表达猪瘟病毒E2蛋白的重组腺病毒对猪的免疫效力评价

为了进一步验证含有猪瘟病毒E2基因的重组腺病毒（rAdV—E2）在猪体上的免疫效力,将rAdV—E2按108TCID50／头接种猪2次,同时用野生型腺病毒wtAdV作为阴性对照,当抗体上升到一定程度后用致死剂量的猪瘟强毒石门株进行攻击。结果表明,rAdV—E2免疫组（n=5）所有免疫猪在加强免疫后均产生了猪瘟特异性中和抗体,并于加强免疫后3w达到峰值,攻毒后所有猪只抗体迅速升高,除了一头猪短期体温升高外,未出现任何其它临床症状;而野生型腺病毒wtAdV免疫组（n=5）猪只在攻毒前一直没有检出特异性抗体,攻毒后全部出现典型的猪瘟临床症状和严重的病毒血症,剖检时可见典型猪瘟病理变化。这表明构建的猪瘟病毒E2基因重组腺病毒rAdV—E2免疫猪后产生了很好的免疫效果,有望成为具有开发价值的活载体疫苗。     

Prime-boost immunization using alphavirus replicon and adenovirus vectored vaccines induces enhanced immune responses against classical swine fever virus in mice

This study was designed to evaluate the prime-boost vaccination regimens as a novel immunization strategy for DNA vaccine against classical swine fever virus (CSFV). BALB/c mice were primed with the alphavirus replicon-vectored DNA vaccine pSFV1CS-E2-UL49 encoding the E2 protein of CSFV fused with the UL49 gene encoding the transduction protein VP22 of pseudorabies virus, followed by either homologous boosting with pSFV1CS-E2-UL49 or heterologous boosting with the recombinant adenovirus rAdV-E2 expressing the E2 protein or with the baculovirus-produced recombinant E2 protein (rE2) in adjuvant. The humoral and cell-mediated immune responses following prime-boost vaccination were assessed. The results showed that: (1) boosting with either rAdV-E2 or rE2 elicited high-level antibodies, whereas homologous boosting with pSFV1CS-E2-UL49 elicited low-level antibodies (below positive threshold); (2) heterologous boosting with rAdV-E2 resulted in stronger CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T cells proliferation responses and higher stimulation indexes; and (3) heterologous boosting with rAdV-E2 induced more IFN-γ production. These results support the notion that a regimen of DNA prime-recombinant adenovirus boost enhances humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, and the DNA prime-protein boost regimen enhances humoral immune responses.     

A promising multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine against classical swine fever virus

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease of swine. It is caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV), one of the members of the genus Pestivirus of the Flaviviridae family. The development of a safe and effective vaccine against the CSF is critical to pandemic control, this article shows a tandem-repeat multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine can protect pigs from CSFV challenge. That was composed as following: two copies each of glycoprotein E2 residues 693–707, 241–276 and 770–781, and two copies amino acid residues 1446–1460 of the non-structural protein NS2-3. In the challenge test, all of the swine vaccinated with Chinese vaccine strain (C-strain) were fully protected from a challenge with CSFV. However, after three successive vaccinations with the multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine, three out of five pigs were protected from challenge with CSFV (in terms of both clinical signs and viremia). These results demonstrate that multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine which carrying the major CSFV epitopes can induce a high level of epitope-specific antibodies and exhibit a protective capability that parallels induced by C-strain to a certain extent.     

Yeast-expressed classical swine fever virus glycoprotein E2 induces a protective immune response

