宁波市鄞州区农作物农药残留现状与控制对策

对鄞州区种植的稻谷、叶菜类、水果类、豆类、茄果类和块茎类农产品按月进行了411个批次抽样,按照国家相关规定对22个农药项目进行了检测。检测结果发现样本农药项目检出率为0.3%,农产品农药残留合格率97.82%,农药残留检出项目中88.89%是杀虫剂。超出农药残留标准的样本主要是5—10月的青菜,叶菜类超标样本率达到3.72%。农药残留超标样本在平原、滨海地区种植散户中有发现,而在山区各规模农户中均有发现。小学文化程度农户样本农药残留超标率高达4.50%,是大学文化程度农户样本农药残留超标率的6.16倍。为了降低鄞州区农作物农药残留率,提出5方面的控制对策。     

Pesticide and Heavy Metals Residue in Wastewater, Soil and Plants in Wastewater Disposal Site Near Al-Lajoun Valley, Karak / Jordan

Disposal of raw wastewater and sludge creates thepotential for pesticides and heavy metal contamination. Afield study was conducted to determine the residueconcentration level of chlorinated pesticides and four heavymetals (Zn, Pb, Cu and Ni) in raw wastewater, soils andplants at Karak raw wastewater disposal site. The resultsindicated that the investigated area was heavily contaminatedwith various types of pesticides. The distribution of different pesticides in soils and wastewater was influencedby the solubility of these pesticides such that the higherthe solubility the more is present in water phase and viceversa. Vinclozoline was the dominant pesticide in most of thesamples. Some pesticides of which application is restrictedto be used in Jordan, such as DDT and its metabolites, weredetected in the investigated area.Heavy metals existed in relatively higher concentrationsin soils than in wastewater, which was due to the high pH ofthe wastewater enhancing its precipitation. Zinc was thehighest among the analyzed heavy metals in both wastewaterand soils.The residue level of both heavy metals and chlorinatedpesticides were highest at the emission source decreasinggradually with distance.     

土壤和番茄中氯虫苯甲酰胺的残留检测与消解动态研究

研究和建立了氯虫苯甲酰胺在土壤和番茄中的液相色谱检测方法,并采用田间试验方法研究了氯虫苯甲酰胺在土壤和番茄中的残留消解动态规律。结果表明,采用甲醇溶液浸泡提取,减压浓缩后用二氯甲烷萃取,浓缩后用二氯甲烷定容,液相色谱仪带二极管阵列检测器（DAD）测定,外标法定量。在0.05～0.5mg·kg-1添加水平范围内,土壤和番茄中氯虫苯甲酰胺的添加平均回收率为91.43%～100.91%,变异系数为3.53%～9.71%;土壤和番茄中氯虫苯甲酰胺的最小检出量均为1.0×10-7g,最低检出质量分数为0.005mg·kg-1。田间残留试验表明,氯虫苯甲酰胺在土壤和番茄中残留消解动态规律符合方程Ct=C0e-kt;150g·L-1高效氯氟氰菊酯·氯虫苯甲酰胺微囊悬浮-悬浮剂在土壤和番茄中的消解半衰期分别为6.55～11.49d和3.82～10.70d。最终残留试验研究表明,在番茄上手动喷雾施药150g·L-1高效氯氟氰菊酯·氯虫苯甲酰胺微囊悬浮-悬浮剂,按推荐剂量和1.5倍推荐剂量施药,兑水喷雾处理2～3次,施药间隔为7d,最后一次施药距采收间隔7d时,氯虫苯甲酰胺在番茄中最高残留量均小于0.3mg·kg-1。参照欧盟等规定的氯虫苯甲酰胺在番茄中最大残留限量标准,按照推荐剂量和1.5倍推荐剂量施药2～3次,距最后一次施药7d时,氯虫苯甲酰胺在番茄上残留是安全的。     

干法半干法脱硫灰及其焙烧产物在农业上应用的安全有效性研究评价

通过对邯郸马头电厂、广州恒运电厂的2种脱硫灰以及广州恒运电厂脱硫灰与钾矿石高温焙烧产物进行了物理特性和化学成分分析,并在不同pH值下进行了浸出实验,对可溶的有效元素、微量元素特别是重金属的含量进行分析比较,对3种实验样品农业应用的安全有效性进行了研究评价。结果表明,3种样品的重金属As、Cr、Cu、Mo、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cd含量均远远小于国家标准,得出可以在农业上的安全使用;样品中的有效元素ca、Mg、Fe、Al、Na、Si的含量均在0．01％～1％之间,尤其是钾元素,实验浸出值在5％左右,可以在农业上得到有效的利用,因此在农业上应用有一定的有效性。     

HPLC测定水体中毒死蜱及其有毒降解产物TCP

通过比较不同的提取溶剂和使用量,就水体中毒死蜱和TCP残留提取的效果及不同的流动相组成和比例对毒死蜱和TCP测定的影响,建立了水体中毒死蜱及TCP的HPLC残留分析方法。结果表明,水体中毒死蜱和TCP最佳提取溶剂为乙酸乙酯,提取次数为2次,用量分别为50和30mL。色谱条件为：流动相为甲醇：水=90：10或乙腈：水=90：10,流速1mL·min^-1;紫外检测波长300nm。当流动相为甲醇：水=90：10时,毒死蜱和TCP的保留时间分别为6．4和3．6min;当流动相为乙腈：水=90：10时,其保留时间分别为5．6和2．5min。毒死蜱和TCP的检出限分别为0．5和0．15ng。当毒死蜱和TCP在水中的添加浓度为0．01～5mg·L^-1时,标准添加回收率分别为91．4％-105．1％和90．6％～105．4％,变异系数分别为0．99％～4．12％和0．29％～9．33％。水样中毒死蜱和TCP的最小检出浓度分别为2和0．6ng·mL^-1。     

纳米传感器在食品和水质安全监测方面的应用及展望

近年来，食品和水质安全已成为社会经济生活中最重要的安全问题，同时也是最脆弱的体系。本论文综述了近年来纳米传感器科学在食品和水质安全检测方面的应用情况，分析其在应用中面临的挑战和问题，并对其应用前景作出展望。     

SPE-GC法同时检测草莓中7种常用农药的残留

为检测草莓基质中的农药残留,建立了固相萃取-毛细管柱气相色谱方法,可同时检测草莓果实中百菌清、毒死蜱、粉唑醇、腈菌唑、高效氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和嘧菌酯7种农药的残留量。样品经乙腈提取,C18固相萃取柱净化,GC-ECD进行定性及定量分析。百菌清、毒死蜱在0.05～1.0μg.mL-1,粉唑醇、腈菌唑、高效氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和嘧菌酯在0.5～10.0μg.mL-1浓度范围内呈现良好线性关系。方法平均回收率为85.3%～102.7%,RSD小于5%,检出限范围为0.005～0.132mg.kg-1。该方法简单、快速、灵敏、准确,能满足国标中相关农药残留限量测定的要求。     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

农药残留风险评估在蔬菜水果和食用菌监测中的应用研究

为了解我国西北地区蔬菜水果和食用菌的质量安全情况及暴露风险,本试验从2018至2020年在我国甘肃省平凉市进行样品抽取,共测定2 435份蔬菜水果和食用菌样品中46种农药残留的含量.通过农药残留风险评估方法分析了 9类别蔬菜水果和食用菌中农药残留的分布和相关性,并对蔬菜和水果中农药残留情况进行了风险排序,以及暴露风险、...     

不同种源延胡索及土壤中有机氯农药残留特征及安全评价

以万州、开县实验基地土壤和9个种源延胡索为研究对象,使用气相色谱–电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)检测了土壤和延胡索中有机氯农药(OCPs)残留量,分析其残留特征和生态安全。结果表明:①在土壤和延胡索样品中均检出了滴滴涕(DDTs)和六六六(HCHs),DDTs的检出率分别为100%和83.3%,HCHs的检出率分别为72.2%和100%。DDTs和HCHs残留量具有较大的离散性和一定的区域差异性。②在土壤样品中,检出率较高的是4,4'-DDE和α-HCH,分别为100%和66.7%。4,4'-DDE和α-HCH是OCPs残留的主要成分。③在延胡索样品中,检出率较高的是α-HCH、4,4'-DDE和β-HCH,分别为100%、77.8%和55.6%,3种成分占OCPs残留量的73.7%。延胡索对α-HCH和4,4'-DDE有很强的生物富集作用,富集因子分别约为1.8和0.65。④实验基地土壤OCPs残留符合《土壤环境质量标准》二级标准,属于尚清洁水平,延胡索的OCPs残留量符合《药用植物及制剂外经贸委绿色行业标准》。     

Current Awareness Delivery Options in Food Science and Technology: Their Coverage,Timeliness and Characteristics

ABSTRACT

This study seeks to (1) identify the most productive source for current awareness information for the faculty and graduate students in the Department of Food Science and Technology at the University of Arkansas, (2) identify the update frequency and, hence, currency of information, and (3) identify effectiveness in retrieval. It is also hoped that this research will provide evidenced-based information for subscribing to a particular current awareness database for University of Arkansas food science and technology patrons and will allow us to direct patrons in this subject area to the best and most relevant resource for their current information needs. This paper reports the results of our evaluation of four current awareness sources on three search interfaces. These include Article 1st (First Search); Ingenta Connect; ISI Current Contents: Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences (ABES); and ISI Current Contents: Life Sciences (LS). A listing of journals cited by faculty and graduate students in the Department of Food Science at the University of Arkansas for the period 1987–2003 was used to check against these databases. The extent of coverage of the journals and timeliness of update were used as criteria for the evaluation. The characteristics of the three interfaces are highlighted with respect to their effectiveness in providing a current awareness service.     

甲基硫茵灵及其代谢物在不同种植模式黄瓜和土壤中的残留

采用液质联用仪比较分析了3个不同种植区域（江苏南京、广西南宁和湖南长沙）露地和大棚两种种植条件下黄瓜和土壤中甲基硫菌灵及其代谢物多菌灵的残留动态,同时对黄瓜中的最终残留量进行了比较分析。施药后,甲基硫菌灵在黄瓜和土壤中均能很快转化为多菌灵[施药后1 d甲基硫菌灵未检出（〈0.01 mg·kg-1）],多菌灵在露地黄瓜和土壤中的原始沉积量均低于大棚。3个试验点露地黄瓜中的半衰期分别为2.3、1.4 d和1.4 d,在大棚黄瓜中的半衰期分别为2.6、1.7 d和2.0 d。在3个试验点露地土壤中的半衰期分别为1.6、1.7 d和2.3 d,在大棚土壤中的半衰期分别为2.3、2.0 d和2.3 d。最终残留试验在最后一次施药后1 d采样时,大棚、露地黄瓜中的甲基硫菌灵均未检出（〈0.01 mg·kg-1）,多菌灵在3个试验点露地黄瓜中的最终残留量为0.014~0.162 mg·kg-1,而在3个试验点大棚黄瓜中的最终残留量为0.121~0.561 mg·kg-1。参照我国所制定的黄瓜中多菌灵的MRL（0.5 mg·kg-1）,露地种植方式下所有处理黄瓜中甲基硫菌灵代谢物多菌灵的最终残留量均符合国家标准的规定,但大棚种植方式下其残留量有超标的风险。     

Knowledge Assessment,Improved Storage Techniques,and Training of Local Processors and Vendors of Soy Products on Food Safety Practices in South West Nigeria

This study assessed the food safety knowledge, practices, and training needs of local processors and vendors of soy products in South West Nigeria. Ninety women, processors, and vendors were interviewed using a structured interview schedule about their training in food processing; knowledge of food hygiene, spoilage, and poisoning; primary source of water for processing; method of refuse disposal; types of toilet facilities; and hand washing, storage, and packaging practices. Laboratory studies were conducted to improve the storage of soymilk and soy cheese displayed for daily sale and to develop training in good food safety practices for local processors and vendors as an intervention strategy.     

基质固相分散萃取-气相色谱法同时检测人参中五氯硝基苯及其代谢物残留

采用基质固相分散萃取-气相色谱（MsPD—Gc）技术,建立了人参中五氯硝基苯（PcNB）及其代谢物五氯苯胺（PcA）和甲基五氯苯基硫醚（PcTA）残留的多残留分析方法。将人参样品与弗罗里硅土（m/m,1：2）充分研磨5min后装入10mL玻璃注射器内,通过正己烷：丙酮（V／V,5：5）混合溶液洗脱实现了人参中五氯硝基苯及其代谢物的同时提取和净化。结果表明,应用该方法测定人参中五氯硝基苯、五氯苯胺及甲基五氯苯基硫醚,回收率为89．41％～104．42％,相对标准偏差为3．73％-7．43％,五氯硝基苯及其代谢物的方法检出限均小于2ug·kg^-1。     

高校图书馆与大学生通识教育

阐述了通识教育与高校图书馆的关系,从合理建设馆藏、延长书刊借阅时间、提高馆员的素质、加强信息素质教育及加强导读工作等方面,论述了高校图书馆在大学生通识教育的作用与对策。     

计算机在农产品食品安全领域的应用进展

阐述了计算机技术已经渗透到农产品食品质量安全的全部环节,如科学研究、原料获取、生产加工、仓储运输、市场销售、质量追溯与信息服务、检验检疫、监督管理和消费者教育,并依据发展趋势提出了建议。     

Adsorption of atrazine and metolachlor in three soils from Blue Creek wetlands, Waterville, Ohio

Atrazine and metolachlor are extensively used pesticides in agricultural activities in northwest Ohio. Adsorption coefficients are often used to model pesticide fate and transport. Many physical-chemical parameters, such as organic matter, clay content, pH, and ionic strength, affect pesticide adsorption. Adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms were studied by batch experiment. Effects of humic acid, solution pH, and ionic strength on atrazine and metolachlor adsorption were also approached. After 24 h, both atrazine and metolachlor reached adsorption equilibrium in three local soils. Adsorption isotherms were described by Freundlich equations. The Freundlich coefficient (Kf) ranged from 0.14 to 4.47 (L kg^–1) for atrazine, and 0.04 to 5.30 (L kg^–1) for metolachlor. Adsorption capacity decreased in the order Sloan loam > Del Rey loam > Ottokee fine sand. Koc values varied considerably for both pesticides: metolachlor > in Sloan loam, atrazine metolachlor in Del Rey loam, and atrazine > metolachlor in Ottokee fine sand. In addition to organic matter content, clay played a key role in adsorption in the Del Rey loam and Ottokee fine sand. Higher adsorption was observed at pH 5 for both pesticides. As pH decreased to 3 and increased to 11, adsorption decreased. Adsorption increased as ionic strength increased.     

秸秆还田配施石灰对水田土壤铜、锌、铅、镉活性的影响

秸秆还田是我国培肥地力和增加农田土壤碳固定的重要措施,但进入农田的秸秆存在着活化土壤重金属的风险。为了解不同来源的秸秆对污染水平不同农田土壤重金属活性的影响,采取相应措施防止因秸秆还田对农田土壤重金属的激活,开展了盆栽和田间小区试验研究秸秆还田配施石灰对水田土壤铜、锌、镉、铅活性的影响。盆栽和田间试验在轻度和重度污染2种土壤上同时进行。盆栽试验中施用秸秆包括重污染水稻秸秆、轻污染水稻秸秆和轻污染油菜秸秆3种,石灰用量设对照(0 kg·hm-2)和石灰处理(750 kg·hm-2)2个处理;田间小区试验设对照(不施秸秆和石灰)、秸秆还田及秸秆还田+石灰3个处理。动态观察了试验过程中土壤有效态重金属、重金属形态及水稻籽粒中重金属积累情况。结果表明,试验初期(前20 d)秸秆还田显著增加了水田土壤中水溶性有机碳与水溶性重金属的含量;与对照处理比较,水溶性重金属含量以重度污染土壤增幅较为明显。试验后期(60 d后)秸秆还田对土壤重金属的活性的影响逐渐变得不明显。油菜秸秆还田土壤中水溶性重金属含量低于水稻秸秆还田,重污染水稻秸秆还田土壤中水溶性重金属含量高于低污染水稻秸秆还田。盆栽试验和田间试验的结果都表明,重污染水稻秸秆还田可轻微增加水稻籽粒中镉的积累,但轻度污染水稻秸秆还田与油菜秸秆还田对水稻籽粒镉积累的影响较小;3种秸秆还田对水稻籽粒铅、铜、锌积累的影响不明显。配施石灰可显著降低土壤中水溶性重金属的含量,降低水稻籽粒中重金属的积累。研究认为,在污染农田管理上应控制重污染水稻秸秆还田,在秸秆还田的同时适量配施石灰。