应用参与式方法编制集体林经营方案初探

分析了我国过去编制集体林经营方案存在的问题,提出了以行政村为单元、以农户为主体,用参与式方法编制集体林经营方案的合理性,初步探讨了应用参与式方法编制集体林经营方案的基本过程和主要内容,对应用参与式方法开展集体林经营方案编制工作提出了初步建议。     

Participatory forest management in Burkina Faso：Members’ perception of performance

This study examines variations in the performance of partic-ipatory forest management programs among four forest management groups （FMGs） in southern Burkina Faso, and assesses the factors that influence their members’ perceptions of performance through a house-hold survey of 216 members. Variations in performance scores among the FMGs were analyzed through multivariate analysis of variance while multinomial regression analysis was used to identify factors that influ-ence their perception of the performance. The results reveal significant differences in performance scores among FMGs. Members of some FMGs perceived that the participatory forest management program ena-bled them to get benefits from the sale of fuelwood while performance scores in the forest conservation and decision-making processes is gener-ally poor. The score for economic performance of FMGs in turn was related to better access to roads and markets. Group size tended to en-hance economic performance via its strong influence on annual fuelwood harvest, while the resource base appeared to be inconsequential. Mem-bers of the forest management groups perceived that large group size and group heterogeneity, particularly in terms of ethnicity, as well as knowledge and awareness of problems related to the forest environment have no influence on the performance of their respective groups. For rural communities to have a favorable disposition toward sustainable forest management, differences in member understanding of collective actions and their impact before and during the implementation of partic-ipatory forest management programs should be considered.     

The effect of participatory forest management on the livelihood and poverty of settlers in a rehabilitation program of degraded forest in Bangladesh

The sal forest is the only plainland forest in Bangladesh, and is of national economic and environmental importance. High population and ever increasing poverty has stimulated exploitation of the forest alarmingly and brought it near extinction. In facing this situation, the Bangladesh Forest Department implemented a participatory management approach, involving the householders living in and around the forests, for forest maintenance and protection. This study examines the effectiveness of practicing participatory forestry on the settlers’ livelihood in the encorached area of the sal forest. The settlers were given degraded and encroached forest land through the program. Two major social forestry models — namely agroforestry and woodlots — are included in the study. Participation in the resettlement increased household income, employment opportunities and financial and non-land assets. It was found that the participatory management regime could attain the sustainability of the forest and accelerate the standard of settlers’ livelihood, hence the program is an efficient management option towards sustainability of the forest resources. These findings suggest that there is a role for extending the approach to rehabilitate other degraded and encroached forest lands in Bangladesh.     

参与性方法在社区集体林经营管理中的应用

本文对在社区开发的参与性集体林经营管理的试点研究案例进行了深入的总结分析，详细阐述了参与性方法在社区集体林经营管理中应用的基本步骤和方法；通过剖析项目人员对应用参与性方法的认识；充分揭示了参与性的实质及其与社区森林持续有效的经营管理的密切关系。     

Impacts of participatory forest management on forest conditions: Evidences from Gebradima Forest,southwest Ethiopia

ABSTRACT

This study examines a participatory forest management program and its impacts on forest conditions in Gebradima Forest, southwest Ethiopia. Vegetation data were collected from both participatory forest management (PFM) and nonparticipatory forest management (non-PFM) forest blocks. A total of 54 plots (27 from each forest block) measuring 20 m × 20 m were employed to collect species composition and structural data. Results indicated that a total of 51 different woody plant species (49 at PFM and 43 at non-PFM blocks), representing 31 families were recorded, with 41 species were shared for both forest sites. Species diversity and evenness were higher in the forest with PFM (H´ = 3.29, E = .85) compared to the forest without PFM (H´ = 2.97, E = .79). The overall mean values of tree/shrub and seedling density per hectare, diameter class (≤ 20 cm) were also significantly (p < .05) higher in PFM forest than non-PFM forests. However, no significant variations were observed in sapling density per hectare and basal area between the two studied forest blocks. It can be concluded that PFM had a positive effect on forest conditions compared with a similar forest without PFM. Hence, it is important to scaling up PFM in neighboring forests.     

