太平洋岛国的金枪鱼资源及开发建议

金枪鱼广泛分布于太平洋、印度洋、大西洋三大洋区的热带、亚热带及温带海域，其中太平洋是世界金枪鱼渔业的主要渔场，产量占金枪鱼总产量的65％左右，作业渔场主要在太平洋岛国及其专属经济区，且保持着较明显的增长势头，开发前景良好。     

世界金枪鱼渔业发展概况

金枪鱼类为高度洄游鱼类,分布范围极广,遍及温带到热带的沿岸至大洋,几乎整个世界海洋均有分布,因此,以金枪鱼类为对象的渔业,广泛存在于温带到热带的整个大洋的沿岸到外海。金枪鱼资源可以说是真正的远洋渔业资源,世界上许多远洋渔业国家和地区都十分重视金枪鱼资源的开发利用。     

论山东省金枪鱼远洋渔业的渔场去向

研究了山东省金枪鱼远洋渔业的去向，从资源状况和入渔条件考虑，认为太平洋中西部，西非水域，印度洋等，应作为山东省金枪鱼远洋渔业渔场开发的重点。１９９３年鉴定认为，本研究为山东省远洋渔业的发展指出了一条新途径，作为软科学研究成果居国内先进水平。     

中西太平洋金枪鱼渔业概况

1中西太平洋渔场中西太平洋渔场是指从北纬20°至南纬25°,西经 175°以西的太平洋海域,这一海域中金枪鱼鱼类资源非常丰富。在赤道至北纬5°的海域间,黄鳍金枪鱼的钓获率很高,在东经130-150°的海域里,黄鳍金枪鱼在4、5、6 月和11月时钓获率也很高,而1月和8月的钓获率最低。     

印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼渔业与资源现状

印度洋金枪鱼渔业自50年代初期开始，产量持续增长，到2003年，三种热带金枪鱼类（黄鳍、肥壮、鲣鱼）产量为112.3万吨。其中黄鳍金枪鱼产量为45.78万吨，占全球黄鳍金枪鱼产量（154．7万吨）的29％。按作业方式，黄鳍金枪鱼产量的42％为围网作业捕获，23％为延绳钓作业捕获，21％为流刺网作业捕获，其余由手、竿钓、饵料船等作业捕获。根据2005年资源评估，2003年黄鳍捕捞量明显过高，资源处于过度开发状态。近几年产量已接近甚至超过最大持续可捕量30-35万吨。为减少FAD对黄鳍仔鱼误捕量，建议规定最小捕捞规格和上岸率以及减少流木集群围网（FAD）数量。     

世界金枪鱼围网渔业概况及我省发展途径的初步设想

目前世界上约有大型围网作业单位350个左右，从事这项作业的国家和地区主要有美国、日本、西班牙、法国、南朝鲜、台湾等．     

ENSO与中西太平洋金枪鱼围网资源丰度及其渔场变动的关系

中西太平洋是世界金枪鱼围网的重要作业渔场之一,主要捕捞鲣鱼（Katsuwonus pelamis）、黄鳍金枪鱼（Thunnus albacares）和大眼金枪鱼（Thunnus obesus）等.     

金枪鱼类的生物学特征与资源概况

报道了黄鳍金枪鱼,副金枪鱼,金枪鱼,南方金枪鱼,长鳍金枪鱼的生物学,生态学特征和资源状况,以期对我国发展金枪鱼远洋渔业有所帮助。     

世界主要金枪鱼类资源状况与管理

大部分热带金枪鱼类因其繁殖能力强、分布范围广以及其生命周期较短等特点,对捕捞所造成的冲击适应性较好,但总体而言,世界金枪鱼资源开发利用潜力已十分有限,在23种金枪鱼种群中,适度开发的仅4～5种,完全开发的占8～10种,过度开发的占5～6种,另有2种已枯竭.为保持世界金枪鱼资源的可持续发展,目前已实施了较系统、完整管理措施.     

世界金枪鱼贸易动向

金枪鱼类是食用价值很高的经济鱼类,在全球总渔获量中仅占3％,但在全球水产品交易值上却占10％,其中,新鲜、冷冻金枪鱼占7％,金枪鱼罐头占3％。金枪鱼几乎是唯一以企业规模进行加工和销售的鱼种,其出口额从1950年的4.4亿美元上升至1997年的45.7亿美元,而进口额则从6.3亿美元上     

