花[鱼骨]的人工繁殖与苗种培育试验

试验结果表明，催产花[鱼骨]亲鱼9组，雌鱼平均体质量105g，催产率82％；获受精卵1．2万粒，受精率85％；获水花1．0万尾，孵化率84％。水花鱼苗于池塘中养殖120d，收获鱼种7200尾，平均体长12．45cm，平均体质量20．47g，养殖成活率72％。平均水温21．5℃，花[鱼骨]受精卵120h破膜；破膜后第15d，臀鳍出现，平均全长12．5mm，外部形态发育完善。     

斑鳜的人工繁殖与苗种培育试验

2005-2006年,进行了斑鳜的人工繁殖和苗种培育试验.试验结果表明,催产斑鳜亲鱼18组,雌鱼平均体质量380 g.催产率83%;获受精卵10.85万粒,受精率75%;获水花6.62万尾,孵化率61%.水花于水泥池中养至平均全长2.0cm 苗种成活率72%;平均全长2.0 cm苗种养至平均全长5.0 cm苗种成活率88.5%,1334 m<'2>池塘放养平均全长2.0锄苗种6200尾,经93 d养殖,收获鱼种4371尾,平均全长12.66 cm.平均体质量32.39 g,养殖成活率70.5%.     

唇与花网箱养殖对比试验

对唇和花进行了网箱养殖效果对比试验。结果表明:在蓄水池内搭建网箱,分别放养平均规格38.7g/尾和39.1g/尾的Ⅰ冬龄唇和花冬片鱼种,放养密度0.98kg/m2,投喂饲料粗蛋白38%～40%的人工配合饲料,经240d养殖期,唇平均规格达到226.8g/尾、花平均规格219.8g/尾;试验结果经两样本均值差异显著性检验,t=2.23>t0.05=2.02,唇与花的体重增长有显著差异。     

斑鳜水库网箱人工繁育与胚胎发育

充分利用水库资源及网箱优势,结合斑鳜繁育生物学特性,在水库网箱上成功批量繁育斑鳜鱼苗,为斑鳜人工繁育开辟一条新途径。2012年5月~2013年7月在辽宁省宽甸县景波水产品养殖场共进行了6批次繁育试验,共计催产亲鱼146组,平均催产率84%,获卵320万粒,平均受精率65%,平均孵化率80%,获水花鱼苗180万尾,利用水库网箱孵化鲤鱼苗配套提供饵料,繁殖了鲤水花11亿尾,共培育斑鳜夏花鱼苗40万尾(平均全长3.1cm),平均2750尾鲤鱼苗培育一尾斑鳜苗,培育前3d斑鳜全长日增长0.54mm,3d后全长日增长约1mm。水温19℃~22℃,显微摄影观察斑鳜胚胎发育时序和特点,受精卵140h7min破膜,胚胎发育划分为6个阶段25时期,提出在斑鳜产卵后配套饵料鱼亲鱼注射催产时间公式:t=t1-t2-t3;(t1:斑鳜胚胎发育时间;t2:饵料鱼胚胎发育时间;t3:饵料鱼亲鱼效应时间)。     

花[鱼骨]人工繁殖技术的研究

本文主要研究了花[鱼骨]的繁殖生物学和人工繁殖技术。经过实验摸清了花的性成熟年龄和成熟最小型,性腺的发育状况,花的繁殖力、产卵时间和水温、雌雄鉴别等;比较了不同催产药物对花的催产效果,2008年催产率达100%,受精率95.3%,孵化率95%,获鱼苗14.12万尾。     

黄颡鱼高效人工繁殖技术

以人工饲养的2、3冬龄黄颡鱼为研究对象,进行4批次的人工催产和孵化试验。催产雌亲鱼5960尾,平均体重120.6～148.2g,雄亲鱼350尾,平均体重278.6～310.5g。催产药物为LHRH-A2、DOM和HCG合剂。亲鱼注射后放入水泥池暂养,到达效应时间时实施人工采卵、采精液和人工授精,受精卵脱黏后用孵化桶孵化。雌雄亲鱼为20∶1。共收获受精卵4389.6万粒,孵出水花鱼苗3774.2万尾。平均催产率和受精率达到94.6%和84.1%,每尾雌亲鱼平均产受精卵约0.74万粒,孵化出鱼苗约0.63万尾。结果表明,该方法操作简便,亲鱼产卵率、受精卵孵化率和出苗率均较高,同时,节省人力、物力和空间,可大大提高黄颡鱼人工繁殖生产效率。     

2016年河北省台湾鳗鳅人工繁育如火如荼展开

<正>2016年4月18日,河北省淡水养殖创新团队石家庄综合试验推广站在其试验示范基地--鹿泉区河北康态中华鳖良种场率先开始了台湾鳗鳅苗种繁育试生产。利用温棚有利条件,首批催产雌鳅228尾,其中184尾产卵,产卵率达到80.7%;获得受精卵385万粒、水花327万尾,孵化率为85%。截至5月初,共催产920组,采卵1 890余万粒。下塘水花1 000万尾;五一节期间,邯郸大宗淡     

鳜鱼的人工繁殖

上海科技管理学校养殖班在东海农场水产养殖公司进行了鳜鱼的人工繁殖,共催产亲鱼49组,得卵约540万粒,催产率达82.5%,受精率55%,经过连续观察胚胎发育,当水温21~27℃,受精卵经过41h左右破膜出苗,孵化率达到40%,得苗40万尾。     

花人工繁殖实验

<正>为了丰富福建省淡水养殖品种,我场于2013年引进花亲鱼200组(雌、雄亲鱼各100尾),后备亲鱼1000尾(1冬龄,体长8~10厘米),进行苗种繁育和池塘养殖示范推广。在2014年人工繁殖实验的基础上,2015年进行人工繁殖批量生产,人工催产2批,共生产水花苗242.5万尾。现总结如下:一、材料与方法1.亲鱼选择催产前一天,将花亲鱼关进网箱进行亲鱼筛     

菊黄东方鲀Takifugu flavidus(Li,Wang et Wang)人工育苗技术

于2006年5月对菊黄东方鲀进行催产,催产130尾,获受精卵300万粒,孵出仔鱼160万尾,孵化率为53.3%;经39天室内培育,获平均全长25.6mm(20.1～28.4mm)苗种74万尾.成活率为46.3%.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.