甘蓝型油菜PEBP基因家族的鉴定与表达分析

植物磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白(phosphatidylethanolamine-bindingprotein,PEBP)基因对于控制开花时间具有重要作用。油菜作为世界上最重要的油料作物之一,与模式植物拟南芥具有相似的开花习性。但有关油菜开花基因的功能研究相对较少。本研究利用拟南芥PEBP基因家族蛋白序列在油菜基因组内进行BlastP分析,获得油菜PEBP家族成员,并对其进行基因结构分析、motif预测、复制事件、进化树构建、选择压力分析和组织表达分析。结果表明,共有26个油菜PEBP基因成员得到鉴定,大部分成员含有4个外显子和3个内含子, motif-1和motif-2是PEBP成员的特征基序,超过76.9%的成员属于片段复制扩增事件。进化树分析显示, PEBP分为3个亚家族,基于转录组测序的组织表达数据表明油菜26个PEBP成员具有非常明显的组织表达特性。以上研究结果,极大丰富了我们对甘蓝型油菜开花基因及调控模式的认识,为进一步的分子育种提供了理论基础。     

甘蓝型油菜脯氨酸合成相关同源基因的进化和差异表达分析

以异源四倍体甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)及其二倍体祖先白菜(B.rapa)和甘蓝(B.oleracea)为对象,研究了脯氨酸合成途径关键酶基因P5CS和OAT的进化命运以及各自不同祖先来源的同源基因的差异表达情况。序列比对和进化分析表明,甘蓝型油菜中P5CS基因和OAT基因和其二倍体祖先的相对应基因高度同源;进化上,和二倍体亲本相比甘蓝型油菜P5CS2基因发生了1个拷贝的丢失,而OAT基因没有基因丢失现象;半定量RT-PCR结果表明,甘蓝型油菜中来自二倍体亲本白菜和甘蓝的P5CS2和OAT同源基因在所有检测器官中均表达,没有发生基因沉默;但是它们可能发生了亚功能化,不同祖先来源的2个P5CS2同源基因存在较弱的偏向性表达,不同器官的同源基因表达模式稍有不同;而OAT基因明显偏向于表达来自于甘蓝祖先的同源基因,OAT的2个同源基因的不同器官表达模式基本一致;盐胁迫处理后,来自于甘蓝的BnaC.P5CS1.d表达量显著高于来自于白菜的Bna A.P5CS1.a,表明盐处理条件下甘蓝型油菜偏向性表达BnaC.P5CS1.d。甘蓝型油菜的脯氨酸合成基因Bna A.P5CS1.a、BnaC.P5CS1.d及Bna A.P5CS2.a、BnaC.P5CS2.c的盐诱导表达模式均基本保持了亲本来源基因的特征。以上结果表明,与二倍体祖先相比,甘蓝型油菜中脯氨酸合成基因序列和表达模式均存在高度保守性,这可能说明了脯氨酸积累在进化上对植物的有利性。     

甘蓝型油菜CBF基因家族的鉴定和表达分析

低温是影响植物生长发育的重要环境胁迫因子,ICE1(inducer of CBF expression1)-CBF(C-repeat(CRT)-binding factors)-COR(cold responsive)在植物响应低温胁迫的信号途径中具有重要作用。为探究CBF(C-repeat-binding factors)基因在甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)中的进化以及在低温胁迫应答反应中的功能,本研究以4个拟南芥CBF基因为基础序列,鉴定出11个甘蓝型油菜、6个白菜和5个甘蓝CBF基因,并对它们的分子特性、蛋白保守结构域和系统进化树、基因结构及基因染色体分布、甘蓝型油菜CBF基因组织表达模式以及不同逆境和激素处理下的表达模式进行系统的比较分析。结果表明,在11个甘蓝型油菜CBF基因中,可分为亚组Ⅰ(CBF1/2/3)和亚组Ⅱ (CBF4) 2个亚组。转录组测序结果表明,所有甘蓝型油菜CBF基因受低温诱导表达,其中亚组Ib的4个基因对冷胁迫响应迅速且持续时间长,亚组Ⅱ中2个基因对冷胁迫响应表达较弱,但它们在根中表达量明显高于叶片,并且参与盐胁迫和渗透胁迫响应;甘蓝型...     

