Impact of Time to First Rainfall Event on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Following Manure Applications

Use of inorganic fertilizers and manures are known to result in the release of greenhouse gases (GHG) to the atmosphere, and rainfall events can also increase GHG emissions from soils. The objective of this study was to examine how the time between fertilizer or manure application and the first rainfall event affects carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and methane (CH₄) fluxes. Swine manure, poultry litter, and urea were surface applied to plots. Rainfall was simulated 1, 4, 8, 15, or 29 days after application. Gas fluxes were determined before and after each rainfall simulation. Postrain CO₂ fluxes were the greatest from poultry litter at 4 to 8 days after fertilization, and all fertilizer treatments produced similar N₂O emissions with a peak 4 days after fertilization. These data seem to indicate that if manures are applied during drier periods of the year, GHG emissions can be minimized, in addition to reducing nutrient runoff losses.     

Impact Assessment of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Poland

This paper is devoted to the assessment of the impact of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region on greenhouse gases emissions in Poland. Detailed analysis will cover emissions of methane and carbon dioxide which are characteristic for the mining and power engineering industry prevailing in this region. The industries of Silesia emit 16.2% of CO₂, and about 30% of methane emissions in Poland come from coal seams. The leading strategy to counteract this situation, not only in Upper Silesia, should involve the improved efficiency of energy use and decreased use of primary energy carriers.     

猪粪固体自然堆放方式下含氮气体排放规律及其影响因素研究

针对我国畜禽固体废弃物自然堆放管理过程中含氮气体排放欠缺系统研究、排放规律尚不清晰的现状,以长江流域生猪固体废弃物典型自然堆放方式为例,采用静态箱一气相色谱法、化学发光法、磷酸甘油溶液吸收法对猪粪固体堆放下N20、NO、和NH33种主要含氮气体排放进行了一个堆肥周期的系统观测,深入研究了猪粪固体堆放管理方式下3种含氮气体排放规律及其影响因素。一个堆放周期的试验结果表明：在固体贮存堆体最初含水量较多的情况下,NH3前期排放较多,后期排放比较少,受堆体氨态氮浓度影响较大。N2O和NOx的排放规律基本相同,都呈现前期排放量较小,后期排放增多的态势,这与降雨导致的酸性环境加剧硝化反硝化作用有关。堆体表面与堆体内部剖面N20的排放趋势基本相同,而堆体下部土壤剖面的N20受堆体影响较小。     

Composting of Food Waste and Waste Paper with Top soils for Nitrogen Catching

Abstract

Food waste, waste paper and different topsoils were composted in different experiments. The composts were characterised by high contents of N, P, S, Na and K in the food waste, of Mg in the soil, and of Ca in paper and soils. The nitrogen catching was between 50 and 70% of the input. The lowest amounts were caught in the composts with sandy soils, the highest in a clay soil with high ignition loss.     

Study on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Jiangsu Province

This paper has attempted to do a statistical analysis of the inventory of greenhouse gas emissions from Jiangsu province in 1990, based on the methods provided in IPCC Guidelines (1995), hereby to investigate and evaluate the present situation of emissions of GHGs such as CO₂, CH₄ from the energy sector, industries, and agriculture. The study has found the annual per capita GHG emissions as follows: CO₂, 1.97 ton/person; CH₄, 22.65 kg person^-1; N₂O, 0.11 kg person^-1. The emission levels are close to the national average, and half of the world average. Energy consumption activities, among other activities, is the main source of CO₂ emission in Jiangsu province, which accounts for 91.6% of the total emission. The emission of CH₄ can be traced mainly to the cultivation of rice, which accounts for 44.1% of the emission.

     

Odour Emissions from Composting Plants

In recognition of the reaction that some odours generate, it is understandable that limits for emissions be established for composting plants, especially when there are residential areas nearby. This paper discusses results of an investigation into the environmental effects of odours from a composting facility. Emissions which are generated during delivery, treatment and composting can be avoided by using closed facilities and exhaust air collection systems, as well as by purification of exhaust air through methods such as biofilters. By using a qualified composting system, emissions can be reduced to an acceptable level.     

