The energy and protein concentration of broiler rations in Cuba. 3. Male broilers in the summer

A total of 1,900 male broilers of the variety White Plymouth Rock was tested with 4 energy concentrations (10.5, 11.5, 12.6 and 13.6 MJ metabolizable energy/kg) and 4 protein concentrations (15.0, 17.5, 20.0 and 22.5% CP) in their first 56 days of life in 16 test groups. The animals were kept in cages and were directly exposed to the natural Cuban summer temperatures from their 15th day of life onwards. As every test group was run with 6 repetitions, the results could be variance analytically calculated. In a comparison of the behaviour of the male animals in winter and in summer it can be stated that the animals took in between 3.4 and 25% more feed in winter than in summer. In general, a lower body protein and body fat amount could be found in all test groups in summer compared to that in winter. Feed expenditure and the utilization of energy and protein were not as good as in winter. It could be shown that both maximum live weight and live weight gain can be achieved in the 2nd fattening period in the Cuban summer if rations containing 12.6 MJ metabolizable energy and 20% CP are fed in a one-phase feeding system.     

Energy and protein concentration of broiler rations in Cuba. 2. Female broilers in winter

Four energy concentrations (10.5, 11.5, 12.6 and 13.6 MJ ME) and four protein concentrations (15.0, 17.5, 20.0 and 22.5% CP) were tested with a total of 1,900 female broilers of the breed White Plymouth Rock in their first 56 days of life in 16 experiment groups. The animals were kept in cages and were directly exposed to the natural Cuban winter temperatures from their 15th day of life. As six repetitions were carried out in every test group, the results could be variance-analytically calculated. In winter the female broilers of the breed White Plymouth showed a lower intake of feed, metabolic energy and crude protein than male animals. They achieved a lower live weight, lower amount of body protein and fat and worse feed, protein and energy utilisation. Possibilities are shown to meet the crude protein and energy requirement in monophase feeding systems with 11.5 MJ ME and 20% CP or with 12.6 MJ ME and 17.5 or 20% CP.     

日粮能量、蛋白质水平对22~42日龄肉鸡WOD168公鸡生长与屠宰性能的影响

为研究22~42日龄肉鸡WOD168公鸡适宜的能量、蛋白质水平,以1 350只22日龄健康的肉鸡WOD168公鸡为试验对象,采用2×3因子设计,研究代谢能水平(ME分别为12.98、13.19 MJ/kg)、粗蛋白水平(CP分别为17.5%、18.5%、19.5%)及其交互作用对鸡生长性能与屠宰性能的影响。结果显示:CP水平为17.5%时42日龄体重显著降低(P<0.01);采食量、料肉比、营养摄入量等均表现出ME、CP的交互作用(P<0.05);屠体率随日粮能量水平提高而降低(P=0.057),而翅膀相对重随蛋白水平提高而提高(P=0.091)。研究提示,22~42日龄肉鸡WOD168公鸡在ME为13.19 MJ/kg、CP为19.5%时可获得最佳生长性能,而ME为12.98 MJ/kg、CP为17.5%时可获得较低料肉比及最佳屠宰性能。     

石岐黄肉鸡前期日粮适宜的能量和蛋白质水平的研究

本试验旨在研究优质石岐黄肉鸡前期日粮适宜的能量（ＭＥ）和蛋白质（ＣＰ）水平。试验共设４（ＭＥ）×５（ＣＰ）共２０个处理,各５个重复,每重复１６只母雏。ＭＥ（ＭＪ／ｋｇ）水平分别为１１．３,１１．９,１２．６,１３．２,ＣＰ（％）分别为１６．０,１７．５,１９．０,２０．５,２２．０。结果表明,以增重为衡量指标,石岐黄肉鸡生长前期日粮适宜的ＭＥ和ＣＰ水平分别为１２．６ＭＪ／ｋｇ和１９．０％;以能量存留率、氮存留率和饲料转化率为衡量指标,则适宜水平分别为１３．２ＭＪ／ｋｇ和２０．５％。     

日粮能量蛋白质水平对肉用仔鸡体重及腹脂率的影响

选用商品代印地安河(INDIAN RIVER)肉用仔鸡1800只为试验动物。依据能量浓度和蛋白质水平不同,试验设3种日粮处理,同期各处理间代谢能相差0.42兆焦耳/公斤,粗蛋白相差1％。试验结果表明:第1组(低水平),第2组(中水平)和第3组(高水平)试鸡体重在0—3周龄时存在极显著性差异(P<0.01),后者高于前者,并且后者料重比小于前者。8周龄末时,第2、3组鸡体重极显著高于第1组(P<0.01),第2、3组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。同时,日粮能量浓度对腹脂率影响极大,第3组仔鸡腹脂率显著高于第1、2组(P<0.05),分别高35.34％和22.18％。第1、2组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。随着日粮能量浓度和蛋白质水平提高,肉用仔鸡成活率有下降趋势。     

