不同灌溉条件下冠菌素对大豆光合特性与产量的调控效应

干旱是限制大豆丰产稳产的重要因素之一,利用生物调节剂提高大豆耐旱性是生产中一种新型的生物节水管理模式。本研究在常规灌溉与无灌溉条件下,采用生物调节剂冠菌素(COR)于大豆初花期进行叶面喷施处理,研究COR对植株农艺性状、叶片水势和光合特征、产量及其构成因素的调控效应。试验结果表明:在正常灌溉条件下, COR处理对大豆叶片水势、叶绿素含量、光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数、RuBP羧化酶和SPS活性等影响较小,与对照相比其产量和生物量差异不显著。但在生长季无灌溉的雨养条件下,COR处理会显著提高大豆开花后叶片水势、叶绿素含量、光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数,增加叶片RuBP羧化酶和SPS活性,改善大豆产量构成因素,最终导致籽粒产量增加。总之,在雨养条件下, COR对大豆光合特征和产量形成具有积极的调控效应。     

籽粒灌浆特性对小麦磨粉品质的影响及其氮肥调控效应研究

在大田条件下,以大穗型小麦品种兰考矮早8和多穗型小麦品种豫麦49-198为材料,通过设置不同氮肥施用水平,研究籽粒灌浆过程对小麦磨粉品质的影响以及氮肥的调控效应.结果表明,在各施氮处理中小麦籽粒灌浆过程均呈"S"型变化,籽粒干质量积累均可用三次曲线进行拟合,但模型参数因氮肥用量而不同.大穗型品种兰考矮早8均以N3(270 kg/hm2)处理的灌浆特征参数值较高,多穗型品种豫麦49-198以N2(180 kg/hm2)处理的灌浆持续期最长,最大灌浆速率出现的时间最晚,最大灌浆速率最高以及有效灌浆持续期最长,理论最大粒重以N0(0 kg/hm2)和N5(450 kg/hm2)处理的较高.灌浆特征参数与磨粉品质的相关分析表明,多数籽粒灌浆特征参数与磨粉品质指标之间的相关达到极显著水平;同时建立了磨粉品质指标和灌浆特征参数之间的回归方程,可以用籽粒灌浆特征参数来预测籽粒的磨粉品质.     

玉米灌浆期果穗不同部位籽粒碳水化合物积累与淀粉合成相关酶活性变化

玉米果穗顶部籽粒通常较中、下部籽粒充实差,粒重轻,其机制不清楚。本研究旨在探明玉米果穗不同部位籽粒淀粉合成相关酶活性变化及其与籽粒灌浆的关系。以玉米品种登海11为材料,分别进行春播和夏播试验,观察果穗不同部位籽粒中可溶性糖、蔗糖和淀粉的含量及淀粉合成相关酶活性变化。结果显示,与夏播玉米相比,春播玉米具有较多的每穗粒数、较高的百粒重和产量。虽然产量在春播和夏播间有差异,但两季玉米籽粒的最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率、百粒重、可溶性糖和蔗糖含量、最大淀粉积累速率、平均淀粉积累速率均表现为果穗下部籽粒中部籽粒上部籽粒。灌浆期果穗不同部位籽粒腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、淀粉合酶(St S)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性变化均呈单峰曲线,果穗上部籽粒AGPase、St S和SBE活性峰值和平均值均显著低于果穗中、下部籽粒。相关分析表明,淀粉积累速率、籽粒灌浆速率与AGPase、St S和SBE活性均呈极显著正相关。说明玉米果穗顶部籽粒较低的AGPase、St S和SBE活性是其灌浆较差、粒重较低的重要原因。春播玉米粒重较高,与其灌浆期较强的淀粉合成能力有关。     