辽宁省集体林林权制度改革林农行为问题的调查分析

对辽宁省集体林林权改革中林农行为进行了调查与分析,结果表明:有82.00%的林农在林权改革中获得了林地,86.76%的林农对林权改革满意,84.84%的农户有投资的意愿,进行林下多种经营的林农户数有了显著提高,增长了2倍。影响林农进行林业生产投资的主要因素是:缺乏资金,担心政策变化,采伐限额限制木材生产。筹措资金、保持政策的连续性、科学经营森林(合理分配采伐指标)是巩固集体林权改革成果的基本保障。     

Public forest policy making in post-Communist Estonia

This paper presents a case study of forest sector development during the first 10 years of economic transition in Estonia in the period 1991–2000. The analysis is based on an examination of consecutive steps in the evolution of the country's forest sector, allowing speculations and conclusions to be drawn on why some forest policy actions have been more successful than others. Using Douglass C. North's concept of ‘scaffolds’ and the factors that most influence economic progress, the author follows the interplay between the formal and informal institutions in Estonian forestry during this period. The author finds that participatory policy-making procedures, while strongly advocated in the IPF Proposals for Action, do not alone necessarily guarantee desirable policy outcomes. The existing social norms and individual decision-makers’ actions also make significant contributions to the success of forest policy implementation.     

Institutional Challenges in Sustainable Forest Management: Evidence from the Gambella Regional State of Western Ethiopia

This article explores the ambiguity over property rights to forest resources in the Mejengir Zone of Gambella Regional State in western Ethiopia. Household surveys and focus group discussions were used as data collection tools. Results indicate that the complexities in forest management are mainly attributable to diversity in livelihoods as well as users’ heterogeneity in perceptions and actions. Ambiguity was created both through the process of decentralization in forest management and the demarcation of regional forest priority areas without public participation. The weakness of the state in undertaking effective supervision to overcome corruption has also exacerbated this problem. A lack of well-defined property rights has resulted in deforestation and loss of biodiversity, and unclear property rights, reflecting an ineffective local forest governance structure. The resulting behavioral uncertainty among users puts pressure on forest resources, which favors the conversion of forests into other land use models. State development programs were also found to be sources of ambiguity over property rights and thereby created challenges for collective forest management. Therefore, local institutional structures should be improved to help accommodate more traditional systems of forest management and to ensure sustainability in forest management practices.     

关于改革和完善集体林采伐管理的思考

总结吉林省集体林采伐管理情况及取得的成效,结合集体林权制度改革的深入开展,针对集体林采伐管理面临的主要问题,提出新形势下改革和完善集体林采伐管理的建议和对策     

新形势下的森林经理学——实践内容的拓展

集体林权制度改革后,为森林经理提出了新的问题。在分析森林经理学研究内容的基础上,提出在森林经理学研究内容中拓展休闲林业经营管理,在社会主义新农村建设规划中加强森林经营方案编制工作,并讨论了拓展以上内容时应研究及关注的重点问题。     

Community-based forest management and its role in improving forest conditions in Nepal

The status of forest conditions before and after intervention of the forestry projects in community forest in three districts of Nepal is examined. Benefits are observed from the adoption of adaptive collaborative management and collective learning and action research in three sampled districts. The adoption of regular silvicultural treatments has increased the availability of forest products to local users. Moreover, improved forest condition and smallholder livelihoods have improved, as has environmental sustainability. However, the community forestry program has several limitations and shortcomings. Elite capture, social disparity, inequitable benefit-sharing and exclusion of poor and marginalized groups from the community forestry program are notable challenges to be solved in coming years. Special attention is needed to make community forestry inclusive with equitable benefit-sharing and a pro-poor focus.     

