花生幼苗对酸胁迫的生理响应及品种间差异

为探究土壤酸化胁迫对不同花生品种幼苗生长发育及生理特性的影响,盆栽条件下,在酸化土壤(pH值3.5)及正常土壤(pH值6.0,对照)上,比较了15个花生品种幼苗的根系形态、叶片光合特性及干物质质量等指标的差异。结果表明:酸胁迫条件下多数品种总根长及根表面积下降,较对照平均降低34.28%和15.17%,其中对直径0～1 mm根系影响最大;不同品种根体积对酸胁迫的响应差异较大,但酸胁迫处理总根体积平均值与对照差异不显著。酸胁迫降低了所有品种单株叶面积,胁迫处理叶面积平均较对照降低45.92%,而且增加了品种间差异,但对叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率影响较小。酸胁迫抑制了花生幼苗干物质累积,其中胁迫处理叶、茎和根平均值较对照分别降低37.43%,28.74%,20.75%,变异系数较对照分别增加7.10,13.02,11.30百分点。不同品种耐酸系数(酸胁迫下整株干物质质量/对照条件下整株干物质质量)变幅为0.353～0.908,按照耐酸系数,将供试品种分成耐酸型、中间型及酸敏感型三类,其中冀花8号和仲恺花10 2个品种为耐酸型。研究结果可为耐酸花生品种选育及酸化土壤花生高产栽培提供依据。     

不同强筋小麦品种产量、品质和氮素利用的差异

在高土壤肥力条件下,设置不施氮肥和施氮240 kg/hm22个处理,研究了6个强筋冬小麦品种的产量、品质和氮素利用的差异。结果表明,在施氮与不施氮的条件下,8901和济麦20两个品种均表现为高产、优质和高的氮素利用效率;施氮有利于进一步改善8901小麦的品质,提高济麦20的子粒蛋白质含量。两种处理下,淄麦12亦表现为产量较高,品质较优,但该品种氮素利用效率低,施氮后氮素利用效率进一步下降。烟农15的氮素利用效率亦较低,但施氮后氮素收获指数和氮素利用效率降低较少,子粒品质得到明显改善。与上述4个品种比较,济南17和烟农19的产量、品质和氮素利用效率居中;施氮后济南17的子粒产量显著提高,但两品种的品质均未得到显著改善。     

氮素形态对小麦中后期的生理效应

利用水培研究了冬小麦品种小偃22营养与生殖并进生长阶段不同氮素形态对小麦叶片和根系内含氮物质、生理特性及对小麦成熟后生物量的影响. 为此目的, 营养液中加入了不同比例的硝态氮、铵态氮及尿素. 结果表明: 在铵、硝态氮比例为50∶50时, 叶面积最大, 叶片叶绿素含量最高, 根系活力最强; 小麦成熟后地上部生物量和经济产量     

不同基因型小麦对干旱胁迫响应的差异研究

采用PEG 6000模拟干旱试验和干旱棚试验,研究10个不同基因型小麦对干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明,不同基因型小麦的抗旱性表现时期有差异,同一基因型品种在不同抗旱指标上表现不完全一致。抗旱萌发较好的品种是济宁16和蘅观35,发芽势和发芽率均较高,发芽速度快。豫农949在幼苗生长期抗旱性表现比较突出,苗高、叶数、地上部分干重、根干重、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量等指标都比较高。干旱胁迫下单株产量最高的是南阳996,其次是豫农949。用综合抗旱系数评价小麦的抗旱性,南阳996的综合抗旱系数最高,与产量的表现吻合。     

淮北地区小麦主栽品种对低温胁迫的响应及抗寒性评价

为给安徽淮北地区小麦安全生产提供指导,以当地主栽品种为材料,研究不同播期条件下小麦植株对低温胁迫的响应,结合自然低温下田间冻害情况及产量表现等,对主栽品种的抗寒性进行初步评价。结果表明,返青期-12℃以下时品种的抗寒性急剧下降;播期间小麦植株的抗寒性表现为：晚播>适播>早播;电解质渗出率均随温度的降低逐渐增大;地域间抗寒性差异明显;不同区域育成品种抗寒性强弱表现为山东省＞河南省＞安徽省;筛选出一批抗寒高产品种,如‘良星66’、‘山农20’、‘济麦22’、‘烟农19’等,可作为安徽淮北地区早播条件下种植的理想品种。     