甘蓝型油菜铵转运蛋白基因家族成员的鉴定与表达分析

了解异源四倍体甘蓝型油菜中AMT基因家族的功能,为进一步克隆和利用基因改良甘蓝型油菜的氮素利用效率和铵毒抗性提供一定的理论基础。利用生物信息学的方法鉴定出20个BnaAMTs基因,其中14个为AMT1亚家族成员,6个为AMT2亚家族成员,它们不均匀地分布在油菜的12条染色体上。进化与保守基序分析结果表明,BnaAMTs蛋白亚家族内的蛋白质序列保守性较高,但亚家族之间的差异较大。BnaAMTs基因在油菜不同组织中的表达谱显示,该基因家族表达具有组织特异性。利用转录组测序结果分析发现,根部在供应高浓度的铵态氮和硝态氮时,BnaA7.AMT1;3表达量最高;在硝态氮缺乏条件下,BnaA5.AMT1;1表达量最高;在上述几种处理下,BnaC6.AMT1;1都是地上部表达量最高的拷贝。在缺硼或缺磷条件下,油菜BnaAMTs基因整体呈现表达上升的趋势;但在盐胁迫条件下,表达量下降;镉胁迫对BnaAMTs基因的表达影响较小。这些基因可能在铵态氮与其他必需营养元素的互作、镉胁迫、盐胁迫等逆境响应中发挥一定的作用;并为进一步深入解析甘蓝型油菜AMT家族基因的分子功能奠定了基础。     

甘蓝型油菜开花时间的遗传分析及相关分子标记

为进一步明确甘蓝型油菜开花时间的遗传规律,指导早熟品种选育。以晚开花甘蓝型油菜YG-1和早开花甘蓝型油菜72-27-1-2为亲本,杂交构建6世代遗传群体(P_1、P_2、F_1、B_1、B_2和F_2),分别种植于杨凌和三原两地,记录6世代群体单株开花时间,应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因遗传模型进行遗传分析;借助SSR分子标记技术,利用F_2群体开发与开花时间相关的分子标记。结果表明:开花时间最适遗传模型在杨凌和三原分别为E-0(2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因模型)和E-1(2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型)。杨凌和三原两地分离世代(B_1、B_2和F_2)开花时间的主基因遗传率分别为57.12%,79.44%,66.37%和54.51%,65.43%,43.21%,多基因遗传率分别为33.80%,8.47%,25.62%和25.42%,4.70%,37.65%,环境引起变异为9.73%和23.03%。两地各分离世代(尤其B_2世代)主基因遗传率都明显大于相应多基因遗传率,表明甘蓝型油菜开花时间主要受2对主基因控制,在早期世代对理想开花时间选择有效,同时也要注意多基因和环境因素的影响。获得7个与开花时间位点相关的SSR分子标记,呈显著或极显著相关。标记引物序列在甘蓝型油菜数据库进行比对,BrgMS351和BnGMS148位于A7上,cnu_m157a、BnGMS256-1、BnGMS256-2、BnGMS327和BnGMS370-2位于A9上。表明本研究中控制开花相关的位点可能位于A7和A9上,且可能由2个QTLs共同控制,与数量模型遗传分析开花时间由2对主基因控制结果一致。     

甘蓝型油菜PIN家族基因的鉴定与生物信息学分析

PIN家族基因是一类调控植物生长素极性运输的重要载体元件, PIN基因编码生长素输出蛋白, 介导生长素在植物体的运输, 然而在基因组较复杂的甘蓝型油菜中缺乏系统研究。本研究运用生物信息学方法在甘蓝型油菜全基因组数据库筛选甘蓝型油菜PIN家族基因, 对鉴定出的29个BnPINs基因开展拷贝数变异、分子特征、跨膜结构域、保守基序、染色体定位、系统进化树构建、PIN蛋白二级结构及三级结构预测等研究, 结合高通量转录组测序进行低氮胁迫下的转录水平分析。结果表明, 甘蓝型油菜PIN家族基因拷贝数明显多于拟南芥、甘蓝和白菜所具有的PIN家族基因数量; BnPINs蛋白多属于由碱性氨基酸组成的稳定蛋白, 含有保守的N末端结构域, 二级结构与拟南芥PIN蛋白相似; 系统进化选择能力分析表明, BnPINs基因与甘蓝和白菜PIN家族基因进化关系相近。转录组测序表明, BnPIN1s、BnPIN2s、BnPIN3s基因主要在甘蓝型油菜根部表达且受长期低氮(72 h)诱导, BnPIN6s和BnPIN8s基因主要在地上部表达, 低氮会抑制BnPIN6s表达。本研究结果为进一步研究甘蓝型油菜PIN家族基因生物学功能尤其是在响应低氮胁迫中的功能奠定基础, 为已知大量数据的其他物种家族基因生物信息学研究提供参考。     