参与式森林资源规划设计调查的探讨

为了更准确地得到森林资源规划设计调查成果和制定确实可行的经营措施,提出了调查单位与被调查区域内相关利益者共同参与的森林资源调查方法,阐述了参与式森林资源规划设计调查的可行性、必要性以及实现的途径。     

政策性森林保险的机遇与对策

本文阐述了启动政策性森林保险给森林资源培育业、集体林业和森林生产经营者以及相关保险业带来的保障性、发展性机会,系统分析了实施政策性森林保险可能遇到的来自需求愿望、承受能力、技术实力、制度保障等方面的制约因素,提出了推动政策性森林保险深入实施的八项对策措施:加大政府引导扶持力度;加大政策导向宣传力度;完善相关政策法规体系;建立有效组织体系模式;优化森林保险业务机制;建立协同配合工作机制;建立森林保险中介机构;建立森林风险分散机制。     

杨柳流域社区参与式森林经营调查分析

社区参与式森林经营是近10年来尝试采用的一种新的森林经营发展模式.本文在对杨柳流域社区森林经营调查的基础上,分析了社区参与式森林经营的现状及存在的问题,提出了加强参与式森林经营的建议和措施.     

实施天保工程对森工企业的影响及对策

本文从生产实际出发，对天保工程给森工企业带来的影响进行了细致的剖析，并提出了相应的对策，即实施天保工程应紧紧抓住森林分类经营、森工企业主营转向、职工转岗分流、强化资源和林地的监管、建立必要的政策保障体系等5个环节。     

影响森林资源环境人口承载能力因素分析

森林承载能力是关系到人口、森林资源、生态环境和社会经济协调发展的关键，也是一个涉及多学科知识的复杂问题。本文从森林产出、市场、需求、林区人口的平均收入和政策环境等方面入手，系统的分析了影响森林承载能力的各主要因素。为今后开展森林资源环境人口承载能力的深入研究和科学地制定林业发展战略提供了必要的基础理论资料和决策依据。     

Participatory technology development for incorporating non-timber forest products into forest restoration in Yunnan,Southwest China

Indigenous knowledge has become a topic of considerable interest within the research and development environment. Incorporating indigenous knowledge into state-led ‘top-down’ conservation and development programmes, however, is still a great challenge. This paper presents a case from Yunnan, Southwest China, in which indigenous knowledge has been integrated into the development of an agroforestry model with non-timber forest products for the Sloping Land Conservation Programme (SLCP) by using a participatory technology development (PTD) approach. This approach was adopted to increase the likelihood that technologies developed would be suitable for resource-poor households. It is expected that integrating indigenous and scientific knowledge, will lead to positive ecological and economic outcomes. Finally, the paper argues that the integration of indigenous knowledge in both forestry policy formulation and implementation is important in the context of sustainable forest management in mountain areas.     

Impact of forest co-management programs on forest conditions in Malawi

Forest co-management programs aim to conserve forest resources. However, there is little evidence of its effectiveness. We assess the impact of co-management approaches on forest conditions in Zomba-Malosa and Ntchisi forest reserves in Malawi using a multiple-site, plot-based, and control-intervention design. We used tree density and species richness as indicators of forest condition. Evidence of human activities was used as potential indicators of current and future impacts. Local peoples’ perceptions of the impact of co-management on forest were also sought to validate the inventory information. Co-managed plots have higher tree density than state managed plots. Indicators of human activities including felled trees, farming and settlement plots, and grazing, were observed in both co-managed and state managed forest block. A majority of respondents, 84% in Zomba-Malosa and 73% in Ntchisi, perceive the co-management program to have a positive impact on forest conditions against a general worsening trend. Despite having a potential to improve forest conditions, the findings suggest that the outcomes of a co-management may vary depending on preexisting conditions and how communities understand and interpret the program. Hence, programs should not be implemented as a universal package. Furthermore, even with method triangulation, the lack of baseline data limited the quantification impacts; hence, integration of participatory research into the program is recommended.     

芷江县集体林权体制改革后森林经营扶持机制探讨

针对集体林权体制改革后，森林经营中林地使用权、森林经营主体、森林经营面积的变化，考虑森林经营的自然特性与公益特性，结合芷江的实际，分析国家财政对森林经营扶持，不只在经营商品林的补助和公益林的补偿上，也要在森林经营基础设施上给予财政扶持。