世界主要金枪鱼捕捞产量分析

根据FA0 1950 ～ 2011年世界主要金枪鱼类渔业生产数据统计,将长鳍金枪鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼、大眼金枪鱼和鲣鱼等8种世界主要金枪鱼类每10年的产量总和按不同鱼种和海域进行了总结.结果显示,鲣鱼的累计总产量最高,其平均年产量涨幅最快;除马苏金枪鱼年平均产量有所下降,北方蓝鳍金枪鱼保持稳定外,其他主要金枪鱼类均有增长,但平均增长率最高的是青干金枪鱼.各主要渔区中以中西太平洋海域累计总产量最高,平均年产量有上升趋势,大西洋海域以中东大西洋为产量最高,印度洋海域以西印度洋为产量最高,平均增长率以印度洋海域为最高,其他海域相对持平.我国（包括台湾省）捕获累计总产量最高的是鲣鱼,为418×104 t,占世界总产量比例最高的是长鳍金枪鱼,为22.9％.我国（包括台湾省）主要金枪鱼类捕获总产量占世界总产量比例最高为东南大西洋海域,最低为东南太平洋海域.论文结合世界主要金枪鱼类以及主要捕捞海域的开发现状和我国国情,提出我国目前面临的几点困难以及发展壮大我国金枪鱼渔业的建议.     

福建海区渔业资源利用现状浅析

本文主要根据1996~2004年福建海区历次渔业资源专题调查和渔业资源动态监测资料,以及1990~2003年福建省渔业统计年鉴数据资料,分析研究福建海区拖网、张网、流剌网、灯光围网等主要作业对渔业资源的开发利用状况和存在问题。结果表明拖网、张网等作业对近海渔业资源利用强度尚未有效遏制,资源结构朝着越来越不利于人们利用的方向发展。并提出控制海区捕捞强度、调整捕捞作业结构、加强福建海区主要作业生产动态监测力度、加快人工鱼礁建设和增殖放流的步伐等渔业资源管理、养护和增殖措施。     

Management effectiveness of large pelagic fisheries in the high seas

Large pelagic fishes are assessed and managed by tuna Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (tRFMOs). These organizations have been criticized for not meeting conservation objectives, which may relate to aspects of governance and management. No previous studies have systematically evaluated why management performance differs among tRFMOs and among stocks within each tRFMO. In this study, we collected data on the nature of research, management, enforcement and socioeconomics of management systems in the five principal tRFMOs of the world's oceans. We quantified influences of economic and fishery‐related factors on these management characteristics and examined how these factors vary among tRFMOs. We found that tRFMOs with a greater number of member countries, a greater economic dependency on tuna resources, a lower mean per capita gross domestic product, a greater number of fishing vessels and smaller vessels were associated with less intensive research, management and enforcement in these tuna fisheries. We also quantified the influence of specific management attributes and of biological, economic and fishery‐related factors on the trends and current status of large pelagic fish stocks in these regions. The most important factors correlated with trends and current stock status were external to the management systems, and included stock size, age at maturity, ex‐vessel price and economic dependency of countries on tuna fisheries. To improve the overall status of large pelagic fish stocks in the global high seas, more intensive data collection, research and management are needed in certain areas, especially in the Indian Ocean, and for certain stocks, especially non‐target species.     

雅砻江支流安宁河鱼类群落组成及资源现状

为了解安宁河鱼类资源现状,于2013年3月至2014年12月对安宁河及其支流18个采样点进行了5次调查,共计采集鱼类3 113尾,隶属4目、10科、35属、52种,其中长江上游特有鱼类13种;鱼类区系包括中国平原、南方平原、南方山地、中亚山地、北方平原和晚第三纪早期6个区系复合体;其中,中亚山地区系复合体占优(40.4%)。安宁河不同河段Jaccard's相似性指数在0.12~0.47,鱼类群落相似性总体较低。根据IRI(100为优势种)指数计算结果,麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)、齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)、红尾副鳅(Paracobitis variegatus)、西昌高原鳅(Triplophysa xichangensis)、斯氏高原鳅(Triplophysa stoliczkae)、东方高原鳅(Triplophysa orientalis)、鲇(Silurus asotus)和白缘鱼央(Liobagrus marginatus)8种鱼类为安宁河优势种。根据个体生物学测量,安宁河主要渔获对象规格较小,齐口裂腹鱼均重285.8 g/尾,红尾副鳅均重7.2 g/尾,鲫(Carassius auratus)均重78.3 g/尾,鲤(Cyprinus carpio)均重361.1 g/尾,鲇均重93.7 g/尾,表明可能存在过度捕捞现象。多样性分析显示,Margalef丰富度指数(R)在1.95~4.47,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)在1.75~2.33,Pielou均匀度指数(E)在0.67~0.73。安宁河鱼类多样性相比同区域其它河流偏低,可能与安宁河鱼类群落受到各种干扰、生境异质性降低、鱼类群落已发生演替有关。对比历史资料,鱼类种类数从82种下降至52种,在不同区域的各分类阶元均有所减少,且有自上而下加重的趋势。水电开发、河道采砂以及资源不合理利用等是影响安宁河鱼类资源的主要因素。基于研究结果,建议尽快加强安宁河鱼类资源保护。     