施肥模式对雨养旱地温室气体排放的影响

采用静态箱/气相色谱法对雨养旱作玉米生长季农田土壤CO2、N2O和CH4的排放通量进行观测,研究了改变氮、磷配比(调控施肥)和传统施肥两种模式对山西雨养旱地温室气体排放的影响。结果表明,施肥模式对土壤CO2、CH4季节排放特征和排放总量影响不明显,但显著影响N2O的季节排放动态特征和排放总量。基肥施用是影响雨养旱地N2O排放的主要因素。与传统施肥相比,调控施肥N2O季节排放总量减少70.40%。CH4和N2O的综合温室效应分析结果表明,调控施肥方式下的全球增温潜势(GWP)与温室气体排放强度(GHGI)均显著低于传统施肥方式,分别降低73.08%和74.00%,本研究进一步表明雨养旱地采用调控施肥的方式是一种较好的温室气体减排措施。     

园林废弃物堆肥红外光谱特性分析

以添加不同外源物质的园林废弃物为研究对象,采用近红外光谱分析方法跟踪测定不同堆肥阶段园林废弃物堆体中近红外光谱变化,结合堆体温度变化,探讨外源添加剂对堆肥物质结构转化影响。结果表明:单独添加腐殖酸处理(FZS)、复合添加EM菌剂和腐殖酸处理(EM+FZS)、复合添加京圃园菌剂和腐殖酸处理(JPY+FZS)以及无添加处理(CK)堆体物质转化机制相同,即随着堆肥进行,蛋白质,碳水化合物,脂肪类物质不断减少,物质芳构化程度提高,外源添加剂不影响堆肥物质转化顺序。不同外源添加剂处理红外光谱特征峰吸收频率位置基本一致,但特征峰吸收强度有所变化,说明不同外源添加剂堆肥物质中含有相似的官能团,但官能团数量与物质结构不同,外源添加剂对堆肥分解速率,分解程度以及堆肥产物芳化度均有影响。京圃园菌剂与腐殖酸复合施用(JPY+FZS)能够显著加速物质转化进程,提高堆肥产品芳化程度,更适宜应用于园林废弃物堆肥。     

Composting Food Processing Waste in the European Economic Community

For more than half a century, large food processing companies, faced with mounting solid waste disposal problems, have opted for landfilling. Other options, concentrating on utilization, are now being increasingly explored. Energy recovery (ethanol and methanol) and fodder production from food processing residuals in some cases are valid solutions. Of the many alternatives to food recovery waste disposal, composting seems to be an effective method. Managed properly, research has shown that composting can produce a nutrient-rich soil amendment; odors can be controlled during the transformation process and in the final product. The process is competitive and cost-effective environmentally, completes the biological chain and returns to the soil what has been taken from it. For these reasons, composting seems to be the best candidate to solve problems connected with food factory waste disposal.     

生物质炭对不同植被类型土壤温室气体排放影响研究进展

土壤生态系统是温室气体排放的主要来源之一，降低土壤温室气体排放对于缓解全球变暖具有重要意义。近年来，生物质炭在改良土壤性质、提高土壤碳汇和影响土壤温室气体排放方面展现出了巨大的潜力。因此，关于施加生物质炭对土壤温室气体排放影响的研究已经成为了环境科学和农业生态领域的研究热点。然而，生物质炭对土壤温室气体净排放的影响是促进还是抑制尚无统一定论。不同植被类型条件下土壤温室气体排放也存在较大差异，故而研究添加生物质炭对不同植被类型土壤温室气体排放的影响至关重要。本文综述了添加生物质炭对林地、农田及设施蔬菜土壤中CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放的影响，探讨了生物质炭对土壤温室气体排放的作用机制。总结发现，不同植被类型土壤添加生物质炭将降低土壤N2O的排放，并且增加土地对CH4的吸收，而对CO₂排放的影响没有统一定论。结合国内外生物质炭在该领域的研究现状，未来需开展生物质炭在土壤温室气体减排领域的长期系统研究，同时应充分考虑使用生物质炭可能存在的潜在环境风险，以期为生物质炭在土壤温室气体减排中的应用提供可靠的科学依...     

玉米秸秆不同还田方式下麦田温室气体排放特征

为了探讨玉米秸秆不同还田方式对麦田温室气体排放的影响,通过田间试验,设玉米秸秆不还田(CK)、玉米秸秆直接还田(CS)、玉米秸秆过腹还田(CGS)和玉米秸秆转化为食用菌基质,出菇后菌渣还田(CMS)4个处理,利用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了玉米秸秆不同还田方式下,麦田温室气体(CO_2、N_2O和CH_4)的排放特征。结果表明:玉米秸秆不同还田方式下,麦田温室气体通量均具有明显的季节变化,且排放量不同。在小麦生长季,CO_2和N_2O均表现为排放,其排放量为CKCGSCSCMS;甲烷表现为吸收,其吸收量为CSCGSCKCMS,且不同处理间差异显著(P0.05)。从温室气体综合增温潜势(GWP)来看,在20、100年和500年3个时间尺度上,仅玉米秸秆不同还田方式这一环节,GWP均表现为:CSCGSCKCMS,也就是说秸秆直接还田,显著增加麦田温室气体的全球增温潜势,其次是玉米秸秆过腹还田方式,而秸秆-菌渣还田则降低了麦田温室气体的全球增温潜势。从减少温室气体排放角度,推荐秸秆-菌渣还田方式。该研究结果可为秸秆合理利用和温室气体减排提供基础数据。     

