寡糖诱导植物防卫反应的信号转导

寡糖作为一种生物类激发子,可以诱导植物产生防卫反应,提高植物的抗病性,从而抵御病原物的入侵。本文就寡糖的种类、特点及诱导植物防卫反应信号转导等方面作一评述。     

化学合成的几丁寡糖及其结构类似物诱导烟草对黑胫病抗性研究

 为了探讨寡糖诱导物的分子结构与诱导抗病性之间的相互关系,以7个化学合成的寡糖为诱导物,研究了烟草植株对黑胫病的诱导抗性。结果表明,β-1,3-乙酰氨基葡聚四糖、β-1,4-乙酰氨基葡聚三糖和β-1,4-乙酰氨基葡聚四糖的诱导处理对烟草黑胫病表现活体抗性,相对诱导效果分别为62.5%,50.0%和75.0%;β-1,3-乙酰氨基葡聚四糖、β-1,4-乙酰氨基葡聚三糖和β-1,4-乙酰氨基葡聚四糖的诱导处理对烟草黑胫病表现离体抗性,相对诱导效果分别为56.25%,50.0%和62.5%。研究结果表明寡糖的聚合度以及寡糖主链的糖苷键连接方式可能是影响诱导抗病性的重要因子,不同浓度寡糖处理后烟草的诱导抗病性有差异。     

壳寡糖诱导植物抗病性研究进展

壳寡糖是由2-10个氨基葡糖通过β-1,4-糖苷键连接而成的低聚糖,具有多种生物学活性。本文对壳寡糖诱导的植物抗病性及其诱导植物抗性机理进行了评述。     

植物诱导抗病性与诱抗剂研究进展

以糖、蛋白和糖蛋白三大类生物源激发子为重要的植物诱抗剂,本文分析了植物诱抗剂作用于植物后所发生的一系列信号识别与信号传导过程及植物典型的防卫反应,为植物诱抗剂的研发和植物诱导抗病性分子机理的探讨提供参考。     

葡聚烯糖和Harpin蛋白对两种番茄病害的防治效果

葡聚烯糖是一种在寄主 病原互作过程中来自病原菌的可诱导植物抗病性的激发子[1],具有调控植物的生长、发育和增强抗病性等功能。迄今已知寡糖类制剂可提高芹菜对萎蔫病、黄瓜对猝倒病、大豆对根腐病等的抗性,对采后病害如辣椒和草莓烂果也有显著的防病效果。Ｈａｒｐｉｎ蛋白是植物病原菌ｈｒｐ基因编码的非特异性激发子,已证明多数病原Ｈａｒｐｉｎ蛋白能诱导烟草、马铃薯、番茄、大豆、黄瓜及拟南芥产生过敏反应[2]。该蛋白已于2000年在美国注册并商品化生产,主要用于防治烟草黑胫病、葡萄灰霉病、马铃薯叶斑病等多种病害。番茄是重要的…     

极细链格孢蛋白激发子诱导棉花抗病性及相关酶的变化

本研究室从多种病原真菌中分离出的激活蛋白激发子对多种植物具有诱导抗病性、增强抗逆能力、促进植物生长的功能。由大丽轮枝菌（Verticillium dahliae）引起的棉花黄萎病一直是困扰棉花生产的重大病害，常规化学农药难以达到理想的防治效果。本文研究极细链格孢（Alterneria tenuissima）蛋白激发子对苗期棉花黄萎病的诱导抗性作用及抗病相关酶的影响。     

具有农业生物活性壳寡糖的研究进展

壳寡糖是一类由N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖或氨基葡萄糖通过β-(1,4)-糖苷键连接起来的低聚合度水溶性的糖类,在食品、医药、化妆品等方面具有广泛用途。主要评述了壳寡糖在植物生长调节(诱导抗性)、杀菌作用以及杀虫活性方面的应用,表明壳寡糖是一种对环境友好的、良好的生物源农药。     

利用化学激发子防控作物害虫研究进展

诱导防御反应是植物抵御害虫为害的一种重要机制。在这一防御机制中,各种化学激发子,包括植食性昆虫相关分子模式、植物激素及其类似物、植物激发子多肽等发挥着重要作用。合理开发利用这些化学激发子,可望帮助植物建立一种天然的防御体系,从而降低害虫种群密度、减轻害虫为害,减少化学农药使用量。本文将主要对诱导植物抗虫性的化学激发子的最新研究成果进行概述,并展示利用化学激发子防控田间作物害虫的最新研究案例,提出亟待解决的问题,以促进化学激发子在作物害虫防控中的应用。     