东海区鲨鱼渔业资源状况

本文根据1990年以来在闽中、闽东渔场开展的鲨鱼延绳钓探捕调查，以及东海区历次渔业资源调查中所取得的鲨鱼基础资料，分析研究了东海区鲨鱼渔业概况、种类组成、渔场渔期、洄游分布以及主要渔获种类的群体组成和生态习性。并建议进一步开展鲨鱼资源变动规律及现存资源量的调查研究，以便为科学管理和利用鲨鱼资源，保护海洋生物多样性提供依据。     

发展我国金枪鱼渔业的前景分析

本文以黄鳍金枪鱼、肥壮金枪鱼为例,从管理、资源、技术三方面分析金枪鱼渔业发展前景;并在此基础上,提出了慎重发展我国金枪鱼超低温延绳钓作业的对策和建议。     

Effects of biological,economic and management factors on tuna and billfish stock status

Commercial tunas and billfishes (swordfish, marlins and sailfish) provide considerable catches and income in both developed and developing countries. These stocks vary in status from lightly exploited to rebuilding to severely depleted. Previous studies suggested that this variability could result from differences in life‐history characteristics and economic incentives, but differences in exploitation histories and management measures also have a strong effect on current stock status. Although the status (biomass and fishing mortality rate) of major tuna and billfish stocks is well documented, the effect of these diverse factors on current stock status and the effect of management measures in rebuilding stocks have not been analysed at the global level. Here, we show that, particularly for tunas, stocks were more depleted if they had high commercial value, were long‐lived species, had small pre‐fishing biomass and were subject to intense fishing pressure for a long time. In addition, implementing and enforcing total allowable catches (TACs) had the strongest positive influence on rebuilding overfished tuna and billfish stocks. Other control rules such as minimum size regulations or seasonal closures were also important in reducing fishing pressure, but stocks under TAC implementations showed the fastest increase of biomass. Lessons learned from this study can be applied in managing large industrial fisheries around the world. In particular, tuna regional fisheries management organizations should consider the relative effectiveness of management measures observed in this study for rebuilding depleted large pelagic stocks.     

Benefits,concerns, and solutions of fishing for tunas with drifting fish aggregation devices

Drifting fish aggregating devices (dFADs) are human-made floating objects widely used by tropical tuna purse seine (PS) fisheries to increase catch of target species. However, dFAD use has several negative impacts, including increased potential for overfishing, higher juvenile tuna catch, higher bycatch compared to other PS fishing modes, ghost-fishing, and generation of marine litter. Based on these impacts, some stakeholders, especially environmental non-governmental organizations and other competing fishing industries, suggest that dFADs should be completely banned. We list the pros and cons of dFAD fishing; address how to improve current management; and suggest solutions for the sustainability of dFAD fishing in the long term. A dFAD ban would lead to major changes in the availability and sourcing of tuna for human consumption and decrease the licensing revenue received by many developing states. Most importantly, we argue that tools exist today to manage for, reduce or eliminate most of the negative impacts of dFADs (e.g., bans on discards, limits on active dFADs, biodegradable non-entangling constructions, time-area deployment closures, recovery programs, and full data transparency, among others). Management decisions based on sound scientific reasoning are needed to address the legitimate concerns surrounding dFAD use and ensure the sustainability of both pelagic and coastal ecosystems and tropical tuna PS fisheries.     

渔业管理中生物学参考点的理论及其应用

生物学参考点常被表示为与渔业管理相关联的捕捞死亡率和生物量,是单从生物学角度来衡量渔业资源及其开发状况的指标。通常可分为目标参考点、限制参考点和阈值参考点。目标参考点是为了持续获得某一目标渔获量所需的最小生物量和相应捕捞死亡率,包括目标生物量(Bmsy)、目标产卵亲体量(Smsy、SSB35%、SSB40%)、目标捕捞死亡率(Fmsy、Fmax、F0.1、Fmed、F40%、F40%)等参数。限制参考点用于保证捕捞死亡率不会高到危害鱼类种群的可持续利用和其生物量不会低到危害其生存,主要包括Fmsy、Fmax、F0.1、Fcrash、F20%、Bloss等参数。阈值参考点介于目标参考点和限制参考点之间,包括预防性捕捞死亡率Fpa、预防性生物量Bpa,主要对渔业资源的开发和管理进行预警,防止生物量小于BL。生物学参考点主要应用动态综合模型、产量模型和亲体量补充量关系模型来估算,估算过程中需要考虑到补充、生长、死亡等生命史过程中的不确定性。本文对生物学参考点的发展和应用进行了综述,并以金枪鱼渔业为例阐述它在渔业管理上的应用。近几十年来,我国近海渔业资源出现衰退,亟需利用生物学参考点的原理和方法对重要渔业资源种类进行...