高温对玉米籽粒淀粉合成及产量的影响

以农大108和山农3号为试材，采用田间生长箱增温的方法，研究了不同生育时期高温对玉米淀粉合成及产量的影响。结果表明，第1期（出苗后0~28 d）高温处理对玉米的产量没有显著影响，第2期（出苗后29~57 d）和第3期（出苗后58~86 d）高温处理显著降低玉米产量，以第2期对产量的影响最大；同时高温降低1,6-二磷酸酯酶（FBPase）、磷酸蔗糖合成酶（SPS）、蔗糖合成酶（SS）和腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（ADPGPPase）的活性，且以第2期降低的幅度最大；籽粒淀粉含量，以第1期高温处理高于对照，其他2个处理显著低于对照。     

灌浆充实调节剂对大穗型水稻弱势籽粒灌浆的调控效应

为探究2种灌浆充实调节剂对大穗型水稻品种弱势籽粒灌浆充实的影响及其作用机制,采用大田试验,以大穗型水稻品种交源优216为试验材料,研究了抽穗开花期喷施灌浆充实调节剂(禾立丰和新美洲星)对水稻弱势籽粒灌浆充实、内源激素含量、灌浆充实相关miRNA及其靶基因、编码灌浆充实相关蛋白和蔗糖-淀粉代谢关键酶基因表达量的影响。结果表明,2种灌浆充实调节剂禾立丰和新美洲星显著提高了交源优216的产量、弱势籽粒千粒质量、灌浆速率及灌浆起始势,弱势籽粒千粒质量与对照(清水处理)相比分别提高了16.07%和15.89%;且弱势籽粒中IAA含量在花后9,15,21 d显著增加,Z+ZR含量在花后9,21 d显著增加。禾立丰处理下,弱势籽粒中负调控籽粒灌浆充实的miR167a-c、miR167d-j和miR1432在花后6 d显著下调,编码14-3-3蛋白的基因OsGF14b和OsGF14f在花后12 d显著下调;而正调控籽粒灌浆充实的类萌发素蛋白基因OsGLP3在花后6 d显著上调,蔗糖-淀粉代谢关键酶基因在花后6,12 d显著上调。新美洲星处理下,弱势籽粒中负调控籽粒灌浆充实的miR167a-c、miR1...     

不同时期化控对密植玉米冠层结构及籽粒灌浆特性的影响

合理的冠层结构能够保障作物群体生产功能得到充分发挥,而喷施化学调控物质是塑造作物冠层的重要措施之一,其中化控时期的选择至关重要。本研究以先玉335为供试品种,分别在60,000株hm^–2 (D1)和90,000株hm^–2(D2) 2个种植密度下,设置3个化控处理(化控剂为乙烯利复配剂), T10 (十叶期喷施450 L hm^–2化控试剂)、T₁₅ (十五叶期喷施450 L hm^–2化控试剂)、CK (喷施清水作对照),研究了在不同密度下的不同时期化控处理对玉米冠层结构的调控,分析了冠层结构改变对籽粒灌浆特性和产量的影响。结果表明,在D1密度下,化控处理对产量影响不显著,而在D2密度下, T15较CK两年平均增产7.3%,穗粒数和千粒重分别增加2.6%和3.6%, T10处理穗粒数和千粒重均降低。T15处理吐丝期上部叶夹角降低17.5%,十四至十七叶位的叶面积减小,使穗位层光能截获率增加11.5%,在乳熟期净光合速率(Pn)仍能维持较高,完熟期群体叶面积指数(LAI)显著提高51...     