甘蓝型油菜开花期全基因组关联分析及开花基因标记开发

随着南方稻-稻-油三熟制种植模式的推进和油菜机械化生产的要求,选育油菜早熟品种是现阶段中国南方油菜育种的重要研究目标.本研究对100份油菜品种进行简化基因组测序并调查开花时间,利用混合线性模型进行全基因组关联分析,进行SNP等位基因间的表型差异分析.结果表明,检测到69个SNP与开花时间显著关联,可以解释13.42％～...     

甘蓝型油菜BnABCG8基因的克隆及表达分析

甘蓝型油菜是重要的油料作物之一,随着对油脂需求的日益增加,高含油量油菜育种有着很重要的现实意义。本研究克隆了甘蓝型油菜BnABCG8基因,全长1 722 bp,编码573个氨基酸。通过生物信息学分析,发现BnABCG8蛋白是一类典型的半分子ABC转运蛋白,具有"NBD-TMD"排列的结构域特点。系统进化分析表明,BnABCG8与拟南芥ABCG(WBC)亚家族亲缘关系较近。半定量PCR以及荧光定量PCR发现,BnABCG8基因在甘蓝型油菜根、茎、叶、花以及长角果等不同部位均有表达,在长角果中表达量最高,意味着BnABCG8极有可能参与脂质的运输调控植物的生长发育。     

甘蓝型油菜防御素基因的克隆与表达分析

植物防御素具有广谱抗菌活性,不仅具有抗真菌、抗细菌、蛋白酶抑制和昆虫淀粉酶抑制等活性,而且参与调节植物的生长和发育。本研究根据白菜防御素基因序列设计引物,从甘蓝型油菜中克隆获得5个防御素基因,其c DNA全长325~461 bp,含有177~243 bp开放阅读框,编码58~80个氨基酸,含有8个保守Cys残基,具备Knot1功能域。系统进化分析表明,Bn PDF2.1、Bn PDF2.3、Bn PDF2.5与拟南芥PDF2亲缘关系较近,可能具有蛋白酶抑制活性。荧光定量分析表明,防御素基因具有组织表达特异性,在花蕾和叶中表达量较高,角果中次之;经1 mmol L–1水杨酸处理开花期油菜2 h后,防御素基因在茎、花蕾、角果中的表达量均有不同程度的上调,但在叶中表达有所下调,在根中表达无明显变化。     

甘蓝型油菜BnaFIL基因启动子的克隆与表达分析

为了进一步了解启动子在甘蓝型油菜FIL基因(BnaFIL)表达调控中的作用,根据甘蓝型油菜基因组数据,以甘蓝型油菜叶片提取的DNA为模板,对甘蓝型油菜BnaFIL基因的启动子序列pBnaFIL进行克隆,长度为1 326 bp。采用PlantCARE在线分析软件对该启动子序列进行生物信息学序列分析,结果表明,该序列含有参与光反应的部分保守DNA模块以及CAAT-box和TATA-box等核心启动子必备元件,与分生组织表达有关的顺式作用的调控元件CAT-box以及光敏反应元件。通过该启动子序列替换pBI121植物表达载体上的CaMV35S启动子,使该启动子与GUS基因融合获得pBnaFIL-GUS表达载体,将载体通过农杆菌花序浸染的方法转入拟南芥中,获得了早花启动子重组质粒阳性转基因株系和晚花启动子重组质粒阳性转基因株系。之后对转基因拟南芥植株进行GUS染色分析,对启动子的表达效果进行了检测,最终在不同的转基因拟南芥植株中均发现了GUS基因的表达。结果表明,早花材料与晚花材料中启动子表达强弱存在差异,早花材料启动子的驱动基因表达效果比晚花材料启动子的驱动效果要好,由此推断,启动子的驱动效果...     