能量水平对0～21日龄岭南黄肉鸡生产性能、胴体品质和体组成的影响

将600只岭南黄初生雏鸡随机分为5组,每组120只,公母各半,分栏饲养,饲粮代谢能水平(MJ／kg)分别为11.88,12.19,12.92,13.22和13.60,观察21天。结果,11.88 MJ／kg组公雏平均日增重显著低于其余四组(p<0.05),料肉比显著高于其余四组(p<0.05),13.60MJ／kg组腹脂率最高,极显著高于其余四组(p<0.01),13.22和13.60MJ／kg组体蛋白含量极显著低于11.88,12.19MJ/kg组(p<0.01);对母雏,饲粮代谢能12.92,13.22和13.60MJ／kg组平均日增重显著或极显著高于11.88,12.19MJ／kg组(p<0.05或P<0.01),料肉比显著低于11.88 MJ／kg组(P<0.05),11.88 MJ／kg组体脂肪含量显著低于其余四组(p<0.05),但体蛋白含量显著高于其余四组(p<0.05),灰分含量极显著高于12.92,13.22和13.60MJ／kg组(p<0.01)。     

The energy metabolism of growing swine in the body weight range of 10-50 kg. 2. Nitrogen and energy metabolism

Investigations were carried out about nitrogen and energy metabolism feeding rations with 17-24 and 44-47% crude protein content on maintenance and growing level to castrated male hybrid pigs of line 150. In growing periods the N deposition amounted to 10 g/animal.d (15 kg live weight), 18 g/animal.d (30 kg LW) and 21 g/animal.d (greater than 40 kg LW) on lower protein feeding level. In experiments with higher protein feeding level the corresponding results were 17, 22 and 22 g N deposition/animal.d. The partial utilization of metabolizable energy for deposition amounted to 70% for the rations with 17-24% protein content and to 59% for the rations with 44-47% protein content, without correlation to the animals development and the alternation in the protein feeding level. The results of regression analysis about maintenance requirement were 814, 775 and 806 kJ metabolizable energy/kg LW0.62.d in trials feeding rations with 17-24% crude protein content as well as 764, 846 and 818 kJ metabolizable energy/kg LW0,62.d in trials feeding rations with 44-47% crude protein content. 1,5-1,8 MJ metabolizable energy were used per MJ protein energy deposition and 1,3-1,4 MJ per MJ fat energy deposition respectively. The energy deposition per kg live weight gain amounted to values between 9 (10 kg LW) and 18 MJ (60 kg LW).     

肉仔鸡生长性能与饲粮营养水平关系模型的建立及应用

本试验旨在通过研究饲粮代谢能(metabolizable energy,ME)和粗蛋白质(crude protein,CP)水平对内仔鸡生长性能和屠宰指标的影响,建立生长性能与ME、CP的回归关系模型,并运用所建模型选择具有最佳效益的ME、CP水平.采用ME和CP 3×3随机交叉试验设计,将饲粮分为9个处理,3个ME水平分别为13.18、12.55、11.92MJ/kg,3个CP水平分别为21.50％、20.50％、19.50％.选取1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡1 080只,随机分为9组,每组3个重复,每个重复40只鸡,1 ～21日龄分别饲喂对应试验饲粮,22～42日龄饲喂相同的饲粮.结果表明:1)试验饲粮ME、CP水平对1～21日龄体重和耗料量有显著影响(P＜0.05),对42日龄体重也有显著影响(P＜0.05).2)随着饲粮ME水平的提高,21和42日龄肌胃指数显著降低(P＜0.05),42日龄腹脂率显著增加(P＜0.05).3)应用二元曲线逐步回归方法建立了体重、耗料量与饲粮ME、CP水平的回归关系模型.应用举例表明,建立的回归关系模型对确定肉仔鸡饲粮最佳效益的ME、CP水平有很强的实用性.     