施氮量对春玉米籽粒脱水特性与灌浆特性的影响

为研究施氮量对春玉米籽粒脱水特性与灌浆特性的影响,确定冀东地区春玉米品种的适宜施氮量,以低氮型玉米品种京农科728和高氮型玉米品种先玉335为供试材料,大田条件下设置N 1(120 kg·hm^-2)、N 2(180 kg·hm^-2)、N 3(240 kg·hm^-2)、N 4(300 kg·hm^(^-2))、NCK(360 kg·hm^-2)5个施氮量处理,构建了两品种在不同施氮量下籽粒、苞叶和茎秆含水率与授粉后活动积温的关系模型。结果表明,京农科728籽粒含水率下降所需要的积温均低于先玉335,京农科728在N 1水平下收获时籽粒、苞叶和茎秆含水率最低,脱水速率最快,籽粒灌浆速率高;先玉335在N 4水平下收获时籽粒含水率最低,生理成熟后脱水速率最快,N 3水平下苞叶和茎秆含水率最低,籽粒灌浆速率最高。生理成熟前注重灌浆速率的提高,收获期籽粒含水率与生理成熟后籽粒平均脱水速率呈负相关,与籽粒总脱水速率呈极显著负相关,说明收获期籽粒含水率主要由生理成熟后籽粒平均脱水速率和籽粒总脱水速率决定。低氮型玉米品种京农科728适宜施氮量为120 kg·hm^-2,此时脱水与灌浆特性表现较好;高氮型玉米品种先玉335适宜施氮量为300 kg·hm^-2,此时脱水与灌浆特性表现较好。     

ABA与GA对水稻籽粒灌浆的调控

灌浆初期籽粒中ABA(脱落酸)含量(ng g-1FW)和ABA与GA(赤霉素)的比值，强势粒高于弱势粒，籽粒充实度好的组合高于籽粒充实度差的组合。开花后2天，喷施外源ABA，籽粒中ABA含量和ABA/GA增大，喷施外源GA后籽粒中GA含量增加，ABA/GA减小。低浓度(15mg/L)ABA处理后，灌浆初期籽粒中ADPG焦磷酸酶和淀粉合成酶活性及淀粉含量增加，     

不同熟期夏玉米品种籽粒灌浆与脱水特性及其密度效应

研究不同熟期夏玉米品种籽粒灌浆与脱水特性及种植密度的调控作用, 以期为黄淮海地区夏玉米籽粒机收提供科学依据。2016—2017年在山东农业大学玉米科技创新园, 种植早熟玉米品种登海518 (DH518)、衡早8号(HZ8)和中晚熟玉米品种郑单958 (ZD958)、登海605 (DH605), 设60 000、75 000、90 000株 hm ^-23个种植密度。结果表明, 早熟品种DH518、HZ8较中晚熟品种ZD958、DH605灌浆期短, 产量低。4个品种生理成熟时的籽粒含水率与其生育期相关性不显著, 早熟品种籽粒后期脱水速率快, DH518和HZ8从籽粒达最大含水量到生理成熟的脱水速率均值较ZD958和DH605两年分别高0.015% °C ^-1和0.014% °C ^-1。相关性分析显示, 籽粒脱水速率与灌浆速率相关性不显著, 生育后期籽粒含水率与茎鞘、叶片含水率呈显著正相关, 与苞叶、穗轴含水率呈极显著正相关。随种植密度的增加, 不同品种籽粒灌浆期缩短, 平均灌浆速率降低, 籽粒生理成熟时的含水率降低。合理增加种植密度能够显著提高不同熟期夏玉米品种的产量。     

宜机收籽粒玉米品种冠层结构、光合及灌浆脱水特性

以京农科728等24个我国生产大面积推广的玉米品种为研究材料,比较不同类型玉米品种的冠层结构、光合及灌浆脱水特性差异,为适宜机收籽粒玉米品种选育和推广提供技术支撑。研究结果表明:(1)参试玉米品种平均机收产量、籽粒含水率、破碎率和杂质率分别为11,658.78 kg hm^-2、24.66%、3.90%和0.83%。其中,以京2416为父本组配的京农科728等18个适宜机收籽粒玉米品种平均机收产量为11,802.70 kg hm^-2,显著高于郑单958和先玉335,分别增产7.69%和4.45%;收获时籽粒含水率均低于28%(平均为24.61%);破碎率低于5%(平均为3.42%),均达到国家机收籽粒标准。(2)以京2416为父本组配的京农科728等18个宜粒收玉米品种穗上茎叶夹角小,株型紧凑,冠层平均透光率高,冠层光分布更合理。(3)参试品种净光合速率和叶绿素含量平均为34.10μmol CO₂ m^-2 s^-1和8.91mg m~2,其中以京2416为父本组配的18个品种净光合...     

