,日粮钼含量500mg·kg-1及其以上可抑制胸腺的生长发育,导致雏鸡细胞免疫功能受损。     

日粮高铜对雏鸡血清免疫球蛋白含量的影响

选用1日龄艾维茵肉鸡健雏420只,随机分为7组,分别喂以对照日粮(Cu11mg/kg)和高铜日粮(Cu100mg/kg,高铜Ⅰ组;Cu200mg/kg,高铜Ⅱ组;Cu300mg/kg,高铜Ⅲ组;Cu400mg/kg,高铜Ⅳ组;Cu500mg/kg,高铜Ⅴ组;Cu600mg/kg,高铜Ⅵ组)6周。结果显示,高铜Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸡血清免疫球蛋白含量与对照组比较差异不显著(P>0.05);高铜Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组雏鸡血清免疫球蛋白含量显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),并与日粮含铜量呈负相关。结果表明,日粮铜含量在400mg/kg及其以上可抑制免疫球蛋白的合成,导致雏鸡体液免疫功能受损。     

日粮高铜对雏鸡法氏囊影响的研究

本试验旨在研究高铜对雏鸡法氏囊的影响。选用1日龄艾维茵肉鸡健雏420只,随机分为7组,分别喂以对照日粮（Cu 11 mg/kg）和高铜日粮（Cu 100 mg/kg,高铜Ⅰ组;Cu 200 mg/kg,高铜Ⅱ组;Cu 300 mg/kg,高铜Ⅲ组;Cu 400 mg/kg,高铜Ⅳ组;Cu 500 mg/kg,高铜Ⅴ组;Cu 600 mg/kg,高铜Ⅵ组）6周。结果表明：（1）高铜Ⅰ、Ⅱ组雏鸡法氏囊组织学变化与对照组比较不明显,高铜Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组雏鸡法氏囊组织结构呈不同程度的病变;（2）高铜Ⅰ、Ⅱ组雏鸡法氏囊质量、生长指数与对照组比较均增高（P〉0.05）,高铜Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组雏鸡法氏囊质量、生长指数均不同程度地降低;（3）高铜Ⅰ、Ⅱ组雏鸡法氏囊细胞周期中增殖指数（PI）在试验期间均高于对照组（P〉0.05）,高铜Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组雏鸡法氏囊细胞周期中增殖指数（PI）不同程度地降低;（4）各高铜组雏鸡法氏囊细胞凋亡率在试验期间与对照组比较均增高,与日粮含铜量呈正相关,其中高铜Ⅰ、Ⅱ组与对照组比较差异均不显著（P〉0.05）。由本试验可见,日粮铜含量在11-200 mg/kg能够促进雏鸡法氏囊的发育,而高于300 mg/kg时不同程度地抑制了雏鸡法氏囊的发育,导致雏鸡体液免疫功能受损。     

高钼对雏鸡肾脏的病理损伤和抗氧化功能的影响

300只1日龄Avian肉鸡健雏随机分为4组,分别喂以对照日粮(Mo13mg·kg-1)和高钼日粮(Mo500mg·kg-1,高钼Ⅰ组;Mo1000mg·kg-1,高钼Ⅱ组;Mo1500mg·kg-1,高钼Ⅲ组)42d,研究高钼致雏鸡肾脏的病理损伤。与对照组比较,高钼组雏鸡肾脏肾小管上皮细胞肿大、颗粒变性和空泡变性;超微结构观察,肾小管上皮细胞内质网扩张、线粒体空泡化或体积缩小,基质电子密度增加,核膜扩张,微绒毛出现髓鞘样结构;高钼Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸡肾脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性极显著下降(P0.01),丙二醛(MDA)含量极显著升高(P0.01);血清中上述相应酶活性和丙二醛含量变化与肾脏的一致,同时,高钼Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清肌酐和尿酸含量显著高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。结果表明,日粮钼含量1000mg·kg-1及以上可引起肾脏的病理损伤和抗氧化酶活性降低,导致肾脏功能受损。     