青脚麻肉鸡对不同来源玉米的代谢能值及近红外预测模型的构建

本试验旨在评定青脚麻肉鸡对30个不同来源玉米的代谢能值,并利用近红外光谱技术构建代谢能值的预测模型,为构建青脚麻肉鸡饲料营养价值数据库和玉米代谢能值的快速预测积累基础数据。试验采用单因素完全随机设计,选用48只体重相近的30周龄青脚麻肉公鸡,按照组间体重无差异原则随机分组,做9批次代谢试验,每批做3或4个玉米样,每样设8个重复,每个重复1只鸡;每批做1个内源组,每批之间设10 d恢复期。试验采用排空强饲法测定代谢能值,试鸡饥饿48 h,然后按体重2%强饲待测饲料,收集排泄物48 h;内源组鸡饥饿48 h,再继续饥饿收集排泄物48 h。结果显示:1)30个玉米样品的干物质含量为(86.75±0.55)%(85.55%~87.79%),以干物质为基础,粗蛋白质含量为(9.21±0.52)%(8.27%~10.58%),总能为(18.716±0.106)MJ/kg(18.429~18.951 MJ/kg),中性洗涤纤维含量为(13.00±2.21)%(10.00%~18.52%),酸性洗涤纤维含量为(3.23±0.46)%(2.37%~4.36%),粗纤维含量为(2.28±0.28)%(1.89%~2.76%)。2)以干物质为基础,青脚麻肉鸡对30种玉米的表观代谢能(AME)为(14.627±0.655)MJ/kg(11.727~16.225 MJ/kg),氮校正表观代谢能(AMEn)为(14.672±0.641)MJ/kg(11.793~16.248 MJ/kg),真代谢能(TME)为(16.248±0.619)MJ/kg(13.333~17.727 MJ/kg),氮校正真代谢能(TMEn)为(16.293±0.605)MJ/kg(13.398~17.750 MJ/kg)。3)用近红外光谱技术建立的青脚麻肉鸡AME、AMEn、TME、TMEn校正决定系数(R2cal)、校正标准差(RMSEE)及相对标准差(RSD)分别为0.99、0.035、0.24,0.99、0.029、0.20,0.99、0.031、0.19,0.99、0.030、0.18;交叉验证决定细数(R2cv)、交叉验证标准差(RMSECV)及RSD分别为0.92、0.117、0.80,0.93、0.106、0.73,0.90、0.113、0.70,0.91、0.108、0.66。结果表明:1)青脚麻肉鸡对不同来源玉米的AME、AMEn、TME和TMEn存在差异;2)近红外模型可以较好地预测青脚麻肉鸡的玉米代谢能值。     

Energy metabolism of growing broiler chickens kept in groups in relation to the environmental temperature. 3. Moderated model description of the efficiency of the utilization of variable energy for body energy retention

An attempt is made on the basis of extensive studies on the energy metabolism of growing broilers to describe as a model the efficiency of the energetic utilization of the feed. The following parameters are components of the model: metabolizable energy, energy maintenance requirement, thermoneutral temperature, thermoregulatory heat production, heat production from the partial utilization of metabolizable energy for body energy retention, heat production (total), energy retention, utilization of metabolizable energy (total), live weight, environmental temperature. At environmental temperatures of 35, 30, 25, 20 and 15 degrees C resp. the model statement for the total utilization of metabolizable energy amounts to 32.4, 39.4, 39.6, 37.3 and 36.2% resp.     

5～8周龄固始鸡能量和蛋白质需要量的研究

本试验选用 4周龄固始肉鸡 972只 (公母各半 )。采用 3× 3因子设计 ,饲喂代谢能 (ME)和粗蛋白质 (CP)水平不同的 9种玉米—鱼粉—豆粕型日粮。通过饲养试验、比较屠宰试验和代谢试验 ,研究不同的能量和粗蛋白质水平对 5～ 8周龄的固始鸡雏鸡生产性能、屠体成分的影响 ,根据三个试验的研究结果 ,得出固始鸡在 5～ 8周龄阶段 ,其日粮适宜的能量和粗蛋白质营养水平分别为 :代谢能 12 .6 9MJ Kg,粗蛋白质 18.2 0 % ,蛋能比 14 .34g MJ。     

43～63日龄黄羽肉鸡饲粮代谢能需求参数的研究

用1600只42日龄岭南黄鸡以2(性别)×5(代谢能水平)试验设计,向玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加不同剂量植物油、沸石粉和玉米芯粉,使5种代谢能水平分别为:12.134,12.552,12.970,13.389,13.807MJ／kg,观测鸡的生产性能。结果:以生长性能、能量和粗蛋白质沉积率以及胴体品质为评价指标时,43~63日龄最适饲粮代谢能水平分别为13.376MJ／kg、12.958MJ/kg和12.540MJ/kg;以肌肉脂肪含量为评价指标时,公、母鸡饲粮代谢能最适需要量分别为12.958和13.376MJ／kg;以空体成分为评价指标时,母鸡最适饲粮代谢能水平为12.540MJ/kg。     