氮素供应对不同小麦品种产量和品质的影响

研究了氮肥用量对不同强筋小主品质和品种产量的影响。试验结果表明,增施氮肥能促进不同强筋小麦群体发育,提高产量。在0～300kg/hm~2施氮范围内,随施氮量增加产量逐渐提高,强筋小麦蛋白质含量和面筋含量提高,但其他品质指标却因品种不同受施氮量影响不一致。在本试验中,济麦20的平均产量最高,临优145的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值和面包评分均最高。     

江苏淮南地区小麦品种产量、产量响应和稳定性参数间的相关

1983—1986年度在江苏淮南地区多点测验了二组小麦品种。结果表明线性回归模型的测定效率受环境极差的影响。依据各参数的特性及其相关,众参数分为二组,分别测定品种产量对不同环境水平的响应及该响应的稳定性。产量、产量响应指数和稳定性参数间相关不显著,有可能选育到兼具高产、对高产环境响应敏感及产量稳定的小麦品种。     

不同小麦品种对氮素吸收利用差异及其分类研究

采用山东省不同时期的30个主推小麦品种为材料,在高、低2种肥力条件下,研究了不同品种间氮素吸收和分配利用效率的差异,并对氮高效型品种进行了筛选。结果表明,不同品种间整株和茎叶、颖壳、籽粒中氮含量存在极显著差异;高、低2种肥力下的最高值比最低值分别提高22.62%和42.58%,58.18%和78.67%,70.15%和59.92%,24.26%和42.64%;而且各器官的氮含量随着土壤肥力的提高而提高,各品种在高肥土壤中种植的平均氮含量分别比低肥提高12.47%,30.16%,9.83%,5.47%。各品种在2种地力下的平均氮素分配比例:籽粒为72.13%和74.14%,茎叶为21.61%和18.70%,颖壳为6.25%和7.16%。低肥地颖壳和籽粒的分配率分别比高肥地提高14.56%和2.79%,而茎叶则降低了13.47%。采用类平均法聚类,筛选出烟农19号、鲁麦21号、山农8355和鲁麦15号4个氮素利用效率和氮素收获指数均较高的品种;同时还筛选出济麦20号、淄麦12、山农12、红蚰包4个高氮收获指数型品种和小偃6号、烟农15两个仅适于低肥种植的高氮收获指数型品种;鲁麦14和鲁麦22号2个高氮利用效率型品种。     

不同水稻品种产量和品质对盐碱胁迫的响应

选用10份水稻品种(系),在沈阳农业大学和盐碱程度较重的盘锦市大洼县进行了水稻耐盐碱性比较试验,对其产量及产量构成因子和稻米品质进行了比较分析,旨在明确不同水稻品种对盐碱胁迫的响应,筛选出耐盐性较强的水稻品种,为水稻育种及大田生产提供试验材料.结果表明:不同品种水稻的耐盐碱性存在显著差异,其中辽盐188表现出较强的耐盐碱能力,在盘锦地区具有较高的产量,而盐粳36在两地区之间的产量无显著差异,其他品种产量均表现为沈阳地区高于盘锦地区,且差异显著.盐碱环境降低了有效穗数和每穗颖花数,但其对千粒重的影响不稳定.在盐碱胁迫条件下,加工品质及外观品质差异显著,精米率降低,垩白粒率和垩白度升高,蛋白质含量升高,稻米评价值降低.     

不同产量水平稻茬小麦氮素需求特征研究

It is necessary to clarify the nitrogen (N) demand characteristics with yield levels for wheat after rice in the middle and down reaches of the Yangtze River, which could provide theoretical basis for N fertilizer management. Based-on the multi-years and multi-sites wheat experiments in Jiangsu province, this study constructed the datasets of different yield levels derived from different varieties, N rates, densities, and sowing date experiments. N indicators including N requirement per ton grain (N_req), dry matter accumulation (DMA), plant N accumulation (PNA), plant N concentration (PNC), straw N concentration (SNC), grain N concentration (GNC), harvest index (HI), N harvest index (NHI) and N nutrition index (NNI) were analyzed. The results showed that there were not significant differences in N_req among the different yield levels, and the highest N_req was middle-low yield with 27.8 kg t^-1, while the lowest value was 24.8 kg t^-1for low yield level. With the increase of yield levels, DMA, PNA and PNC all showed a gradually increasing trend during maturity stage, and there were significant differences among the different yield levels. There was a significant positive correlation between grain yield and PNA, the DMA and PNA increased with the increase of yield in the sowing-jointing stage, jointing-flowering stage and flowering-maturing stage, but the DMA and PNA proportion in different growth stages showed different trends. The SNC and GNC increased with the increase of yield levels. For SNC, there was no significant difference between the high yield and middle yield level, but it was significantly higher than the low-middle and low yield level. For GNC, there were significant differences among different yield levels except for the middle and low-middle yield level. The HI increased gradually with the increase of the yield levels, and its range was 0.39-0.49. The HI for low-middle and low yields were significantly lower than that of middle and high yield levels, while there were not significant differences in NHI among different yield levels. Its variation range was 0.60-0.96. The NNI gradually increased with the increase of the yield levels, and there was significant difference between different yield levels. The NNI of the high-yield level was higher, and some of the values were greater than 1 which indicating that some experiments had excessive nitrogen fertilizer supply. With the increase of the yield level, the N_req increased first and then decreased, while the DMA, PNA, PNC, SNC, and GNC were gradual increased. The increase of SNC was higher than the GNC, therefore, the extravagant absorption of N by wheat should be avoided in field management. The variation ranges of the HI and NHI were consistent with previous studies. The higher DMA and PNA in the late growth stages were the main reasons for the high yield of wheat. The NNI could be a promising indictor in the field N management of wheat.     

