欢迎订阅2015年《农业资源与环境学报》

<正>《农业资源与环境学报》由农业部主管,农业部环境保护科研监测所、中国农业生态环境保护协会联合主办,是中国科技核心期刊、天津市优秀期刊。主要报道交流农业资源、农业环境等领域新理论新技术新方法和实践经验,为促进农业资源与环境学科发展提供理论技术支持。《农业资源与环境学报》为双月刊,定价30.00元,全年180.00元。国     

基于ArcGIS Engine的区域农业资源管理信息系统设计

农业资源是农业生产的物质基础,农业资源的信息化管理及应用是区域农业可持续发展的重要保障。本研究利用ESRI公司的二次开发工具ArcGISEngine,在VisualBasic环境下运用空间数据引擎结合数据库技术,进行了区域农业资源信息系统的设计开发。该系统能够方便的组织管理农业资源信息,友好的人机交互界面方便用户查询,输出分析与制图信息,其功能模块可对农业资源信息数据进行专业化的分析和挖掘,实现耕地地力评价、测土配方施肥、农田监测、农田水利管理等专业应用,为区域农业资源的信息化、农业生产实践的科学决策提供信息和技术支撑。     

微生物农业信息资源整合利用系统的设计与实现

系统地阐述了建立微生物农业信息资源整合利用系统的重要性和微生物农业信息资源整合利用系统的内容,应用软件工程和ASP动态网页技术研究开发了基于Web的微生物农业信息资源管理系统。系统由系统管理等五大模块构成,可实现微生物农业信息的实时发布、历史数据查询、浏览以及网络交互等功能,初步实现了微生物农业信息管理网络化。系统充分利用数据库技术和Web技术的优势,为微生物农业信息资源的整合利用奠定了基础。     

农业资源与环境学报

<正>《农业资源与环境学报》Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment是由农业部主管,农业部环境保护科研监测所、中国农业生态环境保护协会联合主办的科技期刊,被评为中国科技核心期刊,天津市优秀期刊,被美国化学文摘社(Chemical Abstracts, CA)收录。《农业资源与环境学报》的办刊宗旨为搭建我国广大从事农业资源与环境研究者的学术交流平台,充分反映我国农业资源与环境领域前沿的研究与应用成果,推进我国农业环保事业的发展。     

我国基层农技推广信息化的策略探讨

本文概述了我国农技推广信息化的发展现状,农业部和各地农技推广中心也建立了一系列f-j户网站,并开始推进农技推广管理和服务手段的信息化,农业部和科技部系统也针对农业技术服务组织实施了一系列信息化项目。但全国性的农技推广信息化的实施也存在组织难度大、目标难确定、投入资金难保障、信息和服务资源难集成等困难。本研究提出了农业部科教部门牵头组织、以基层农技推广的管理和服务作为基本目标,基层农技推广体系改革与建设项目应给予必要支持,以项目带动信息和服务资源的集成和共享等建议。     

农业资源与环境学报

《农业资源与环境学报》Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment是由农业部主管,农业部环境保护科研监测所、中国农业生态环境保护协会联合主办的科技期刊,被评为中国科技核心期刊,天津市优秀期刊。被美国化学文摘社(CA)、国际农业与生物科学中心数据库(CABI)、EBSCO数据库收录。《农业资源与环境学报》的办刊宗旨为搭建我国广大从事农业资源与环境研究者的学术     

云南大理白族自治州示范点洱海流域水质保护与生态补偿实践

<正>农田尾水生态净化处理与生态补偿补偿措施:依托农业部的农业科技跨越计划项目,由农业部环境保护科研监测所组织实施,在农业部大理农业环境科学观测实验站(原大理市原种场)建立了1万m2、年处理量为9万t的农田尾水三级塘生态净化处理技术示范工程。补偿效果:通过项目的实施,实现农业废弃物的循环利用,年可实现经济效益7.88万元,农田尾水的氮素去除率为20%～30%,磷素去除率为10%～15%,减轻了农业面源污染物对洱海水体构成的威胁,建立了区域范围内农业面源污染点源化治理技术模式。主态养猪与生态补偿     

不忘初心 砥砺奋进 植根农业40年历程:祝贺中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心成立40周年

本文回顾总结了中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心(原石家庄农业现代化研究所)成立40年来的主要科研历程与业绩。40年来,不忘初心,不断探索我国农业现代化发展道路与模式,20世纪70年代末探索了农业机械化示范模式,80年代开展了恢复型生态农业模式示范,90年代开展了资源节约型农业模式示范,21世纪初探索了智慧农业和生态循环农业模式;砥砺奋进,不断创新农业系统调控理论与技术体系,创建了农田SAPC水分传输与界面调控理论,量化了农田氮素通量过程,建立了农业面源污染防控理论与技术,发展了咸水安全灌溉理论,建立了林业生态工程理论,创建了食物链模型,创新小麦育种体系;扎根农业,组织了渤海粮仓科技示范工程等大规模区域农业示范,不断引领开展区域示范服务;放眼世界,不断拓展国际合作与创新平台,为我国农业绿色发展做出重大贡献。     

农业资源与环境学报

正《农业资源与环境学报》Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment是由农业部主管,农业部环境保护科研监测所、中国农业生态环境保护协会联合主办的科技期刊,被评为中国科技核心期刊,天津市优秀期刊。被美国化学文摘社(CA)、国际农业与生物科学中心数据库(CABI)、EBSCO数据库收录。《农业资源与环境学报》的办刊宗旨为搭建我国广大从事农业资源与环境研究者的学术     

农业资源与环境学报

正《农业资源与环境学报》Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment是由农业部主管,农业部环境保护科研监测所、中国农业生态环境保护协会联合主办的科技期刊,被评为中国科技核心期刊,天津市优秀期刊。被美国化学文摘社(CA)、国际农业与生物科学中心数据库(CABI)、EBSCO、DOAJ等数据库收录。《农业资源与环境学报》的办刊宗旨为搭建我国广大从事农业资源与环境研究者的学术交流平台,充分反映我国农业资源与环境领域前沿的研究与应用成果,推进我国农业环保事业的发展。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.