水杨酸诱导烟草对TMV的抗性和PAL活性变化研究

 植物内源水杨酸(SA)可能是诱导植物产生系统抗病性(SAR)的信号物质,它在植物体内具有多种生理调节作用。     

几种微生物提取物诱导马铃薯抗晚疫病及机理的初步研究

 筛选能显著诱导马铃薯块茎抗晚疫病的微生物源激发子,并探讨其诱导抗病性机理。分别将31种微生物的发酵液(F-0)以及其中真菌和放线菌的胞内提取物(F-1)、胞壁提取物(F-2)单独或复配后诱导处理马铃薯块茎切片,对其中诱导抗病效果显著的激发子进一步分析其中的有效诱抗物质及诱导处理后的生理变化。获得了9种较好的激发子,诱抗效果均达50%以上,其中放线菌A5295发酵液型激发子诱抗效果最高,达63.97%,且单一激发子复配后诱抗活性更高,其中MK与A5295的复配型激发子诱抗效果最好,达66.67%。MK和A32910b发酵液中有效诱抗物质均为饱和硫酸铵沉淀(A组分)、以及硫酸铵沉淀后再用乙醇沉淀(B组分)所得的物质。诱导处理后块茎中POD、PAL、PPO活性均明显高于对照,且在抗性表现出之前迅速增加达到峰值。此外,块茎中可溶性蛋白含量比对照增加41.53%,并有一些新蛋白产生。结果表明复配激发子比单一激发子诱抗活性更高,激发子中有效诱抗物质均为A和B组分,诱导的抗病性可能与块茎中POD、PAL、PPO活性增高,可溶性蛋白含量增加以及新蛋白质的产生有关。     

具有植物诱导抗病活性的先导化合物及其结构修饰

系统介绍了苯并噻二唑、2,6-二氯异烟酸、β-氨基丁酸和水杨酸这4类应用较广泛的植物诱导抗病激活剂的研究进展,并对其衍生物及其抗病活性进行了归纳总结,对其诱导抗性进行了讨论。     

小麦与白粉病菌互作中β-1,3-葡聚糖的细胞定位

 利用免疫胶体金方法对小麦与白粉病菌互作过程中β-1,3-葡聚糖酶底物,即β-1,3-葡聚糖的合成与分布情况进行了研究。结果发现,白粉病菌的所有器官包括分生孢子、附着胞、入侵栓、吸器和菌丝中均未发现β-1,3-葡聚糖存在;相反,β-1,3-葡聚糖是小麦各种细胞壁的正常组分,在气孔保卫细胞、纤维细胞、导管分子等的细胞壁中含量非常丰富。病原菌的侵染导致植物细胞中β-1,3-葡聚糖的合成增加,但在乳突结构中不含β-1,3-葡聚糖。以上结果说明,往小麦中导入外源β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因并高效表达,不会对病原菌结构产生直接的破坏和抑制作用;相反,有时可能会影响到某些植物细胞的正常发育。     

The Relationship Between Pathogen-induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) and Multigenic (horizontal) Resistance in Plants

Plants have developed mechanisms to successfully co-exist in the presence of pathogenic organisms. Some interactions between plants and pathogens are based on recognition of specific elicitor molecules from avirulent pathogen races (avr gene products), which is described in the gene-for-gene resistance theory. Another type of resistance, multigenic (horizontal) resistance, is a less well-studied phenomenon that depends upon multiple genes in the plant host. All plants possess resistance mechamisms which can be induced upon pre-treatment of plants with a variety of organisms or compounds. This general phenomenon is known as induced systemic resistance (ISR). At least in some plant species, ISR depends on the timely accumulation of multiple gene products, such as hydrolytic enzymes, peroxidases or other gene products related to plant defences. The pre-treatment of plants with an inducing organism or compound appears to incite the plant to mount an effective defense response upon subsequent encounters with pathogens, converting what would have been a compatible interaction to an incompatible one. Our studies in three plant–pathogen systems clearly document that multigenic-resistant plants constitutively express specific isozymes of hydrolytic enzymes that release cell wall elicitors, which in turn may activate other defense mechanisms. ISR induces constitutive accumulation of these and other gene products prior to challenge. ISR is known to function against multiple organisms, and there is no specificity observed in the accumulation patterns of defense-related gene products when ISR is induced. It is therefore hypothesized that the constitutive accumulation of specific isozymes of hydrolytic enzymes, or other defense related gene products, is an integral part of both multigenic resistance and the phenomenon of ISR. Further, plants in which ISR has been activated appear to move from a latent resistance state to one in which a multigenic, non-specific form of resistance is active.     