稻茬小麦氮高效品种产量构成和群体质量特征

在稻麦两熟条件下,将2016—2017和2017—2018年江苏扬州参试的24个和江苏睢宁参试的23个小麦品种按氮肥表观利用率(NUR)划分为高效(NUR≥50%)、中效(NUR 40%～50%)和低效(NUR≤40%)品种类型,比较其产量、产量构成因素和群体质量指标的差异,为稻茬小麦品种选用和大面积高产高效生产提供参考。结果表明,两年度在扬州均表现出高效的品种为扬麦25和宁麦21,在睢宁为淮麦35。扬州和睢宁氮高效品种产量分别高于6500 kg hm^-2和7000 kg hm^-2,均显著高于其他类型。与氮中效和氮低效品种相比,氮高效品种具有较高的穗数,穗粒数和千粒重品种类型间差异不显著。不同品种间产量和穗数与NUR均呈线性正相关。氮高效品种具有较高的孕穗期和开花期茎蘖数,分蘖成穗率,乳熟期叶面积指数,孕穗期、开花期和成熟期干物质积累量,花后干物质积累量和成熟期各营养器官干物质积累量。不同氮效率品种类型间花前干物质转运量和收获指数差异不显著。相关性分析表明,两地不同品种类型间孕穗期和开花期茎蘖数、乳熟期LAI、主要生育时期干物质积累量、花后和...     

不同生育期干旱与氮肥施用对花生氮素吸收利用的影响

为明确不同生育期干旱胁迫与氮肥施用对花生氮素吸收利用的影响,利用¹⁵N示踪技术,研究了不同水分条件下氮肥施用对花生各器官肥料氮吸收利用以及氮肥残留和损失情况的影响。水分设置为正常供水(WW,75%～80%田间持水量)、花针期轻度干旱胁迫(FD,55%～60%田间持水量)和结荚期轻度干旱胁迫(PD,55%～60%田间持水量)3个条件,氮肥水平设置为不施氮(LN)、中氮(MN, 90 kg hm^–2)、高氮(HN, 180 kg hm^–2)。结果表明,与正常供水条件相比,不同生育期干旱胁迫均降低了花生产量和植株氮素积累量,且花针期干旱胁迫的降低幅度大于结荚期干旱胁迫。花生籽仁的氮素积累量占全株氮素积累量的68.42%～77.67%。与WWMN处理相比, FDMN处理下花生各器官氮肥吸收比例(Ndff, the percentage of N derived from ¹⁵N fertilizer)和¹⁵N积累量显著提高,且促进了氮素向籽仁的转运,PDMN处理下籽仁¹⁵     

施氮量对宁夏引黄灌区麦后复种糜子生长、产量及氮素利用的影响

为明确不同施氮量下糜子生长规律、产量表现以及氮素利用效率,分析糜子形态特征与产量和氮素利用的关系,同时确定宁夏引黄灌区麦后复种糜子的适宜施氮量,本研究于2019年和2020年以宁糜9号为材料, 2019年设0 (N0)、90 (N1)、120 (N2)和150 kg hm–2 (N3)纯氮水平, 2020年增设180 (N4)和210 kg hm–2 (N5)纯氮水平,以不施氮肥(N0)为对照在宁夏引黄灌区进行大田试验。结果表明,施氮显著促进糜子各生育时期株高、茎粗、叶面积、根系的生长和干物质的积累,但当施氮量超过150kghm^–2时,除茎粗和叶面积外,其余各生长指标出现下降趋势;根冠比随施氮量的增加呈先降低后升高再略微下降趋势,多数生育时期在N2处理根冠比达最小值,拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期分别为0.119、0.087、0.054和0.052。施氮显著促进糜子产量、千粒重和穗粒数增加,并且随施氮量的增加呈先增加后略微下降趋势,N2、N3处理促进效果最佳;N2、N3处理糜子产量分别为2979.41kghm^–2、3084.67 kg hm–...     

宽幅播种对强筋小麦籽粒产量、品质和氮素吸收利用的影响

宽幅播种与适宜种植密度合理组配能够提高小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用率。然而,在协同改善产量和氮素利用率的同时,宽幅播种对籽粒品质有何影响未见报道。本研究于2018—2019和2019—2020连续2个生长季,选用藁优5766、济麦44、泰山27、洲元9369等4个强筋小麦品种,设置宽幅播种和常规条播2种播种方式,研究了宽幅播种对强筋小麦籽粒产量、品质和氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,宽幅播种条件下,主要得益于单位面积穗数的增加, 4个强筋小麦品种的单位面积粒数平均增加13.16%,籽粒产量相应提高13.39%。与此同时,宽幅播种强化了整个生育期特别是花后氮素的吸收,整个生育期小麦植株氮素积累量平均增幅为10.29%,花后氮素吸收量平均增幅为36.83%,进而提高了氮素吸收效率和氮素利用率,平均增幅分别为12.73%、13.39%。整个生育期特别是花后氮素吸收的增加,保障了籽粒氮素供应,提高了单位面积籽粒氮积累量,且其提高幅度(平均增幅为13.38%)与单位面积粒数(平均增幅为13.16%)和籽粒产量(平均增幅为13.39%)的提高幅度相近,籽粒单粒含氮量和蛋白质含量得以保持不变,籽粒蛋白质构成...     

长期施用不同剂量氮肥对高粱产量、氮素利用特性和土壤硝态氮含量的影响

本研究于2015—2019年以晋杂34、辽杂27、晋饲2号、晋糯3号和汾酒粱1号为研究对象,设0(N0)、75(N75)、150(N150)、225(N225)、300(N300)、450 kg hm^-2(N450)6个氮素水平,调查其对产量性状、淀粉含量和土壤硝态氮以及氮素利用特性指标的影响,以探讨高粱合理的氮素施用方案。结果表明,高粱的产量、穗粒数及植株地上部氮素累积量,随施氮水平的增加呈先增加后趋于稳定的趋势,其中以N75处理增幅最大,较N0处理最大增幅分别可达23.68%、48.05%和51.86%;籽粒淀粉含量、5年叠加氮肥利用率、5年叠加氮肥农学效率和氮素5年叠加表观回收率随施氮水平的增加都存在不同程度的降低,其中N75处理下5年叠加氮肥利用率为63.01%,较N150处理提高了76.91%;籽粒淀粉产量则随施氮水平的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。连续施氮4~5年后,施氮量≥225 kg hm^-2,残留的硝态氮在60~200 cm土层逐年累积,且在0~200 cm土层存在明显的累积峰,硝态氮淋失风险加剧。施氮量75~150 kg hm^-2之间,在满足高粱植株基本生长需求的同时,可以弥补了土壤氮库的消耗,有效降低了土壤硝态氮的淋失,亦有利于高粱产量和籽粒淀粉产量的形成。     

长期施用不同剂量氮肥对高粱产量、氮素利用特性和土壤硝态氮含量的影响

To determine a suitable nitrogen fertilizer application rate, an experiment was conducted using Jinza 34, Liaoza 27, Jinsi 2, Jinnuo 3, and Fenjiuliang 1 with six nitrogen (N) fertilization levels, including 0 (N0), 75 (N75), 150 (N150), 225 (N225), 300 (N300), and 450 kg hm^-2 (N450). The effects of long-term nitrogen fertilization with different levels on sorghum grain yield, nitrogen use characteristics and soil nitrate nitrogen distribution were investigated. The grain yield, grain number and N accumulation of sorghum increased initially and then tended to be stabile with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application. Among them, the maximum increase of sorghum under N75 treatment compared with that under N0 treatment was 23.68%, 48.05%, and 51.86%, respectively. With the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application, the grain starch content decreased, while the grain starch yield increased firstly and then decreased. Nitrogen apparent recovery rate, nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency which were accumulated for five years were reduced significantly with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application. Compared with the N150 treatment, nitrogen use efficiency accumulated for five years under N75 treatment, which was 63.01%, was increased by 76.91%. When nitrogen fertilizer application was beyond 225 kg hm^-2, after four to five years later, nitrate nitrogen residue was increased rapidly in the 60-200 cm soil layer year by year, NO₃^--N accumulation peaks distributed in the 0-200 cm soil layer and the risk of nitrate nitrogen leaching was increased. In view of the yield, starch yield, nitrogen utilization and environmental benefit, the reasonable nitrogen fertilizer application for sorghum was between 75 kg hm^-2 and 150 kg hm^-2.     

糜子/绿豆间作模式下施氮量对绿豆叶片光合特性及产量的影响

探讨施氮量对间作条件下绿豆叶片光合特性、氮素特征及产量的影响,以期为西北旱区糜子//绿豆间作模式的合理施氮提供理论依据。试验于2018-2019年在陕西榆林采用裂区设计,主处理设糜子间作绿豆(PM)、绿豆单作(SM)2种种植模式,副处理设0(N0)、45(N1)、90(N2)和135 kg hm^-2(N3)4个氮肥水平。结果表明,施氮处理下间作绿豆叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(T_r)比不施氮平均增加10.5%~24.5%、15.2%~29.5%,提高了叶片光合特性;PSII最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSII实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)平均增加2.9%~7.8%、11.7%~28.4%,PSII非光化学淬灭系数(non-photochemical quenching coefficient,NPQ)降低10.3%~17.4%,叶片叶绿素荧光参数得到改善,对弱光的截获和利用能力提高,叶片PSII反应中心活性增强。单株叶面积、单位干质量叶片氮含量(N_mass)和单位面积氮含量(N_area)均随施氮量增加表现为先升高后降低的趋势;Chl a、Chl b含量增加,光合氮利用效率(photosynthetic N-use efficiency,PNUE)则比不施氮有所降低;不同施氮量均显著增加间作绿豆干物质积累量和荚数,百粒重2年平均分别比不施氮增加1.1%~6.9%,产量增加9.3%~19.7%。2年试验间作各处理土地当量比(land equivalent ratio,LER)为1.63~2.07,表现为间作产量优势。由此可知,施氮可改善间作绿豆叶片光合物质生产能力,延缓衰老,有效调节了光合系统对遮阴的适应性反应,且间作叶片光合性能对氮肥的响应要大于单作。糜子/绿豆间作模式LER大于1,可作为西北旱作农业区推广种植模式,在90 kg hm^?2施氮量下间作绿豆叶片光合特性表现最好,产量最高,LER最大,是其适宜施氮水平。     

The use of grain protein deviation for identifying wheat cultivars with high grain protein concentration and yield

The relationship between grain protein concentration and grain yield in different cultivars of winter wheat was examined in a series of field experiments carried out over three years, in which 13, 12 and 8 cultivars were studied in each year, respectively. The plants were grown at sites located in Shropshire, west-central England, in years 1 and 2, and at three other locations in eastern England in year 3. Above ground plant samples were collected at an thesis and again at maturity, when they were separated into grain and straw, and analysed for dry matter and N content. Analysis of residuals from regression of grain protein concentration on grain yield (grain protein deviation, GPD) showed that some cultivars had a higher grain protein concentration than was predicted from grain yield alone. It was deduced that the capacity to accumulate a higher grain protein concentration than predicted from grain yield is under genetic control and thus may be improved through breeding. Other factors (weight of N accumulated in the biomass at anthesis, weight of N accumulated in the biomass between anthesis and maturity and the concentration of N remaining in the straw at maturity) were added step-wise into the regression to enable statistical analysis of their relative contributions to grain protein. High GPD may be achieved through increased N accumulation after anthesis, combined with efficient re-translocation of vegetative N reserves. The use of GPD provides a selection criteria in wheat breeding programs to screen for increased grain protein concentration without a concurrent grain yield reduction. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

盐胁迫对紫花苜蓿生长及光合生理特性的影响

为了探明盐害对紫花苜蓿生长及光合生理特性的影响,为提高植物耐盐性、增加生物学产量、培育耐盐新品种提供科学依据,通过田间试验,以2年生紫花苜蓿公农一号为研究对象,在不同浓度NaCl处理下研究了紫花苜蓿的生理生化响应。结果表明：(1)S1和S2处理组的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)在胁迫初期小幅上升后开始下降并随时间的延长趋势变缓,S3处理组则持续下降。(2)各处理组的胞间CO2浓度(Ci)则呈先急剧升高后逐渐下降的趋势。(3)不同浓度处理组蒸腾速率(Tr)均呈下降趋势,后期略有恢复。(4)紫花苜蓿叶片SPAD值和地上部分生物量均随着盐浓度的提高显著降低。研究表明,NaCl胁迫下,紫花苜蓿叶片光合作用受到抑制,进而影响到地上部分生物量。但低盐胁迫后期,苜蓿叶片的光合作用有恢复现象,表现出其具有一定的耐盐性。