不同熟期玉米不同粒位籽粒灌浆和脱水特性对密度的响应

研究密度对不同熟期玉米品种不同粒位的籽粒灌浆和脱水特性的调控效应,为陕北灌区春玉米密植高产机械粒收技术提供依据。于2018—2019年以中熟品种先玉335 (Xianyu 335)和晚熟品种东单60 (Dongdan 60)为材料,设置45,000 (D1)、60,000 (D2)、75,000 (D3)、90,000 (D4)株hm–2四个种植密度,分析其不同粒位籽粒灌浆、脱水特性及其与气候因子的相关性。结果表明,密度的增加能显著提高不同熟期品种玉米籽粒产量,其中2018年2个品种均在D4处理下达到最高产量;2019年先玉335和东单60分别在D4和D3处理下达到最高产量,2年平均最高产量分别为18,739 kg hm^-2和17,111 kg hm^-2,较D1处理产量分别提高了32.2%和27.7%。随着种植密度的增加,不同粒位的籽粒灌浆速率降低,粒重减小,脱水速率加快。在D4种植密度下,先玉335下部和上部籽粒平均灌浆速率较东单60分别高0.08 g d–1和0.04 g d–1,粒重较东单60分别高3.6 g和1.6 g。生理成熟时不同...     

不同熟期类型玉米品种籽粒灌浆和脱水特性

根据自然生态条件及玉米品种的熟期、籽粒灌浆与脱水特性和产量潜力等进行科学品种布局,是实现玉米高产优质和资源高效利用的重要途径。本试验选用中早熟、中熟和中晚熟3个熟期类型,共13个玉米生产主栽品种,通过测定籽粒干物质积累和含水率的动态变化,研究并明确了不同熟期类型玉米品种的籽粒灌浆和脱水特性,旨在为生产品种布局提供参考和指导。试验结果表明:产量、籽粒灌浆和脱水特性在不同熟期类型和品种间均存在显著差异。产量表现为中晚熟(13,813.0 kg hm^–2)>中熟(12,970.4 kg hm^–2)>中早熟品种(10,729.0 kg hm^–2),中晚熟分别较中早熟和中熟品种增产28.7%和6.5%。平均灌浆速率表现为中早熟(0.034 g 100-grain^–1℃^–1)>中熟(0.031g 100-grain^–1℃^–1)>中晚熟品种(0.027 g 100-grain^–1℃^–1),生理成熟后的平均物理脱水速率表现为中熟(0.027%℃^–1 d–1)>中早熟(0.025%℃^–1 d–1)>中晚熟品种(0.018%℃^–1 d–1)。中早熟代表性品种京农科728的平均灌浆速率和生理成熟后的物理脱水速率。分别较3个熟期代表性品种郑单958、先玉335、农华101高38.5%和112.5%、28.6%和54.5%、28.6%和13.3%;中晚熟代表性品种京科968产量潜力最大(14,813.0 kg hm^–2),且平均灌浆速率和物理脱水速率分别较同熟期品种郑单958高7.7%和18.8%。产量与灌浆期天数、积温、平均灌浆速率和百粒重呈显著或极显著正相关,收获期籽粒含水率与灌浆期天数和积温显著正相关、与生理降水速率和物理脱水速率极显著负相关,生理降水速率和物理脱水速率与平均灌浆速率相关性不显著。综上,中早熟、中熟和中晚熟3个不同熟期类型及不同玉米品种的籽粒灌浆和脱水特性差异显著,生产中品种布局除考虑熟期外还需兼顾该特性,以更利于实现玉米高产优质和资源高效利用。     