Mapping of QTL controlling tocopherol content in winter oilseed rape

Tocopherols are natural antioxidants in vegetable oils and are important dietary nutrients. Enhanced tocopherol content has become an important objective in oilseed rape breeding. A segregating DH population was tested for 2 years at two locations in replicated field trials. Genotypic differences occurred for α‐, γ‐ and total tocopherol content as well as α/γ‐tocopherol ratio, but highly significant genotype x environment interactions resulted in low heritabilities. Using a mixed‐model composite interval mapping approach between one and five QTL with additive and/or additive x environment interaction effects could be mapped for α‐, γ‐ and total tocopherol content and α/β‐tocopherol ratio. In addition, one to six locus pairs with epistatic interaction effects were identified, indicating a strong contribution of epistasis to trait variation. In total, the additive and epistatic effects explained between 28% (α‐tocopherol content) and 73% (total tocopherol content) of the genotypic variance in the population, with individual QTL and locus pairs contributing between 7.5 and 29.2% of variance. Considering the low heritabilities of the tocopherol traits, the results of this study indicate that marker‐assisted selection may be an efficient strategy in a breeding program for enhanced tocopherol content in rapeseed.     

Breeding for insect resistance in oilseed rape: Challenges,current knowledge and perspectives

Dealing with insect pests is one of the biggest challenges facing the cultivation of oilseed rape (Brassica napus, OSR). Insect pests are usually controlled using insecticides, but the increasing occurrence of insecticide‐resistant populations and the socio‐economic context argue against the sole use of these substances. Plant resistance is a classical and proven alternative crop protection strategy that is the basic tool of integrated pest management. However, no insect‐resistant OSR cultivar is currently available on the market. Here, I review some of the constraints that make phenotyping for insect resistance particularly challenging with OSR and give perspectives to develop this resistance. Some studies have proved that breeding OSR for insect resistance could be achieved, and three strategies have been considered: introducing resistance transgenes into the OSR genome, exploiting natural variation in resistance already present in B. napus and introgressing resistance from other brassicaceous species. The white mustard, Sinapis alba, seems a particularly promising source of resistance against most of the OSR insect pests.     

Abundance, polymorphism and genetic mapping of microsatellites in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

The objective of the present study was to estimate the abundance and degree of polymorphism of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in rapeseed. By screening about 45000 clones of a small inserts library of rapeseed total DNA the abundances of GA/TC and CA/TG simple sequence repeats in the rapeseed genome were estimated to be approximately one repeat every 100 kb and 400 kb, respectively. After sequencing 13 positive clones, primer pairs could be designed for 11 microsatellite loci. Seven of these primer pairs produced reproducible amplification products in a set of 31 rapeseed genotypes, with one pair amplifying two independent products, giving a total of eight amplified loci. The different microsatellite loci displayed between one and three visible alleles. At four loci, additional null alleles were observed. With up to four alleles, polymorphic microsatellite markers show significantly higher allele numbers in rapeseed than restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Four of the eight microsatellite markers could be mapped on four different linkage groups of an RFLP map of the rapeseed genome.     

甘薯Dof基因家族挖掘及表达分析

单锌指蛋白超家族Dof (DNA binding with one finger)转录因子广泛参与植物的各种生命活动。以甘薯泰中6号基因组为参照挖掘得到46个甘薯Dof基因,每个家族成员均具有C2C2-Dof锌指结构,按照其在染色体上的位置,命名为IbDof1～IbDof46。该基因家族可分为4个亚家族(A～D),且不同亚族的基因结构和基序的分布差异显著。基序1和基序2存在于所有亚家族中;基序5和基序9只存在于亚家族A中;基序6、基序7、基序8和基序10只存在亚家族D中。IbDof的进化极为保守,共有12对染色体复制事件和5对串联重复序列事件(IbDof2/IbDof3、IbDof12/IbDof13、IbDof9/IbDof10、IbDof28/IbDof29和IbDof32/IbDof33),分歧时间平均是3552万年前和186万年前,Ka/Ks比值范围从0.07(IbDof12/IbDof13)到0.68(IbDof6/IbDof25),且与甘薯野生近缘种Ipomoeatrifida同一染色体上的Dof同源基因对有38对。组织特异性分析表明, IbDof各亚族在各个组织器官中表达...     