添加小麦秸秆生物质炭对猪粪堆肥腐熟程度及温室气体排放的影响

以猪粪堆肥为对象,研究添加小麦秸秆生物质炭对猪粪高温好氧堆肥腐熟程度和温室气体排放的影响。结果表明,在整个堆肥腐熟过程中,纯猪粪、猪粪与生物质炭分别以12∶1、5∶1和2.3∶1比例混合的堆体达到的最高堆肥温度分别为44℃、58℃、63℃、60℃,其中5∶1和2.3∶1比例混合的处理均比12∶1处理提前2天进入高温腐熟阶段,并且提前5天完成腐熟过程;12∶1和5∶1生物质炭处理可显著降低堆体的EC值,但高比例(2.3∶1)添加下EC值超出堆肥安全施用范围;与CK相比,添加生物质炭处理堆体NH4+-N含量较对照提前11天降到最低值并趋于稳定;堆肥结束时,生物质炭添加比例为12∶1、5∶1和2.3∶1堆体的NO3--N含量分别比对照提高了53.70%、148.36%和27.61%。且堆肥结束后添加生物质炭12∶1、5∶1和2.3∶1比例的堆体全氮损失率较对照分别降低32.07%、60.78%和50.18%;添加生物质炭显著降低堆体CH4排放总量82.03%~96.93%;5∶1和2.3∶1处理的CO2排放总量较对照显著降低20.21%和41.10%,而12∶1处理与CK相比无显著性差异;12∶1和5∶1处理的N2O的排放总量较CK显著提高66.61%和50.11%,而2.3∶1处理比CK显著降低了40.87%。     

倒仓破碎对缩短发酵周期后生活垃圾堆肥腐熟度的影响

为了满足日益增长的垃圾处理发展的需要,解决城市生活垃圾产生与消纳、处理之间的矛盾,以北京市南宫堆肥厂垃圾堆肥工艺和密闭隧道发酵仓为研究对象,以马家楼转运站筛分出的15-80mm粒径垃圾作为堆肥原料,以14d高温隧道发酵（不倒仓不破碎）→21d后熟化发酵→21d最终熟化发酵工艺为对照,以8d高温隧道发酵（不倒仓不破碎）→12d后熟化发酵→12d最终熟化发酵工艺为处理1,8d高温隧道发酵（第3d倒仓破碎1次）→12d后熟化发酵→12d最终熟化发酵工艺为处理2。通过不同发酵阶段采样和各类指标的测定,探求缩短堆肥发酵周期后倒仓破碎工艺对于生活垃圾堆肥腐熟度的影响。结果表明,处理1产品的腐熟度较差,处理2与对照处理的堆肥产品腐熟度差异不明显。将高温隧道发酵时间由14d缩短为8d,并且第3d倒仓破碎1次,后熟化与最终熟化时间分别由21d缩短为12d,可以在保证堆肥产品品质的基础上显著提高堆肥效率,使南宫堆肥厂的垃圾处理能力得到大幅提高,该成果为南宫堆肥工艺优化的实施和改进及其推广应用提供了技术支持。     

Measurements of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Composting Green-Waste Using Micrometeorological Mass Balance and Flow-Through Chambers

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are produced during the composting process, but few studies have measured emissions from a full-scale windrow of composting green-waste. This is important for evaluating composting as a waste management option and for understanding how changes to current composting management practices could help reduce emissions. This study uses micrometeorological mass balance (MMB) and open flow-through chamber techniques to measure emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O) from a windrow of composting green-waste in Northern California. The MMB technique yielded mean upwind–downwind concentration differences over the study period that showed sourcing of all three GHGs. CO₂ showed a stronger signal than CH₄ and N₂O. A strong diel pattern was found in the concentration differences at lower levels and fluxes of CO₂, with substantial noise likely obscuring any possible daily patterns for CH₄ and N₂O. Fluxes normalized by the time since the previous turn event revealed an initial rapid rise in CO₂ concentration differences (at lower levels) and fluxes, peaking close to 13?h after the turn event followed by a gradual decline. The same pattern was not as clear for the other two gases but overall declines in concentration differences and fluxes were apparent with increasing time since the previous turn event. Substantial differences between MMB and chamber calculated fluxes were found, due to both differences in the techniques as well as sampling frequency.     

Nitrogen Availability Seven Years After a High-Rate Food Waste Compost Application

Long-term effects of compost application are expected, but rarely measured. A 7-yr growth trial was conducted to determine nitrogen availability following a one-time compost application. Six food waste composts were produced in a pilot-scale project using two composting methods (aerated static pile and aerated, turned windrow), and three bulking agents (yard trimmings, yard trimmings + mixed paper waste, and wood waste + sawdust). For the growth trial, composts were incorporated into the top 8 to 10 cm of a sandy loam soil at application rates of approximately 155 Mg ha^?1 (about 7 yd³ 1000 ft²). Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. ‘A.U. Triumph’) was seeded after compost incorporation, and was harvested 40 times over a 7-yr period. Grass yield and grass N uptake for the compost treatments was greater than that produced without compost at the same fertilizer N rate. The one-time compost application increased grass N uptake by a total of 294 to 527 kg ha^?1 during the 7-yr. field experiment. The greatest grass yield response to compost application occurred during the second and third years after compost application, when annual grass N uptake was increased by 93 to 114 kg ha^?1 yr^?1. Grass yield response to the one-time compost application continued at about the same level for Years 4 through 7, increasing grass N uptake by 42 to 62 kg ha^?1 yr^?1. Soil mineralizable N tests done at 3 and 6 yr. after application also demonstrated higher N availability with compost. The increase in grass N uptake accounted for 15 to 20% of compost N applied after 7-yr. for food waste composts produced with any of the bulking agents. After 7-yr, increased soil organic matter (total soil C and N) in the compost-amended soil accounted for approximately 18% of compost-C and 33% of compost-N applied. This study confirmed the long-term value of compost amendment for supplying slow-release N for crop growth.     

秸秆还田对免耕稻田温室气体排放及土壤有机碳固定的影响

秸秆还田影响免耕稻田土壤固碳潜力,相应地改变了温室气体的排放,从而影响秸秆还田后稻田土壤固碳减排对减缓全球变暖的贡献。通过研究不同油菜秸秆还田量（0、3000、4000kg·hm-2和6000kg·hm-2）对免耕稻田温室气体（CO2、CH4和N2O）排放和土壤碳固定的影响,评估秸秆还田后温室气体增排的综合增温潜势对稻田固碳减缓全球变暖的贡献的抵消作用。结果表明,秸秆还田显著提高CO2和N2O排放,降低CH4排放,显著提高土壤有机碳含量,有效地提高土壤碳固定,从而有效地提高稻田土壤碳固定对温室气体增排的温室效应抵消作用。随着秸秆还田量的增加,稻田土壤固碳减缓全球变暖的贡献相应增加,因此必须考虑免耕稻田秸秆还田量的问题,以有效发挥免耕稻田秸秆还田的固碳潜力和降低温室气体的排放。     

水氮互作对稻田温室气体排放的影响

水肥管理对农田土壤肥力质量和环境质量有重要影响。依托安徽科技学院长期定位试验小区,通过设置两种灌溉模式（控制灌溉C1和常规灌溉C2）以及三个施氮水平(低氮N1、中氮N2和高氮N3),研究水氮互作对稻田温室气体CH4、N2O和CO2排放及土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,与常规灌溉相比,控制灌溉可显著降低稻田中的CH4和N2O的累计排放量,降幅分别为43.12%和23.53%;常规灌溉条件下,低、中、高施氮处理的土壤铵态氮含量分别为35.26、38.90和35.20 mg?kg-1,而控制灌溉分别为33.08、34.30和42.40 mg?kg-1;控制灌溉条件下,CO2排放量高于常规灌溉,且随施氮水平的提高而增加。根据总体温室效应分析,控制灌溉下稻田的全球增温潜势（global warming potential,GWP）为0.55 t?hm-2（以CO2当量计）,远低于常规灌溉下稻田0.82 t?hm-2,且中氮处理下稻田的GWP远低于低氮和高氮处理。水氮耦合是稻田N2O排放的主要影响因素,且在中、高氮施肥条件下,稻田N2O排放对于温室效应的贡献大于CH4。因此,采用控制灌溉结合氮肥减量施用,可有效减少农田温室气体CH4和N2O的排放,维持较高的土壤铵态氮水平,这对提高土壤肥力质量和发展可持续农业具有重要意义。     

Yard Waste Composting with Heat Recovery

? The feasibility of yard waste composting in a closed continuous reactor with heat recovery has been investigated. Results obtained in this research are reported and discussed. In the system, the recovered energy (heat) can be transformed by a heat pump in hot water both for domestic and for residential heating. The organic fertilizer produced can be used in horticulture.