不同熟期类型玉米品种籽粒灌浆和脱水特性

Suitable variety arrangement according to the natural ecological conditions, maturity, grain filling and dehydrating characteristics and yield potential of maize hybrid is an important approach for realizing higher maize yield, quality and photothermal resource utilization. Thirteen hybrids widely planted in maize production with three maturity types [medium-early maturity (MEM), medium maturity (MM) and medium-late maturity type (MLM)] were selected to clarify the grain filling and dehydrating characteristics for different maturity hybrids, by investigating the dynamic changes of grain filling and moisture content. The results showed that yield, grain filling and dehydrating characteristics differed significantly between different maturities and hybrids. Average yield level showed MLM (13,813.0 kg hm^-2) > MM (12,970.4 kg hm^-2) > MEM (10,729.0 kg hm^-2), with MLM was 28.7% and 6.5% higher than that of MLM and MM type, respectively. Average grain filling rate showed MEM (0.034 g 100-grain^-1 ℃^-1) > MM (0.031 g 100-grain^-1 ℃^-1) > MLM (0.027 g 100-grain^-1 ℃^-1), average dehydrating rate after physiological maturity (PM) showed MM (0.027% ℃^-1 d^-1) > MEM (0.025% ℃^-1 d^-1) > MLM (0.018% ℃^-1 d^-1). Average grain filling rate and dehydrating rate after PM of MEM representative hybrid Jingnongke 728 were 38.5% and 112.5%, 28.6% and 54.5%, 28.6% and 13.3% higher than those of representative hybrid Zhengdan 958, Xianyu 335 and Nonghua 101 for three maturity type; the yield of Jingke 968 was the highest (14,813.0 kg hm^-2), average grain filling rate and dehydrating rate after PM was7.7% and 18.8% higher than the same maturity hybrid Zhengdan 958. Yield level was significantly or extremely significantly correlated with grain filling period, corresponding accumulated temperature, average grain filling rate and 100-grain weight; grain moisture content at harvest stage was significantly correlated with grain filling period and corresponding accumulated temperature, but negatively significantly correlated with dehydrating rate before and after PM; there were no significant correlation between dehydrating rate before and after PM with average grain filling rate. Maturity, grain filling and dehydrating characteristics were all important factors for higher maize yield, quality and photothermal resource utilization. This study indicated that maize grain filling and dehydrating characteristics differed significantly between different maturity types and hybrids. Maturity, grain filling and dehydrating characteristics should be well considered for variety arrangement in maize production in order to achieve higher maize yield, quality and photothermal resource utilization.     