Classical swine fever (CSF) is an economically important swine disease worldwide. The glycoprotein E2 of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a viral antigen that can induce a protective immune response against CSF. A recombinant E2 protein was constructed using the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system and evaluated for its vaccine efficacy. The yeast-expressed E2 (yE2) was shown to have N-linked glycosylation and to form homodimer molecules. Four 6-week-old specified-pathogen-free (SPF) piglets were intramuscularly immunized with yE2 twice at 3-week intervals. All yE2-vaccinated pigs could mount an anamnestic response after booster vaccination with neutralizing antibody titers ranging from 1:96 to 1:768. Neutralizing antibody titers at 10 weeks post booster vaccination ranged from 1:16 to 1:64. At this time, the pigs were subjected to challenge infection with a dose of 1 × 10⁵ TCID₅₀ (50% tissue culture infective dose) virulent CSFV strain. At 1 week post challenge infection, all of the yE2-immunized pigs were alive and without symptoms or signs of CSF. Neutralizing antibody titers at this time ranged from 1:4,800 to 1:12,800 and even to 1:51,200 one week later. In contrast, the control pigs continuously exhibited signs of CSF and had to be euthanized because of severe clinical symptoms at 6 days post challenge infection. All of the yE2-vaccinated pigs were E^rns antibody negative and had seroconverted against E^rns by post challenge day 11, suggesting that yE2 is a potential DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) vaccine. The yeast-expressed E2 protein retains correct immunogenicity and is able to induce a protective immune response against CSFV infection.     

Duration of the protection of an E2 subunit marker vaccine against classical swine fever after a single vaccination

The period during which pigs are protected after vaccination is important for the successful usage of a marker vaccine against classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in an eradication programme. In four animal experiments with different vaccination-challenge intervals we determined the duration of protection of an E2 subunit marker vaccine in pigs after a single vaccination. Unvaccinated pigs were included in each group to detect transmission of the challenge virus.Three groups of six pigs were vaccinated once and subsequently inoculated with the virulent CSFV strain Brescia after a vaccination-challenge interval of 3, 51/2, 6 or 13 months. All vaccinated pigs, 16 out of 18, with neutralising antibodies against CSFV at the moment of challenge, 3, 51/2, 6 or 13 months later, survived, whereas unvaccinated control pigs died from acute CSF or were killed being moribund. A proportion of the vaccinated pigs did however develop fever or cytopenia after challenge and two vaccinated pigs were viremic after challenge. Virus transmission of vaccinated and challenged pigs to unvaccinated sentinel pigs did not occur in groups of pigs which were challenged 3 or 6 months after a single vaccination. Two out of eight vaccinated pigs that were found negative for CSFV neutralising antibody at 13 months after vaccination died after subsequent challenge.The findings in this study demonstrate that pigs can be protected against a lethal challenge of CSFV for up to 13 months after a single vaccination with an E2 subunit marker vaccine.     

表达猪瘟病毒石门株E0抗原的重组腺病毒构建及免疫性的研究

应用PCR从pMD18-T-E0质粒中扩增编码CSFV E0蛋白的基因片段,定向克隆到重组腺病毒Adeasy-1系统的穿梭质粒pAdTrack-CMV上,采用细菌内同源重组“两步转化法”构建携带CSFV E0基因的重组腺病毒基因组质粒pAdEasy-E0,转染293细胞,成功包装出重组腺病毒pAd-E0,PCR证实E0基因已整合至腺病毒基因组中,用Western blot检测到重组病毒感染293细胞中E0蛋白的表达。重组病毒免疫小鼠和猪,结果2次免疫后产生明显的免疫应答,ELISA检测小鼠血清抗体滴度分别为1∶512和1∶10240;猪血清抗体滴度分别为1∶16和1∶64。本研究成功构建了表达猪瘟病毒E0基因的非复制型重组腺病毒,该重组病毒免疫小鼠可产生较高的抗体滴度,免疫猪后能提供一定的保护效果。     

A prime-boost vaccination strategy using naked DNA followed by recombinant porcine adenovirus protects pigs from classical swine fever

Weaned pigs (6-week-old) and 7-day-old pre-weaned piglets were vaccinated with naked plasmid DNA expressing the gp55/E2 gene from classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Both groups of pigs were then given a booster dose of recombinant porcine adenovirus expressing the gp55 gene (rPAV-gp55). Following challenge with CSFV, 100% of weaned pigs and 75% pre-weaned piglets were protected from disease. Weaned pigs given a single dose of rPAV-gp55 were also protected, but showed a slight increase in temperature immediately post-challenge. However, weaned animals given a DNA prime before rPAV-gp55 showed no fluctuation in body temperature following challenge and no pathology in spleen or lymph nodes upon post-mortem. In addition, no CSFV could be re-isolated from the rPAV vaccinated group and from only one pig in the prime-boost group following challenge, suggesting that both vaccination regimes have the potential to reduce or prevent virus shedding following experimental challenge.     

Immunomodulatory effect of plasmids co-expressing cytokines in classical swine fever virus subunit gp55/E2-DNA vaccination

The aim of this study was to determine the immunomodulatory effects of IL-12, IL-18 and CD154 (CD40 ligand, CD40L) in DNA-vaccination against the classical swine fever virus. Four recombinant plasmids were constructed including the CSFV coding region for the glycoprotein gp55/E2 alone or together with porcine IL-12, IL-18 or CD154 genes. Five groups of four pigs each were immunized intramuscularly (i.m.) three times with the respective constructs. The control group was inoculated with empty plasmid DNA. Eighteen days after the final immunization, the pigs were challenged with a lethal dose of CSFV strain Eystrup and monitored for a further 16 days. This study showed that co-delivery of IL-18 and CD154 induced an earlier appearance of serum antibodies, reduced B-cell deficiency after infection and protected pigs against a lethal CSFV infection. In contrast, co-delivery of IL-12 led to a reduced titer of neutralizing antibodies and protection against a lethal CSFV challenge in comparison to the other pigs and to pigs that were immunized with a gp55/E2 plasmid alone.     

Development of a classical swine fever subunit marker vaccine and companion diagnostic test

The development of a classical swine fever (CSF) subunit marker vaccine, based on viral envelope glycoprotein E2, and a companion diagnostic test, based on a second viral envelope glycoprotein E(RNS), will be described. Important properties of the vaccine, such as onset and duration of immunity, and prevention of horizontal and vertical transmission of virus were evaluated. A single dose of the vaccine protected pigs against clinical signs of CSF, following intranasal challenge with 100LD(50) of virulent classical swine fever virus (CSFV) at 2 weeks after vaccination. However, challenge virus transmission to unvaccinated sentinels was not always completely inhibited at this time point. From 3 weeks up to 6 months after vaccination, pigs were protected against clinical signs of CSF, and no longer transmitted challenge virus to unvaccinated sentinels. In contrast, unvaccinated control pigs died within 2 weeks after challenge. We also evaluated transmission of challenge virus in a setup enabling determination of the reproduction ratio (R value) of the virus. In such an experiment, transmission of challenge virus is determined in a fully vaccinated population at different time points after vaccination. Pigs challenged at 1 week after immunization died of CSF, whereas the vaccinated sentinels became infected, seroconverted for E(RNS) antibodies, but survived. At 2 weeks after vaccination, the challenged pigs seroconverted for E(RNS) antibodies, but none of the vaccinated sentinels did. Thus, at 1 week after vaccination, R1, and at 2 weeks, R=0, implying no control or control of an outbreak, respectively. Vertical transmission of CSFV to the immune-incompetent fetus may lead to the birth of highly viraemic, persistently infected piglets which are one of the major sources of virus spread. Protection against transplacental transmission of CSFV in vaccinated sows was, therefore, tested in once and twice vaccinated sows. Only one out of nine once-vaccinated sows transmitted challenge virus to the fetus, whereas none of the nine twice-vaccinated sows did. Finally, our data show that the E(RNS) test detects CSFV-specific antibodies in vaccinated or unvaccinated pigs as early as 14 days after infection with a virulent CSF strain. This indicates that the E2 vaccine and companion test fully comply with the marker vaccine concept. This concept implies the possibility of detecting infected animals within a vaccinated population.     

Establishment and application of a solid-phase blocking ELISA method for detection of antibodies against classical swine fever virus

BackgroundClassical swine fever (CSF) is a severe infectious disease of pigs that causes significant economic losses to the swine industry.ObjectivesThis study developed a solid-phase blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (spbELISA) method for the specific detection of antibodies against the CSF virus (CSFV) in porcine serum samples.MethodsA spbELISA method was developed based on the recombinant E2 expressed in Escherichia coli. The specificity of this established spbELISA method was evaluated using reference serum samples positive for antibodies against other common infectious diseases. The stability and sensitivity were evaluated using an accelerated thermostability test.ResultsThe spbELISA successfully detected the antibody levels in swine vaccinated with the C-strain of CSFV. In addition, the detection ability of spbELISA for CSFV antibodies was compared with that of other commercial ELISA kits and validated using an indirect immunofluorescence assay. The results suggested that the spbELISA provides an alternative, stable, and rapid serological detection method suitable for the large-scale screening of CSFV serum antibodies.ConclusionsThe spbELISA has practical applications in assessing the vaccination status of large pig herds.     

Limited BVDV transmission and full protection against CSFV transmission in pigs experimentally infected with BVDV type 1b

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in pigs may interfere with the detection and epidemiology of classical swine fever virus (CSFV). To investigate the importance of BVDV infections in pigs, first we studied the transmission dynamics of a recent BVDV field isolate. Subsequently, the protection of BVD antibodies against transmission and clinical disease of CSF virus was studied. Only limited transmission of BVDV occurred (R = 0.20), while no CSFV transmission occurred in pigs with BVDV antibodies. We concluded that BVDV transmission among pigs is possible, but seems to be limited and thus the virus should disappear from a population if no new introductions occur. Furthermore, the presence of BVD antibodies may completely prevent the transmission of CSFV and therefore could protect pigs against classical swine fever. It was also noticed that double infections with BVDV and CSFV were incorrectly diagnosed using the neutralization peroxidase linked assay (NPLA), which is the golden standard for antibody detection. This might hamper the diagnosis of CSF in herds with a high BVD prevalence.     

猪圆环病毒2型感染对猪瘟疫苗体液免疫应答的影响

采用ELISA方法对单独接种猪瘟疫苗组(CSFV组,n=3)、PCV2感染且出现病毒血症后接种猪瘟疫苗组(PCV2/CSFV组,n=3)及PCV2感染同时接种猪瘟疫苗组(CSFV/PCV2组,n=3)不同时相血清中的猪瘟抗体进行检测;并对PCV2感染对照组(PCV2组)及PCV2/CSFV和CSFV/PCV2组血清中PCV2特异的抗体和核酸分别进行ELISA和PCR检测.结果表明,在接种后52 d CSFV组血清中抗体的阻断值显著高于CSFV/PCV2组(P<0.05);接种后42 d和52 d CSFV组平均抗体效价明显高于PCV2/CSFV和CSFV/PCV2组,其中在52 d CSFV组抗体阳性率这100%(3/3)而PCV2/CSFV和CSFV/PCV2在相应时相抗体阳性率仅为67%(2/3).结果提示PCV2感染可在一定程度上抑制猪瘟疫苗特异性的抗体反应.     

稳定表达猪瘟病毒E2蛋白的BHK细胞系的构建

猪瘟病毒(CSFV)的E2蛋白是引起猪体产生针对猪瘟保护性抗体的主要抗原,构建可稳定表达CSFV E2蛋白的细胞系,可为E2蛋白功能研究及基因工程猪瘟疫苗的研制提供物质基础。本研究将CSFV E2基因克隆至慢病毒表达载体,构建重组慢病毒表达质粒pCDH-E2。将pCDH-E2重组质粒与慢病毒包装质粒共转染293T细胞,获得重组慢病毒。将该慢病毒感染BHK-21细胞,经嘌呤霉素抗性筛选结合有限稀释法筛选出可表达CSFV E2蛋白的BHK细胞系。Western blot分析结果显示,所构建的重组细胞系传至第10代仍能稳定表达CSFV E2蛋白。该细胞系的建立为研制猪瘟新型重组疫苗及其生产奠定基础。     

The influence of maternal immunity on the efficacy of a classical swine fever vaccine against classical swine fever virus,genogroup 2.2, infection