高铜对雏鸭法氏囊的影响

选用1日龄天府肉鸭360只,随机分为6组,分别喂以对照日粮(Cu 8 mg/kg)和高铜日粮(Cu 100 mg/kg为高铜Ⅰ组,Cu 200 mg/kg为高铜Ⅱ组.Cu 400 mg/kg为高铜Ⅲ组.Cu 600 mg/kg为高铜Ⅳ组,Cu 800 mg/kg为高铜Ⅴ组)6周.与对照组比较,高铜Ⅲ组、高铜Ⅳ组、高铜Ⅴ组雏鸭法氏囊出现不同程度的病变,生长指数显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),淋巴细胞的静止期增长及增殖指数明显下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),淋巴细胞的调亡率显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);高铜Ⅰ组和高铜Ⅱ组雏鸭法氏囊上述指标变化不明显.结果表明,日粮铜含量高于400 mg/kg时,程度不同地抑制了雏鸭法氏囊的发育,可能导致雏鸭体液免疫功能受损.     

高氟对雏鸡法氏囊形态结构、细胞周期和凋亡影响的研究

为研究高氟对雏鸡法氏囊的影响,选用1口龄AA肉鸡健雏300只,随机分为4组,分别饲以对照日粮(F23 mg·kg-1)和高氟口粮(F 400 mg·kg-1,高氟Ⅰ组;F 800 mg·kg-1,高氟Ⅱ组;F 1 200 mg·kg-1,高氟Ⅲ组)42d,以实验病理学和流式细胞术的方法观察雏鸡法氏囊的变化.结果显示高氟Ⅱ组和高氟Ⅲ组法氏囊绝对质量和脏器指数显著低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),法氏囊淋巴细胞明显减少.经流式细胞仪测定,高氟Ⅰ组细胞周期与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05),高氟Ⅱ组和高氟Ⅲ组则出现明显变化.14日龄时高氟Ⅱ组和高氟Ⅲ组法氏囊淋巴细胞G0/G1期显著升高(P<0.05),G2+M期和增殖指数(PI)与对照组相比不同程度地降低;28口龄时高氟Ⅱ组和高氟Ⅲ组S期显著升高(P<0.01),凋亡率也显著升高(P<0.01);42 日龄时高氟Ⅱ组和高氟Ⅲ组G0/G1期显著升高(P<0.01),S期、G2+M期和增殖指数(PI)显著降低(P<0.01),同时凋亡率显著高于对照组(P<0.01).电镜观察,42日龄时高氟Ⅱ组和高氟Ⅲ组法氏囊可见多量的凋亡淋巴细胞及淋巴细胞线粒体肿胀.结果表明,日粮含氟达800及1 200 mg·kg-1时可引起法氏囊淋巴细胞增殖分化受阻,凋亡细胞显著增多,法氏囊生长发育受抑制,机体体液免疫功能受损.     

高铜对雏鸡外周血T-淋巴细胞ANAE阳性率的影响

选用1日龄艾维菌健康肉鸡420只,随机分为7组,分别喂以对照日粮(Cu 11 mg/kg)和高铜日粮(Cu 100mg/kg),高铜Ⅰ组,Cu 200 mg/kg,高铜Ⅱ组;Cu 300 mg/kg,高铜Ⅲ组;Cu 400 mg/kg,高铜Ⅳ组,Cu 500 mg/kg,高铜Ⅴ组;Cu 600 mg/kg,高铜Ⅵ组)6周,观察日粮铜添加水平对雏鸡外周血T-淋巴细胞ANAE阳性率的影响.与对照组比较,高铜Ⅰ、Ⅱ组雏鸡外周血T-淋巴细胞ANAE阳性率增加,但差异不显著;高铜Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组雏鸡外周血T-淋巴细胞ANAE阳性率降低,且与日粮含铜量呈负相关,同时胸腺淋巴细胞减少,凋亡细胞比例增高.结果表明,与对照组比较,日粮铜含量100～200 mg/kg对雏鸡外周血中T-淋巴细胞ANAE阳性率有促进作用,但差异不显著;日粮铜含量300～600 mg/kg程度不同地降低了T-淋巴细胞ANAE阳性率,细胞免疫功能受损.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -