密度和施肥对旱地马铃薯干物质积累、产量和水肥利用的影响

协同提高产量和资源利用效率,是旱作马铃薯高产高效的基础。本研究以陇薯10号为材料,于2017-2019年进行大田试验,设置当地农民习惯栽培(CK)、高产高效栽培(YE)和超高产栽培(HY)3种栽培模式,测定旱地马铃薯叶面积指数(LAI)、叶片SPAD值、冠层光合能力、干物质积累转运、块茎产量、水肥利用效率等指标。结果表明,与CK相比,YE和HY均提高了马铃薯LAI和叶片SPAD值,YE在降雨较少的2017年增幅更明显;二者均减慢了马铃薯块茎膨大后的LAI和叶片SPAD降低幅度,使其冠层光合能力在块茎膨大期和淀粉积累期2年平均提高29.9%、34.7%和40.2%、50.5%。基于较高的LAI和冠层光合能力,YE和HY的地上干物质在块茎膨大期较CK 3年平均增加123.05%和118.53%;同时块茎膨大后同化物对块茎的贡献率增加22.56%和19.29%,使马铃薯产量在2017-2019年平均增加47.93%和47.78%,水分利用效率平均增加77.59%和75.85%,均达到显著差异水平。YE和HY使马铃薯商品薯产量显著增加,收益显著提高,在2017-2019年分别较CK新增纯收益7330.3元hm^-2和6024.6元hm^-2。较大的群体冠层和较高的物质生产促进了植株对N、P、K的积累,YE的N、P利用效率较CK分别提高15.21%和17.20%,N、K收获指数分别提高3.85%和7.79%;HY的N利用效率提高12.37%。YE的WUE、N和P利用效率较HY提高2.05%、2.53%和23.41%,新增纯收益1305.7元hm-2。因此,YE减施缓释尿素40%并有机替代、密度60,000株hm^-2,能够提高水分和养分利用效率,维持马铃薯花后较高的冠层光合能力,促进茎叶干物质向块茎转运,实现作物增产和资源高效利用协同发展,是半干旱区黑膜覆盖马铃薯种植推荐的高产高效模式。     

膜下滴灌调亏对绿洲马铃薯生物量分配、产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了确立河西走廊干旱半干旱绿洲农业马铃薯科学种植的最佳灌溉策略,通过大田试验研究了调亏灌溉对绿洲膜下滴灌马铃薯全生育期不同器官生物量分配、产量和水分利用的影响。根据马铃薯不同生育期进行不同程度的水分调亏设5个水分调亏处理和1个对照,分别为块茎形成期轻度(55%~65%田间持水量,FC,Field capacity)水分调亏处理WD1,块茎膨大期轻度(55%~65%FC)水分调亏处理WD2,淀粉积累期轻度(55%~65%FC)调亏处理WD3,块茎形成期中度(45%~55%FC)调亏处理WD4,膨大期中度(45%~55%FC)水分调亏处理WD5及全生育期充分(65%~75%)供水对照CK。研究结果表明:不同生育期水分调亏均可导致马铃薯茎、叶干质量降低,块茎干质量在整个生育期呈逐步上升趋势,块茎形成期调亏处理复水后各器官干质量明显增大,块茎膨大期调亏处理复水后块茎干质量增长缓慢,茎和叶干质量开始下降。块茎形成期轻度水分调亏和中度水分调亏对马铃薯产量影响较小,而块茎膨大期水分调亏对马铃薯薯块产量影响较大,调亏程度越大,减产越严重。马铃薯不同生育期水分调亏对阶段耗水量影响较大,调亏程度越大,耗水量较充分灌溉差异越显著(P0.05)。块茎形成期轻度调亏处理(WD1)水分利用效率最高,比全生育期充分供水处理(CK)、淀粉积累期轻度调亏处理(WD3)和块茎膨大期中度调亏处理(WD5)分别提高14.3%,30.00%,38.00%。因此,马铃薯膜下滴灌调亏可影响各器官干物质质量,有利于水分利用效率的提高。且相较于全生育期充分供水处理CK,块茎形成期轻度调亏在产量略有降低(降低5.30%)的情况下能够显著性提高水分利用效率(提高14.3%)和灌溉水分利用效率(提高18.51%)。     

旋耕深度对西北黄土高原旱作区土壤水分特性和马铃薯产量的影响

深耕对打破犁底层、优化土壤水分特性有积极作用,但对旱作农田旋耕深度的土壤水分效应及其对马铃薯水分耗散过程和产量的影响缺乏研究分析。本研究设15 (TT)、40 (VRT)、60 cm (VRT6) 3个旋耕深度,测定土壤容重和水分特性、马铃薯叶片SPAD值、叶面积指数(LAI)和产量等,研究旋耕深度对马铃薯水分利用和产量的影响。结果表明,与VRT和TT相比, VRT6分别在40～60 cm和0～60 cm土层降低土壤容重,提高饱和含水量、毛管含水量和田间持水量;VRT6显著提高了马铃薯现蕾前的耗水量,导致盛花期的土壤贮水量在2016年较VRT和TT下降了22.3 mm、49.0 mm, 2017年下降了43.9 mm、56.6 mm; VRT6显著提高2017年花后耗水,分别较VRT和TT增加了42.2 mm和38.3 mm。旺盛的花前耗水促进了地上部发育, VRT6的LAI在全生育期高于TT,在现蕾期至收获期高于VRT,并使SPAD值在2017年的块茎膨大期显著高于VRT和TT,呈现明显的地上部旺长特征。基于以上原因, VRT6的块茎产量虽然高于TT,但在2017年显著低于VRT,而...     

半干旱区全膜覆盖垄上微沟种植对土壤水热及马铃薯产量的影响

根据马铃薯的生长习性调节起垄造沟方式,2012—2014年进行大田定位试验,设置全膜覆盖垄上微沟(垄上营造10 cm高,20 cm宽的微沟,马铃薯种植在微垄顶部,RMF)、全膜覆盖垄沟种植(RF)和露地平作(CK)3个处理,测定土壤温度、土壤含水量和马铃薯产量,计算≥10℃地积温、作物生育期耗水量、贮水量、水分利用效率等参数,研究全膜覆盖垄上微沟种植对土壤水热环境和马铃薯水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,RMF和RF在平水年(2012年和2014年)可显著提高各生育期和全生育期≥10℃积温,在丰水年(2013年)则与CK无差异。块茎膨大期0~80 cm的土壤贮水量RMF比CK低28.20~31.61 mm,80~200 cm的土壤贮水量RMF高于RF和CK。与CK相比,RMF和RF明显提高马铃薯地上基部茎数、茎分枝数和茎干重;马铃薯产量分别比CK提高60.78%~89.37%和41.91%~73.33%,水分利用效率分别比CK提高49.46%~82.55%和35.62%~65.66%。RMF块茎膨大期的耗水量比CK增加66.52%;在季节性干旱年份,0~200 cm土层的土壤耗水量比RF增加14.19%,从而显著提高产量和水分利用效率。     

秸秆带状沟覆垄播对旱地马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响

为探明西北半干旱雨养农业区马铃薯(SolanumtuberosumL.)生产中沟垄不同覆盖种植方式的增产效果和水分利用特点,在2016年和2017年设置了大田试验,包括秸秆带状沟覆宽垄种植、秸秆带状沟覆微垄种植、全覆膜沟垄种植和露地平作4个处理。结果表明,在干旱年份(2016年),沟垄覆盖种植可显著降低马铃薯全生育期耗水量6.1%～13.2%,平均提高块茎形成期1.2～1.8 m土层含水量7.6%,全覆膜沟垄作可显著提高淀粉积累期0～0.2 m土壤含水量30.3%。在平水年份(2017年),除全覆膜沟垄种植显著降低马铃薯全生育期耗水量22.2%外,其余处理与露地平作无显著差异;沟垄覆盖种植0～2m土壤含水量在马铃薯块茎形成期、块茎膨大期和淀粉积累期分别平均比露地平作高8.7%、13.0%和13.1%。与露地平作相比, 2个生长季沟垄覆盖种植可使马铃薯全生育期0～2 m土壤平均贮水量提高5.4%～15.5%,单株生物量增加12.8%～147.4%,成熟期株高增加21.1～39.7cm,进而马铃薯增产51.6%～88.2%,水分利用效率提高68.2%～111.7%。以玉米秸秆带状沟覆微垄种植增产增效最显著,2年平均产量、水分利用效率和纯经济收益分别较露地平作提高87.8%、97.5%和254.2%。因此,玉米秸秆带状沟覆微垄种植能显著提高马铃薯产量和水分利用效率。此外,与全覆膜沟垄种植相比,秸秆带状沟覆微垄种植具有操作简单、无污染、投入产出比高等优点,适宜在西北半干旱区马铃薯生产中应用。     

不同滴灌制度对棉花/马铃薯模式中马铃薯产量和WUE的影响

为了探索华北地区棉花与马铃薯套作模式下节水高效的灌溉制度,2011-2012年,连续两年研究了不同滴灌定额(75、90、105和120 mm)对棉花/马铃薯模式中马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,马铃薯的产量与滴灌定额呈正比,且与块茎形成期和块茎膨大期的降雨、灌溉定额显著相关,2011和2012年其相关系数分别为r=0.960 (P<0.05)、r=0.998 (P<0.01)。2011年,不同处理的马铃薯产量差异不显著,2012年,滴灌120 mm处理的马铃薯产量最高,达到24 921.2 kg hm^–2,比滴灌75 mm处理提高了15.2%,差异显著;马铃薯的耗水量随滴灌定额的增加而增加,不同处理之间差异显著,但不同处理的马铃薯水分利用效率差异不明显。初步表明,适当增加滴灌定额、合理调整灌溉时间结构有利于马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的提高。     

绿洲膜下滴灌调亏对马铃薯土壤环境及产量的影响

为测定膜下滴灌调亏马铃薯全生育期内不同调亏水平土壤养分、土壤水热动态、生长动态、产量效应和水分利用效率,于2016年在河西荒漠绿洲灌区民乐县益民灌溉试验站开展了马铃薯不同生育阶段水分调亏灌溉的试验研究,结果表明,马铃薯膜下滴灌调亏土壤水热变化均匀且利用率高,有利于马铃薯对土壤养分的充分吸收和利用;土壤养分是土壤肥力的核心,是植物在生长发育过程中不可或缺的重要因素,膜下滴灌调亏栽培能有效减少土壤速效养分的流失,并提高马铃薯对土壤速效养分的利用效率;不同生育阶段马铃薯耗水量受水分调亏程度影响较大,其耗水量随调亏程度增大而显著减少(P0.05),水分调亏处理马铃薯全生育期总耗水量均低于全生育期充分灌水CK处理。块茎形成期轻度水分亏缺马铃薯水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率、生物量均达到最大,较全生育期充分灌水显著提高29.04%,35.61%。因此,块茎形成期轻度水分亏缺灌溉方式能使马铃薯根区土壤始终保持湿润状态,有效减少渗漏损失和植株间无效蒸发损失,改善土壤水、肥和热量状况,有利于提高作物水分利用效率,且不显著降低马铃薯最终产量。     

氮磷钾肥配施对宁南旱区马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响

针对宁南旱地马铃薯水分利用效率较低的问题,采用养分丰缺指标法,研究氮、磷、钾肥缺素配施条件下土壤剖面水分动态分布、马铃薯产量构成、产量以及水分利用效率变化特征。以‘庄薯3 号’（一级种薯）为材料,在宁夏南部旱地上研究CK、NP、NP、PK、NPK施肥处理对土壤剖面储水动态、马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：2012—2013 年马铃薯生育后期施肥处理土壤剖面含水量均低于对照,NK、NPK处理提高了盛花期—块茎生长期1 m土体储水量,同时提高了马铃薯耗水量,NK处理提高了1.1%~1.8%,NPK提高了3.2%和4.4%。与对照相比,NK和NPK处理提高了结薯个数和单株产量,进而提高马铃薯产量,其中NPK处理最高,增产率为11.7%和15.9%,其次为NK处理;施肥处理较CK水分利用效率增幅为2.9%~13.2%、2.8%~8.0%,均以NPK处理最高,其次为NK处理。宁南旱地马铃薯缺氮和缺钾对马铃薯产量和水分利用效率影响较大,氮钾以及氮磷钾肥合理配施,可提高马铃薯对土壤水分的利用能力实现马铃薯增产和水分增效。     

不同生育期调亏滴灌对绿洲马铃薯产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响

为了探讨河西绿洲地区水分处理对膜下滴灌马铃薯生长动态、耗水特征、品质、产量和水分利用效率的影响,以青薯168为试验材料进行大田试验,分别在马铃薯不同生育期设置轻度和中度水分亏缺,测定马铃薯株高、叶面积、产量及薯块有机质含量等指标。结果表明:与充分灌溉CK比较,块茎形成期轻度(WD3)水分处理马铃薯未显著降低产量,而水分利用效率和商品薯率分别提高22.07%,10.09百分点,薯块干物质、蛋白质、淀粉及还原糖含量均未显著性降低,但串薯比例比CK增高达8.20百分点;块茎膨大期进行轻度(WD5)和中度(WD6)水分处理均造成马铃薯显著减产(P0.05),分别降低15.77%,18.93%,同时不利于薯块内有机物的积累,使薯块干物质、蛋白质和还原糖含量分别降低1.62百分点,28.50%,34.38%和3.38百分点,24.35%,46.88%;淀粉积累期轻度(WD7)和中度(WD8)水分处理对产量影响较小,但WD7处理使马铃薯商品薯率增高8.61百分点,薯块蛋白质和还原糖含量分别比CK增高3.11%和15.63%,但未使水分利用效率显著提高。因此,追求马铃薯较高的产量和水分利用效率,在块茎形成期轻度水分处理为最佳的灌水策略,而获得马铃薯较高品质,淀粉积累期轻度水分处理最佳。     

马铃薯膜下滴灌增产效应的研究

试验以‘克新1号’品种的脱毒原种为材料,以覆膜不滴灌为对照,采用田间小区试验和室内测定分析相结合的方法,研究了膜下滴灌对马铃薯的生长、产量、块茎品质、水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：膜下滴灌对马铃薯的地上部分生长、块茎产量和品质（淀粉和还原糖含量）、水分利用效率均有显著影响。其产量和水分利用效率分别为55596.00 kg/hm2和170.45 kg/(hm2?mm),分别是覆膜不滴灌的2.86倍和1.02倍;且收获时块茎淀粉含量增加了0.94%,还原糖含量降低了0.02%。     

旋耕深度对西北黄土高原旱作区土壤水分特性和马铃薯产量的影响

The subsoiling can break the plough pan and optimize soil hydrological characteristics. However, the study on the effects of tillage depths on soil water characteristics, potato water consumption and yield, is insufficient. The field experiment was conducted with three tillage depths of 15 cm (TT), 40 cm (VRT), and 60 cm (VRT6), to investigate the effect of tillage depths on the yield and water utilization of potato in semiarid rain-fed area in 2016 and 2017 on northwest Loess Plateau. The parameters of soil bulk density, soil hydrological properties, potato SPAD (soil and plant analyzer development) value, leaf area index (LAI), and tuber yield were measured. The soil bulk density, and increased saturation moisture, capillary moisture and field water capacity of VRT6 treatment compared with VRT and TT were decreased in 40-60 cm and 0-60 cm profile, respectively. Water consumption of VRT6 treatment was significantly increased in pre-squaring stage, resulting in the decrement of soil water storage in 0-100 cm profile by 22.3 mm and 49.0 mm in 2016, and 43.9 mm and 56.6 mm in 2017. Water consumption in pre-squaring stage of VRT6 was significantly increased by 42.2 mm and 38.3 mm compared with VRT and TT treatment in 2017, respectively. Based on the excessive water consumption in pre-flowering period, the LAI of VRT6 was significantly higher than TT in whole growth period, than VRT in post-squaring period, and the SPAD value was higher than VRT in expanding stage in 2017, which indicated that the vigorous growth was subsistent in VRT6 treatment. The tuber yield of VRT6 were significantly higher than TT, but it significantly decreased in 2017 compared to VRT, and the water use efficiency (WUE) of VRT6 were significantly decreased by 61.2%-67.5% and 41.0%-53.5%, as compared with VRT and TT. Consequently, the suitable tillage depth for potato cultivation was 40 cm in semiarid area, which could optimize the soil hydrological properties and potato water consuming process, and relieved the drought stress efficiently, resulting in significantly higher tuber yield and WUE.     

陇中半干旱区马铃薯集雨限灌效应研究

采用大田试验与实验室分析相结合的方法,研究了集雨限灌对旱作马铃薯田蒸散量、灌水利用率、产量、产量性状及薯块品质的影响。结果表明,集雨限灌45 mm条件下马铃薯水分利用效率(WUE)显著提高,在此基础上增加灌水量,WUE降低;苗期限灌处理的WUE和灌水利用效率(IWUE)均高于薯块膨大期;苗期限灌45 mm处理综合用水效率较高。限灌可提高旱作马铃薯产量、大薯率与中薯率,降低小薯率,苗期限灌有利于大薯率的提高,薯块膨大期限灌有利于中薯率的提高;限灌降低马铃薯单株结薯数,可提高单株薯产量;超过45 mm随限灌量的增加,产量增加不显著,绿薯率和烂熟率显著增加。限灌能降低马铃薯薯块淀粉含量,提高薯块蛋白质含量。苗期限灌45 mm为半干旱区马铃薯最佳集雨限灌模式。     

密度和施肥对旱地马铃薯干物质积累、产量和水肥利用的影响

It is important to increase potato production and the natural resource utilization efficiency in dryland farming system. A field experiment was conducted using Longshu 10 with three planting modes from 2017 to 2019, including farmer mode (CK), the mode with high yield and efficiency (YE), and higher yield mode (HY). The leaf area index (LAI), SPAD, photosynthetic rate, accumulation and remobilization of dry matter, water use efficiency (WUE) and fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) was investigated. The results showed that LAI and SPAD were increased in YE and HY compared to CK, and it was more significant in 2017 when there was less rainfall. Meanwhile, less reduction in LAI and SPAD after tubers enlargement resulted in an increase of canopy photosynthetic rate by 29.9%, 34.7% (in 2018 and 2019), and 40.2%, 50.5% (in 2018 and 2019) during the expanding stage and starch accumulation stage, respectively. Average aboveground dry matter in YE and HY was higher than CK by 123.1% and 118.5% in the enlargement stage due to higher LAI and photosynthetic rate. The contribution rate of assimilation after potato tuber enlargement in YE and HE was higher than CK by 22.56% and 19.29%, resulting in an average potato production increase of 47.93% and 47.78%, and average water use efficiency increased by 77.59% and 75.85%, respectively. YE and HY advantaged in tuber production and income improvement. Compared with CK, the net income increased by 7330.3 Yuan hm^-2 and 6024.6 Yuan hm^-2 in 2017 to 2019, respectively. The accumulation of N, P, and K was significantly enhanced due to large population canopy and high plant biomass accumulation. Compared to CK, N and P use efficiency, and the harvest index of N and P was increased under YE mode by 15.21%, 17.20% and 3.85%, 7.79%, respectively, and the N use efficiency was increased by 12.37% under HY mode. WUE, N, and P use efficiency of YE mode was higher than HY by 2.05%, 2.53%, and 23.41%, respectively, and the net income increased by 1305.7 Yuan hm^-2. Therefore, replacement of slow-release urea with organic manure by 40% and improvement of planting density with 60,000 plants hm^-2 in YE mode potentially increased in water use efficiency, nutrient use efficiency, high canopy photosynthetic rate maintenances, and remobilization of dry matter from stem and leaf to tubers. In conclusion, YE as a high tuber production and resource use efficiency planting mode, is recommended in semi-arid areas with black-film mulched potato cultivation regime.     

氮肥基追比例及追施时期对马铃薯干物质积累分配及产量的影响

马铃薯在不同生育时期的氮素供应状况可通过马铃薯营养体和收获器官的生长而影响块茎产量和品质。通过小区试验研究相同施氮水平下氮肥追施时期及追施比例对马铃薯中晚熟品种‘克新13号’干物质积累分配及产量的影响。试验表明,N 180 kg/hm²用量条件下,块茎形成末期追施1/2氮,获得最高产量38.1 t/hm²,与形成初期和膨大初期2次追肥的处理相比,产量提高14.1%(P＜0.05),收获指数提高16.7%(P＜0.05);与块茎形成初期追施3/5氮的处理相比,商品薯率提高4.4%(P＜0.05)。块茎膨大初期追肥或块茎形成末期追施占总氮量67%氮肥,会降低块茎干物质含量(P＜0.05),但不影响块茎比重。研究还表明,在基肥中有适量氮供应的条件下,氮肥追施时期对产量和品质的影响比基追比例更大。     

马铃薯块茎膨大特性及其与单薯鲜重之间的相关性

为定量分析马铃薯块茎膨大特性及其与单薯鲜重之间的相关性,于2018-2019年马铃薯生长季开展不同种植管理模式的田间试验,通过分析马铃薯单薯鲜重和块茎膨大速率等随结薯天数的变化规律,以及块茎膨大参数与单薯鲜重之间的内在关系,明确了马铃薯块茎膨大特性及其与单薯鲜重的相关性。结果表明：各处理马铃薯单薯鲜重随结薯天数呈“S”型曲线变化趋势,在结薯35d后,水肥一体化（TI）处理的单薯鲜重显著高于常规水肥（TC）处理;各处理马铃薯块茎膨大速率随结薯天数呈“单峰”曲线的变化趋势,块茎膨大速率达到最大值成熟期时,TI处理的块茎膨大速率高于TC处理,但差异不显著;马铃薯块茎膨大主要参数均与最终单薯鲜重呈正相关,但均未达到显著相关水平,快增期膨大速率R₂和缓增期膨大速率R₃均与平均膨大速率R间达到极显著正相关,说明TI处理可以保障水肥的精准供应,特别是在马铃薯生长后期可以有效防止植株早衰,提高块茎膨大快增期和缓增期膨大速率,促进马铃薯块茎膨大和干物质积累,而TC处理在马铃薯生长后期容易出现肥料供应不足的情况,抑制了马铃薯块茎膨大。此外,马铃薯块茎平均膨大速率和最大膨大速率主要受块茎快增期和缓增期膨大速率的影响。     

Growth Analysis Using Classical and Functional Techniques in Relation to Soil Moisture in Mustard

A Reid experiment was conducted to study the effect of soil moisture on growth of two mustard cultivars using classical and functional techniques of growth analysis. Two soil moisture levels were irrigated at 10-day intervals and a rainfed control was included. Total dry matter (TDM), leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area duration (LAD) were significantly increased by irrigation at most of stages of growth. Starting from a lower value, LAI and LAD reached a peak and then gradually declined. Among the growth attributes, crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and leaf weight ratio (LWR) increased significantly under irrigation. Net assimilation rate (NAR) decreased more in the irrigated plants than the rainfed plants at the later stages of growth. LAR and LWR declined throughout with increasing time and plant weight. Seed yield of the irrigated plants was positively correlated with the pre-flowering LAI and the post-flowering CGR and NAR. In the rainfed plants, seed yield was positively correlated with LAI and CGR at the post-flowering stage and negatively with the post-flowering NAR and pre-flowering LAR.     

复合微生物肥对宁南旱地马铃薯产量和品质的影响

为了明确复合微生物肥对宁南旱地马铃薯产量、品质、水分利用效率的影响及其合理用量,以庄薯3号为材料于2015年在宁夏南部雨养农田进行田间试验,分析了不同肥料用量对马铃薯产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,在常规化肥等量养分条件下,施用复合微生物肥提高马铃薯株高、茎粗以及主茎数,与对照相比差异显著(p<0.05)。施用复合微生物肥提高马铃薯单株块茎数、单株产量、大中薯重量百分比。与常规化肥相比,复合微生物肥提高了马铃薯还原糖、维生素C、淀粉及干物质含量,提高了马铃薯品质。马铃薯增产率为1.0%～14.7%,水分利用效率增加率为4.3%～17.6%,通过水肥效应方程拟合得出复合微生物肥的最高产量/水分利用效率施肥量分别为954.8和1415kg/hm₂,在宁南旱地施用750kg/hm₂时即可获得高产,因此分析认为宁南旱地马铃薯施用量在750～1415kg/hm₂范围内能可获得高产并实现水分高效。