Occasional loss of expression of phosphinothricin tolerance in sexual offspring of transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

The commercial and economic value of genetically modified crops is determined by a predictable, consistent and stable transmission and expression of the transgenes in successive generations. No gene inactivation is expected after selfings or crosses with non-transformed plants of homozygous transgenic oilseed rape plants if the expression of the transgene in homozygous or hemizygous nature in such plants is stable. The segregation ratios of phosphinothricin (PPT) tolerance in successive generations of selfings and mutual crosses of a few independent transgenic PPT-tolerant oilseed rape plants indicated a dominant, monogenic inheritance. In within-variety and between-variety crosses no transgene inactivation was observed. However, after selfings and backcrosses with non-transgenic oilseed rape infrequent loss of the expression of the PPT tolerance transgene was observed independent from its homozygous or hemizygous nature. Molecular analysis of PPT-susceptible plants showed that the loss of expression was due to gene inactivation and not to the absence of the transgene. Methylation and co-suppression are mechanisms that might cause reduced or even loss of expression of the transgene in later generations. The implications of this observation for seed multiplication of varieties and breeding activities with transgenic oilseed rape are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

EMS Induction of Early Flowering Mutants in Spring Rape (Brassica napus)

Studies were undertaken to induce early flowering mutants by ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) treatments of Brassica napus seeds. EMS treatments for 12 h of a highly inbred B. napus line TBS had adverse effects on M¹ plant development and fertility only when concentrations were greater than 1%. However, an EMS concentration of 1.5% did not reduce M₁ plant fertility to an extent which significantly reduced production of M₂ seeds. Genetic changes induced by EMS treatment and affecting flowering time were of three main types: (1) Changes within a polygenic system reflected by increased variation in flowering time among M₂ families. As the increase in variation was due primarily to a higher frequency of later flowering plants, these polygenic changes would be of little value in developing better-adapted cultivars. (2) Induction of a recessive mutation at a major gene locus which caused M₃ plants homozygous for the mutant gene to flower at least 20 days earlier than the parental line TB8. (3) Induction of a dominant mutation at a major gene locus which affects flowering time by causing a substantial reduction in vernalization requirement. M₂ plants carrying the mutant gene flowered as early as 59 days before the parental line. These major gene mutations could be rapidly exploited in the development of agronomically superior cultivars for short-season, lower rainfall environments in Western Australia.     

Nectar secretion in winter oilseed rape, Brassica napus— quantitative and qualitative variability among 71 genotypes

The genotypic variability in nectar secretion among 71 genotypes of winter oilseed rapes was tested for floral nectar volume, sugar composition and concentration. Differences were found between seed quality genotypes: double low [99] oilseed rape varieties tended to secrete much more nectar than single low [0 +] and double high [++] varieties. Male-sterile lines (Ogura CMS) secreted one-half to one-third the amount of their isogenic male-fertile counterparts. Restored lines behaved as conventional rape varieties. On average, amounts of nectar were 2 μl/flower and ranged from 0.7 to 6 μl/flower. Among the genotypes under test, the male-sterile lines were not the least productive. The analysis of (Samourai) winter oilseed rape showed that total sugar concentrations in nectar were highest at the beginning of the flowering period (30g/100 ml) and lowest towards the end (10g/100 ml). At a given date, total sugar contents in nectar of [0 +] varieties were significantly higher than those of [++] varieties and were due to higher fructose contents. Differences between genotypes within the same type also occurred, depending on the day of sampling. Oilseed rape nectar was confirmed to be predominantly composed of hexose (glucose and fructose). From the results of these investigations, it is concluded that the opportunity exists to select oilseed rape genotypes, including male-sterile lines, that secrete sufficient amounts of nectar to attract honey-bees to ensure pollination of male-sterile lines for hybrid seed production.