黄淮海区域现代夏玉米品种产量与养分吸收规律

为玉米合理施肥,实现高产高效提供理论依据,2016年在济南商河国家农作物新品种展示示范中心和山东农业大学作物生物学国家重点实验室进行试验,于玉米完熟期进行植株取样,测定产量、产量构成因素和植株矿质元素含量,探究黄淮海区域现代夏玉米品种的产量与养分吸收规律。探测分析和正态分布检测结果表明单株生产力、单株生物产量、千粒重和籽粒产量分别符合正态分布N (167.0, 22.722)、N (285.0, 33.472)、N (318.0, 35.752)和N (10.9,1.502),其变化范围为141.55～246.99 g株–1、197.68～389.92 g株–1、226.58～413.76 g和5.84～13.41 t hm~(–2)。每生产100kg籽粒氮素需求量平均为1.95 kg,单位籽粒氮素需求量随籽粒产量提高呈降低趋势。当产量水平由7.0 t hm~(–2)增加到8.0～9.0 t hm~(–2)时,每生产100 kg籽粒氮素需求量从2.15 kg降低到1.96 kg,主要是收获指数升高和籽粒氮浓度降低造成的;当产量水平由8.0～9.0 t hm~(–2)增加到10.0～11.0 t hm~(–2)时,每生产100 kg籽粒氮素需求量从1.96 kg降低到1.84 kg,主要是籽粒氮浓度降低造成的;当产量水平由10.0～11.0 t hm~(–2)增加到11.0 t hm~(–2)时,单位籽粒氮素需求量基本不再变化。生产100kg玉米籽粒的磷素需求量平均为0.97kg,其与籽粒产量呈显著负相关,从产量水平7.0t hm~(–2)的1.07 kg下降到产量水平11.0 t hm~(–2)的0.92 kg,这是由收获指数升高和籽粒磷浓度降低造成的。生产100 kg玉米籽粒钾素需求量平均为1.89 kg,其与籽粒产量呈显著负相关,从产量水平7.0 t hm~(–2)的2.14 kg下降到产量水平11.0 t hm~(–2)的1.74 kg,这是由收获指数升高、茎秆钾浓度增加和叶片钾浓度降低造成的。当前黄淮海区域现代玉米品种籽粒产量为(8.91±1.23)thm~(–2),生产100kg籽粒的氮素、磷素和钾素需求量的变化范围分别为(1.95±0.24)、(0.97±0.11)和(1.89±0.28)kg。氮磷钾需求量随产量的提高而增加,但每生产100kg籽粒产量的氮素、磷素和钾素需求量随着产量升高而下降。     

Grain yield and root characteristics of summer maize (Zea mays L.) under shade stress conditions

Low light is a major adversity affecting yield and quality of summer maize in the Huang‐Huai‐Hai region of China. We conducted a field experiment to explore the effects of shading on root development and yield formation in two summer maize hybrids (Zea mays L.), Denghai605 (DH605) and Zhengdan958 (ZD958). The experiment consisted of four treatments (CK: ambient sunlight, S1: shading from tasselling to physiological maturity stage, S2: shading from six‐leaf to tasselling stage, S3: shading from seeding to physiological maturity stage). Shading had a strong impact on the development of roots in the upper soil layer. Shading significantly decreased the root dry weight, root/shoot ratio, root length density, root absorption area and active absorption area. The results showed that treatments in a diminishing sequence of effects on root from S3, S1, S2 to CK. Overall, shading decreased the root morphologic and activity indices, and decreased yield in summer maize. During an average of 2 years, yields of ZD958 in S3, S2 and S1 decreased by 85%, 24% and 55%, yields of DH605 in S3, S2 and S1 decreased by 87%, 26% and 67%, in compare to CK. The results will be useful for hybrid selection and improving cultural practices for enhancing the maize shading resistance in Huang‐Huai‐Hai region.     

A QTL atlas for grain yield and its component traits in maize (Zea mays)

Grain yield and its component traits are essential targets in maize breeding. These traits are genetically complex and controlled by a large number of quantitative trait loci (QTL). The aim of this study was to compile reported QTL and major genes for grain yield and its component traits in a QTL atlas, as a valuable resource for the maize community. To this end, 1,177 QTL related to maize yield were collected from 56 studies published between 1992 and 2018. These QTL were projected to genetic map “IBM2 2008 Neighbors”, which led to the identification of 135 meta-QTL. Some genomic regions appear to be hotspots for yield-related meta-QTL, often affecting more than one of the investigated traits. Moreover, we catalogued 20 major maize loci associated with yield and identified 65 maize homologs of 21 rice yield-related genes. Interestingly, we found that a significant proportion of them are located in meta-QTL regions. Collectively, this study provides a reference for QTL fine-mapping and gene cloning, as well as for molecular marker-assisted breeding of yield-related traits in maize.     