亚洲梨黑星病菌致病性及其寄主抗病机制的研究进展

梨黑星病是亚洲梨的主要病害之一。该病是由纳雪黑星病菌(Venturia nashicola)感染所致。V.nashicola主要寄生在亚洲梨叶片表皮细胞壁的果胶质层中。该菌的感染可能主要与分泌的细胞外分泌物质、角质分解酶、过氧化氢和果胶质分解酶有关。而亚洲梨对V.nashicola的抗性可能主要与多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白、多种病程相关蛋白、富亮氨酸重复类受体蛋白激酶等有关。另外,不具直接杀菌能力的系统抗性诱导剂acibenzolar-S-methyl(ASM)在大田试验中对梨黑星病菌有较好控制效果。这与ASM诱导的植物防御反应,包括多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白和几丁质酶等有关。     

棉疫病菌90kD胞外蛋白激发子诱导烟草过敏性反应的研究

 就棉疫病菌90 kD胞外蛋白激发子诱导烟草过敏反应(HR)过程中细胞死亡和防卫反应酶系活性变化及病程相关蛋白PR5的诱导进行研究。结果是,以10 nmol/L激发子溶液注射处理W38烟草叶片,HR枯斑周围5 mm宽组织在UV光下呈现蓝色荧光,对处理部位进行Evans blue染色测定结果是至20 h处理部位细胞全部死亡;激发子可诱导烟草防卫反应中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性提高;可快速诱导PR5基因的转录。上述结果表明90 kD蛋白激发子可诱发烟草的细胞死亡、苯丙烷代谢和PR基因的表达等多条信号途径。     

The oligopeptide elicitor Pep-13 induces salicylic acid-dependent and -independent defense reactions in potato

The Phytophthora-derived oligopeptide elicitor, Pep-13, originally identified as an inducer of plant defense in the nonhost–pathogen interaction of parsley and Phytophthora sojae, triggers defense responses in potato. In cultured potato cells, Pep-13 treatment results in an oxidative burst and activation of defense genes. Infiltration of Pep-13 into leaves of potato plants induces the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, defense gene expression and the accumulation of jasmonic and salicylic acids. Derivatives of Pep-13 show similar elicitor activity in parsley and potato, suggesting a receptor-mediated induction of defense response in potato similar to that observed in parsley. However, unlike in parsley, infiltration of Pep-13 into leaves leads to the development of hypersensitive response-like cell death in potato. Interestingly, Pep-13-induced necrosis formation, hydrogen peroxide formation and accumulation of jasmonic acid, but not activation of a subset of defense genes, is dependent on salicylic acid, as shown by infiltration of Pep-13 into leaves of potato plants unable to accumulate salicylic acid. Thus, in a host plant of Phytophthora infestans, Pep-13 is able to elicit salicylic acid-dependent and -independent defense responses.     

Hordenine is responsible for plant defense response through jasmonate-dependent defense pathway

Organic agriculture does not rely on synthetic chemical fungicides. An alternative pest management strategy to chemical fungicides is the use of bioactive natural compounds. Hordenine [4-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)] is a phenethylamine alkaloid found in barley. Although hordenine has various pharmacological effects, including antibiotic activity against microorganisms, no studies have been carried out to investigate the inhibitory effects of hordenine on phytopathogenic fungal infection in host plants. Both grape downy mildew and strawberry anthracnose were suppressed by hordenine treatment. Hordenine had no effect on mycelial growth of phytopathogenic fungi, whereas plant defense response through the jasmonate-dependent defense pathway was enhanced in hordenine-treated plants. The concern over environmental pollution has led to the introduction of new pesticides, including bioactive natural compound based pesticide. Hordenine may be used in organic agriculture as an innovative elicitor of plant defense response to downy mildew and anthracnose.     

蜡质芽孢杆菌AR156对辣椒的防病促生机理研究

 蜡质芽孢杆菌AR156是南京农业大学与新沂中凯农用化工有限公司合作开发的生物农药。为了解AR156对辣椒的防病促生机制, 本文研究了AR156在温室条件下对青枯劳尔氏菌引起的辣椒青枯病的生防效果, 对辣椒的促生作用, 在辣椒根围的定殖能力, 诱导植物细胞防卫反应, 如活性氧积累和胼胝质沉积, 以及植物防御相关酶的活力。结果表明, 蜡质芽孢杆菌AR156对辣椒青枯病的温室防效高达73.31%。AR156的使用使辣椒植株干重增加 22.30%, 并能稳定的在辣椒根围定殖, 接种60 d后, 其定殖量为5×10⁵ cfu·g^-1FW。AR156预处理后挑战接种病原菌能诱导植株更迅速的产生细胞防卫反应, 并可显著提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活力。可见AR156菌株诱导的植物细胞防卫反应, 提高植物防御相关酶活和在辣椒根围稳定的定殖能力使其产生对病害的广谱抗性。研究还发现 AR156菌剂可增加辣椒叶片叶绿素的含量, 这可能是该菌剂促进辣椒生长的原因之一。