In Thailand, where vaccination is routinely employed, there has been an increased incidence of chronic classical swine fever (CSF) outbreaks during the past decade. The major causative virus has been identified to be the moderate virulence, classical swine fever virus (CSFV) of the genogroup 2.2. An investigation was made into the efficacy of a CSF vaccine against this genogroup 2.2 challenge. Five-week-old pigs, grouped by their level of passive antibody titer were immunized with lapinized Chinese-strain CSF vaccine and challenged with CSFV genogroup 2.2, 13 days after vaccination. The group containing passive titers of lower than 64 at the time of immunization, had significantly higher number of CSFV-specific IFN-gamma secreting cells and was completely protected against the challenge. Interestingly, both cellular and antibody responses were inhibited in the pigs with the higher passive titer. Furthermore, following challenge, CSFV could be isolated from 50% of the pigs in this group. It was demonstrated that the CSF vaccine could induce complete protection in pigs, provided that the maternal derived titer at the time of vaccination was lower than 64. The result implied that an increase in CSFV outbreaks might be due to the inappropriate timing of vaccination as well as the nature of the CSFV genogroup 2.2.     

猪瘟病毒E2蛋白酵母表达及其免疫活性研究

猪瘟(CSF)是由猪瘟病毒(CSFV)引起的一种急性、热性、高度接触性传染病,呈世界性分布,对养猪业危害严重。猪瘟病毒属于黄病毒科、瘟病毒属,在自然条件下只感染猪。E2蛋白是猪瘟病毒的重要结构蛋白,也是猪瘟病毒的主要保护性抗原。以猪瘟病毒E2蛋白胞外区基因为模板,构建毕赤酵母表达载体pPICZαA-E2,并通过电转获得毕赤酵母X-33阳性克隆,经SDS-PAGE、Western blot鉴定筛选出猪瘟病毒E2蛋白表达菌株。通过亲和层析技术纯化蛋白,并将蛋白免疫动物,进行免疫原性分析。结果表明,猪瘟病毒E2蛋白在毕赤酵母中成功分泌性表达,经纯化纯度达95%以上;动物试验显示,该蛋白具有良好的免疫原性,为猪瘟病毒亚单位疫苗及相关检测技术的开发奠定了基础。     

Oral immunisation of swine with a classical swine fever vaccine (Chinese strain) and transmission studies in rabbits and sheep

Seven experiments including a total of 47 pigs, 11 wild boars, 26 rabbits, 10 hares and 16 sheep were carried out to assess the efficacy, safety and transmission of the Chinese vaccine strain of the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) administrated by the oral route. Within 3 weeks after oral vaccination, a clear seroconversion occurred in the pigs. Six weeks after vaccination, vaccinated pigs were fully protected against a virulent challenge. The C-strain was not isolated from tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, saliva, urine and faeces of pigs within 4 days after oral vaccination. In one experiment, susceptible pigs were placed in direct contact with vaccinated pigs. None of these contact-exposed pigs became serologically positive for CSFV antibodies. It is concluded that the C-strain induces protection in pigs when administrated by the oral route and is not shed by vaccinated pigs. Serum anti-CSFV antibodies developed in seven out of eight wild boars vaccinated by the oral route. No vaccine virus was detected in the spleen and tonsils of these animals. The results in wild boar were in accordance with those obtained in domestic pigs. Sheep did not show any clinical signs after oral vaccination while rabbits had moderate hyperthermia and growth retardation. No clinical response to oral immunisation in hares was detected. At the end of the experiment, no sheep had detectable serum antibodies against CSFV, whereas a few vaccinated rabbits and hares became seropositive. None of the contact-exposed rabbits and hares seroconverted. These data indicate that the C-strain is safe for sheep and as expected, moderately or not pathogenic for rabbits and hares. These efficacy and safety studies on oral vaccination with the C-strain under experimental conditions provide essential information for further studies in wild boars under experimental and field conditions, including assays with baits to control a CSF epidemic.     

单克隆抗体捕捉猪瘟病毒抗原ELISA方法的建立

分别用原核表达的猪瘟病毒（CSFV）主要抗原E2蛋白和猪瘟基因疫苗免疫BALB/c小鼠,通过细胞融合与克隆筛选出5株稳定分泌CSFV抗体的杂交瘤细胞株1E2、1G7、3A2、3B7和4B6.间接免疫荧光和Western-blotting试验结果表明,5株单抗均与CSFV E2蛋白和全病毒抗原反应.将筛选的CSFV特异性单抗1E2、3B7和4B6纯化后等量混合后包被酶标板（捕捉抗体）,与兔抗CSFV IgG（检测抗体）联合应用,建立起CSFV抗原捕捉ELISA（AC-ELISA）方法.随后采用方阵滴定法确定了单抗与多抗的最适工作浓度及判定检测结果的OD450临界值.最后以建立的AC-ELISA检测CSFV细胞培养物、CSFV攻毒死亡猪的病料和临床猪瘟组织样品,结果表明,该方法敏感、特异、重复性好,与病毒分离和RT-PCR方法符合率分别为86.2%和90.3%.     