Effect of panicle nitrogen on grain filling characteristics of high-yielding rice cultivars

The effects of four levels of panicle nitrogen fertilizer on the grain filling characteristics of three rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties (super japonica rice Ningjing 3, three-line japonica hybrid rice Changyou 3 and three-line indica–japonica hybrid rice Yongyou 12) were analyzed. The results showed that difference in time of maximum filling rate (T_max) was the smallest between the superior and inferior spikelets of Ningjing 3, bigger between those of Changyou 3, the biggest between those of Yongyou 12. Ningjing 3 was of the synchronous grain-filling type, Yongyou 12 the asynchronous type, and the Changyou 3 the medium type. The grain filling rate, the initial filling power (R₀), the maximum filling rate (G_max), and the average filling rate (G) of the superior and inferior spikelets of the three varieties under the treatment of panicle N with the amount of 120 kg ha⁻¹ (middle panicle N, shortened as NM) treatment were higher than those of other treatments. NM treatment led to the highest increase in grain weight at the middle stage of filling for all the three varieties. The treatment shortened the early and late stages of grain filling, but extended the middle stage when the filling rate was the highest. However, the middle stage of grain filling of Changyou 3 and Yongyou 12 was much more extended than that of Ningjing 3, indicating a better effect of N on hybrid rice varieties.     

种植密度对贵州春玉米茎秆抗倒伏性能及籽粒产量的影响

为了明确密植条件下春玉米茎秆特性和产量的变化及其相互关系,为贵州春玉米密植高产提供理论依据和实践指导。以贵州广泛种植的玉米品种先玉1171和新中玉801为材料,设置3.0、4.5、6.0、7.5、9.0和10.5万株hm-26个密度,于2018—2019年开展田间试验,研究种植密度对春玉米茎秆形态特征和力学特性、空秆率、倒伏率和产量的影响。结果表明:(1)春玉米株高和穗位高随密度增加先增高后降低;增密后第3节长增幅最大,第3节单位茎长干重、穿刺强度和抗折力,第7节茎粗、干重和横截面积下降幅度最大;密度对茎秆横截面扁率影响不显著。品种之间比较,先玉1171节间长,第3、5节的节间干重和第3节穿刺强度显著高于新中玉801,第7节干重、节间粗、单位茎长干重、节间横截面积、横截面扁率和抗折力显著低于新中玉801。(2)倒伏率和空秆率随密度增加而增大,增密后先玉1171倒伏率显著高于新中玉801,空秆率显著低于新中玉801。(3)产量随密度增加先增加后降低,先玉1171和新中玉801分别在9.3万株hm^-2和8.6万株hm^-2时产量最高。增密后先玉1171比新中玉801增产10.28%,有效穗数和穗粒数更高。(4)相关和多元回归分析表明,株高、穗位高与倒伏率显著正相关,节间粗和单位茎长干物质对玉米茎秆抗折力的正向影响显著。产量与茎秆性状密切相关,株高对产量的正向影响最大。可见,不同春玉米茎秆抗倒伏性能和籽粒产量对密度的响应有差异,新中玉801增密后茎秆节间短而粗,单位茎长干重较大,抗倒伏能力较强。而先玉1171由于在高密度下空秆率比新中玉801低,有较高的有效穗数和穗粒数,因此高密度下产量更高。综合考虑茎秆性状和产量,先玉1171和新中玉801在贵州适宜密度分别为9.0万株hm^-2和8.5万株hm^-2。     

长期定位施肥对夏玉米光合性状及产量的影响

基于 30年的长期定位试验, 研究了长期定位施肥对夏玉米光合性状及产量的影响。研究结果表明：随着施肥量的增加,玉米穗位叶叶绿素含量,光合速率,干物质积累量都显著提高。有机肥与氮肥配施的处理与偏施氮肥的处理相比,各项指标提高最为显著。长期不施肥,玉米的穗粒数最低偏施氮肥可以提高穗粒数,但与对照差异不显著,有机肥与氮肥配施可以显著提高小麦的穗粒数,产量较高,高有机肥与高氮肥配施的处理产量最高。