转CBFI基因烟草植株的花器官变异及其插入区侧翼序列的分析

CBF1(C-repeat-binding factor1)基因来源于拟南芥的一个受低温调节的转录因子基因,能激活一系列其它低温相关基因的表达,从而提高植物的抗冻能力(Jaglo-Ottosen et al.,1998)。在研究中发现转CBF1基因烟草后代的部分群体中出现了明显的表型变异,主要表现为花器官的变异。为了探明这些变异是否是因为外源基因在受体基因组中插入的位点不同而造成,本实验从转CBF1基因烟草的后代中筛选了2个花器官差异较大的植株。用TAIL-PCR方法从该2株转基因烟草中分别扩增出了T-DNA插入位点的侧翼序列。     

拟南芥花药特异启动子启动的Barnase基因在烟草中的表达

为探明植物基因工程雄性不育温度敏感性的影响因子，以拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana)WS生态型基因组DNA为模板，PCR扩增后分别得到0.78kb的A6和0.3kb的A9基因5'旁侧区DNA片段。将其分别与核糖核酸酶Barnase基因融合，导入含有抗溴苯腈（Bxn)基因的植物双元表达载体构建成pWPA6N和pWPA9N，并经根癌农杆菌（Agrobactrium turmefaciens)LBA4404介导获得转基因植株。生物学观察表明，转基因植株表明出了明显的转化不育性状，如花丝变短，花药瘦小等，说明A6，A9两5'启动子片段都在烟草（Nicotiana abacum)花药中定位启动了Barnase的表达，另经高温敏感性测试均可见育性恢复现象,这初步表明雄性不育植株的高温不稳定性由启动子造成的可能性较小。     

人溶菌酶基因在烟草中的表达

根据植物偏爱的密码子，改变G＋C总量和密码子第三位碱基的G＋C含量，同时避免在真核表达中影响转录，翻译及mRNA稳定性的序列如AATTAAA和ATTTA，在原氨基酸序列不变的基础上，设计并合成了适合在植物中中高效表达的人溶菌酶(human lysozyme,简单HL）基因。构建了含HL基因的植物表达载体。用根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导法将其转化烟草（Nicotiana tabacum).PCR和Western检测表明，HL基因在转基因烟草中得到整合和表达，提高了转基因烟草离体叶对野火病（Pseudomonas syringaepv.tabaci)的抗性。     

基因枪法转化小麦幼胚瞬时表达

自Vasil et al．（1996）利用基因枪将获得小麦对除草剂Basta具有抗性的再生植株以来，基因枪介导的小麦遗传转化研究发展很快（Altpeter et al．，1996）。在小麦基因枪转化中，优化基因枪转化因素，提高转化效率仍然是基因转化的关键问题。本实验研究了不同金粉用量、质粒DNA浓度及轰击枪数对小麦幼胚瞬时表达的影响，通过GUS染色和细胞压片，分析了gus基因的瞬间表达。     

一个新的马铃薯patatin classⅠ基因的cDNA在烟草中的表达及其酶活性

摘要：将马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum )块茎特异蛋白patatin classⅠ基因cDNA与CaMV 35S启动子融合，构建了植物表达载体pBSSP。用电激法将表达载体导入根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）LBA4404，然后转化烟草(Nicotiana tabacum )叶片获得再生植株。经PCR、PCR-Southern、Northern杂交和蛋白质检测，证明patatin classⅠ基因cDNA已整合到烟草基因组中并在转基因植株中转录和表达。酯酰水解酶（lipid acylhydrolase, LAH）活性分析显示，转基因烟草植株的叶片中LAH活性明显提高。     

植物表达载体构建和转基因烟草抗除草剂及耐盐性的分析*

利用基因重组,将来自于拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana)的发生单个碱基突变的als基因插入含有AtNHXI1基因的质粒pCAMBIA1300中,由CaMV35S启动子分别启动AtNHX1和als的表达,得到了兼有除草剂抗性基因和耐盐相关基因的植物表达载体。用烟草叶盘转化法获得了转基因植株。Southern杂交检测表明,外源基因已经整合到烟草(Nicotiana tobacum)基因组中。抗性测定发现,转基因植株除草剂抗性至少提高了1000倍,而耐盐性提高了约1．0％NaCl浓度,即带有同样启动子的不同外源基因赋予转基因植株的抗性程度有明显差异。     

抗青枯病转群体感应猝灭基因烟草的培育

利用具有猝灭青枯菌群体感应信号分子功能的aac基因构建高效植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导的方法转化烟草,获得了卡那霉素抗性植株57株。经PCR及RT-PCR检测,筛选得到30株阳性转基因再生苗,并证实了目的基因已经整合到烟草基因组中,且在转录水平上得到表达。转基因植株苗期抗青枯病试验表明,16天后转基因烟草较对照植株病情指数降低了51,相对病情指数为56.5％。     

RPW2表达载体构建及对烟草的遗传转化

将RPW2基因插入表达载体pBI121的表达盒中,构建了RPW2组成型表达载体。通过农杆菌叶盘转化法转化烟草叶片,经卡那霉素筛选、PCR扩增和Southern杂交鉴定证明,RPW2基因已成功转入烟草细胞中,获得6个转基因株系。RT-PCR半定量分析表明,转基因烟草株系的叶片中有RPW2基因的表达。不同转基因株系表达量不同,转基因株系T-R2和T-R4表达量较高。转基因植株叶片上人工接种烟草赤星病菌液检测转基因植株的抗病性,结果表明,与对照植株相比转RPW2基因植株对烟草赤星病抗性显著增强,说明RPW2基因在烟草中也具有抗病能力。另外,转基因株系间RPW2基因表达量虽有差异,但抗病性没有显著差异。     

三个韧皮部特异性启动子在转基因烟草中表达的比较研究

用共整合的luc基因校正嵌合gus基因表达活性的方法对3个韧皮部组织特异性启动子在转基因烟草中的表达进行了比较，用杨树树皮储藏蛋白基因启动子（BP）、竹节花黄斑驳病毒启动子（CP）、笋瓜韧皮部蛋白2基因启动子（SP）以及CaMV35S启动子（35SP）构建了含有启动子-gus以及35SP-luc两类嵌合报告基因的植物表达载体，并通过农杆菌介导法转化了烟草植株，GUS活性的组织化学定位结果表明，3个启动子皆驱动gus报告基因在转基因烟草的叶、叶柄和茎的韧皮部组织中特异地表达，BP和SP在烟草根部是组成型的，通过比较转基因植株的校正GUS活性，确定了3个启动子的相对活性为BP和CP的活性相近，而SP约为CP的84%，结果表明BP和SP是韧皮部组织特异性的强启动子。     

花青素调节基因Lc对转基因烟草和矮牵牛花色的影响

利用PCR的方法从油菜(Brassica napus)基因组中扩增得到花瓣特异性启动子XY355，将XY355与玉米花青素调节基因Lc融合构建植物表达载体pXY60。用冻融法将pXY60转入根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）LBA4404，然后以烟草（Nicotiana tabaccum L.）和矮牵牛（Petunia hybrida）的叶盘为外植体，通过根癌农杆菌介导法进行遗传转化。对再生植株的PCR检测证明外源基因已经整合到转基因烟草和矮牵牛的基因组中。对转基因烟草和矮牵牛的表型进行观察：转Lc基因烟草的花色由浅红变成了红色，转Lc基因矮牵牛的花色由白色变成了浅紫色。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.