Phylogenetic analysis of recent classical swine fever virus (CSFV) isolates from Assam, India

Classical swine fever (CSF), a highly contagious viral disease of pigs, is endemic in India. As there is no information concerning the accurate genetic typing of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) isolates in India, 16 CSF viruses isolated during 2005-2007 from domestic pigs in different districts of Assam were typed in 5′ UTR (150 nucleotides). To confirm the genetic typing results and to study the genetic variability, selected viruses were also analyzed in E2 (190 nt) and NS5B gene (409 nt) regions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the 16 CSFV isolates analyzed belonged to group 1 and subgroup 1.1 in contrast to the situation in other Asian countries. Additionally, analysis in E2 and NS5B region placed the Indian isolates in a clearly separated clade within subgroup 1.1. The results suggest that subgroup 1.1 CSF viruses are currently circulating in India, which is important for epidemiology and control of CSF.     

猪瘟病毒E0和E2蛋白融合表达的重组腺病毒构建及免疫保护性研究

为评价重组腺病毒融合表达猪瘟病毒(CSFV)E0和E2蛋白的免疫保护效果,本研究以CSFV基因组为模板,应用RT-PCR扩增E0和E2蛋白的编码基因,通过pET-32a载体将E0和E2基因串联,形成pET-E0-E2重组质粒。用KpnⅠ和NotⅠ双酶切pET-E0-E2得到E0-E2融合基因,定向亚克隆于穿梭载体pAdTrack-CMV中,采用"两步转化法"在细菌内同源重组,构建携带E0-E2基因的重组腺病毒转移载体质粒pAdEasy-E0-E2,经PacⅠ酶切线性化后转染人胚胎肾细胞(HEK293),成功包装出重组腺病毒(rAd-E0-E2),PCR和western blot检测表明,E0-E2基因已重组于腺病毒基因组中并获得表达。将rAd-E0-E2接种于小鼠和猪,并通过ELISA进行抗体检测。另外,将rAd-E0-E2经肌肉2次(间隔7d)免疫接种6周龄～7周龄猪,3周后用103TCID50CSFV石门株攻毒。结果表明,rAd-E0-E2免疫组6/7头存活,各组织器官带毒时间不超过10d,而非重组腺病毒rAd-CMV免疫组和空白对照组全部死亡,各组织器官均能分离到CSFV。结果提示,rAd-E0-E2能使免疫猪抵抗CSFV强毒攻击,为进一步研制猪瘟基因工程疫苗提供了实验依据。     

猪瘟疫苗在猪圆环病毒2型阳性猪场的免疫效果观察

为了研究猪圆环病毒2型(PCV-2)感染对猪瘟疫苗免疫效力的影响,对PCR证实为PCV-2阳性的试验猪进行猪瘟疫苗的免疫,分别在免疫后第1、3、7、14、21、28和63天对试验猪进行猪瘟病毒(CSFV)和PCV-2的抗体检测。检测结果表明PCV-2阳性猪在猪瘟疫苗免疫后均未能产生有效的CSFV抗体,从免疫猪的血液和内脏组织中也未能检测到CSFV核酸。虽然只能从1头PCV-2阳性猪的血清中检测到PCV-2抗体,但是却能从全部实验猪的淋巴结中检测到PCV-2的核酸。试验猪的病理组织学观察和白细胞计数也表明PCV-2阳性猪的淋巴结呈典型的PCV-2感染的病理变化,且白细胞数量显著低于健康猪。表明PCV-2的感染会对猪的免疫系统造成损害从而抑制猪瘟疫苗的免疫效果。