日粮能量蛋白质与赖氨酸水平对5～10周龄扬州鹅生长性能的影响

试验旨在研究日粮不同能量蛋白质水平和赖氨酸水平对5~10周龄扬州鹅生长性能的影响。试验采用3×4二因子设计,3个能量蛋白质水平分别为:10.83 MJ/kg、15%,11.29 MJ/kg、16%,11.75 MJ/kg、17%,其蛋白质能量比均约为14 g/MJ,4个赖氨酸水平分别为:0.65%、0.80%、0.95%和1.10%。结果表明:①日粮能量蛋白质水平对6、8、10周龄扬州鹅体重没有显著影响(P>0.05),日粮赖氨酸水平显著影响扬州鹅6、8、10周龄体重(P<0.05),但能量蛋白质水平和赖氨酸水平对其没有显著交互作用(P>0.05);②日粮能量蛋白质水平显著影响5~10周龄扬州鹅的平均日采食量和料重比(P<0.05),赖氨酸水平显著影响平均日增重和平均日采食量(P<0.05),能量蛋白质水平和赖氨酸水平对其没有显著交互作用(P>0.05);③中能蛋水平和最低赖氨酸水平下,5~10周龄扬州鹅可获得较佳生长性能。试验认为5~10周龄扬州鹅能量蛋白质和赖氨酸适宜需要量分别为11.29 MJ/kg、16%和0.65%。     

Energy requirements of young female cattle. 6. Energy requirements

Results taken from 6 experiments with young female cattle comprising 477 metabolism periods served the derivation of the animals energy requirement in the development range greater than 125 kg live weight according to the factorial method. The energy requirement per kg LW0.75 and day, calculated from metabolism data, was independent of the stage of development and the intensity of feeding. It averaged 455 +/- 66 kJ metabolizable energy/kg LW0.75.d and 250 +/- 37 kJ NEFcattle/kg LW0.75.d respectively. The partial energy requirement for live weight gain, expressed in net energy fat, was equivalent to the energy content of the live weight gain. Energy retention and thus energy requirement per kg live weight gain increased with the live weight and reached a maximum of 26 MJ. Energy retention per kg live weight gain largely depended on the intensity of feeding and the stage of gravidity. Restrictive energy supply and progressing gravidity decreased energy content in the weight gain. The influences mentioned were taken into consideration on the derivation of the partial requirement for live weight gain. Equations were developed for the estimation of the energy requirement of young female cattle, which can be applied to both gravid and non-gravid cattle.     

Effects of dietary protein and energy concentrations on performance and carcase characteristics of chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) raised in captivity

1. This study was conducted to determine the effects of starter and grower diets with differing crude protein (CP) and metabolisable energy (ME) concentrations on the body weight (BW), live weight gain (LWG), feed consumption (FC), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and carcase, breast+back, rump, wing, neck and abdominal fat weights of chukar partridge raised in captivity. 2. Chukar partridges were fed on starter diets containing 4 concentrations of CP (160, 200, 240, 280 g/kg) and 4 concentrations of ME (10.9, 11.7, 12.6, 13.4 MJ/kg) from hatch to 8 weeks of age; they were fed on grower diets containing 4 concentrations of CP (150, 175, 200, 225 g/kg) and 4 concentrations of ME (11.9, 12.6, 13.2, 13.8 MJ/kg) from 9 to 16 weeks of age. All diets contained at least 5.5 g/kg methionine, 15 g/kg lysine and 10 g/kg methionine+cystine. Sixteen starter and 16 grower diets were arranged in a 4 x 4 factorial design with 4 levels of CP and 4 levels of ME. Each treatment was replicated three times with each replicate consisting of 5 males and 5 females. 3. Partridges fed on a starter diet containing 160 g CP/kg were significantly lighter at 8 weeks of age than those in groups given diets containing a higher CP. However, at 16 weeks of age, the differences in BW among treatments had disappeared. Throughout, there were no significant effects of ME concentration on BW and LWG. 4. The daily mean FC for the 0 to 8 week and 0 to 16 week periods was not affected by dietary CP concentration. For the 9 to 16 week period, the partridges fed on a grower diet containing 225 g CP/kg consumed more feed than those given a diet containing 175 g CP/kg. 5. The highest FCR for the 0 to 8 week period was in partridges fed on a starter diet containing 160 g CP/kg. For the 9 to 16 week period, the lowest FCR was in partridges fed on a grower diet containing 150 g CP/kg. For the 0 to 16 week period, there was not a significant effect of dietary CP concentration on FCR. The daily mean FC and the FCR for the 0 to 8, 9 to 16 and 0 to 16 week periods decreased when the ME concentration of the starter and grower diets increased. 6. The carcase, rump and breast+back weights of the male partridges increased when the ME content of the diets increased. Weights of all carcase components of the male partridges were significantly greater than those of the carcase components of the females. 7. There were no significant interactions between CP and ME concentrations on BW, LWG, FC, FCR and carcase characteristics. 8. We conclude that the starter diet for chukar partridges raised for meat production should contain at least 200 g CP/kg, 11.7 MJ ME/kg, and the grower diet should contain 150 g CP/kg, 12.6 MJ ME/kg.     

肉鸭不同季节、不同月份代谢能需要量及析因模型比较研究

研究结合生产实践,采用大群生产试验方法,对标准化饲养的8 540栋鸭舍,健康同源樱桃谷商品鸭苗3 094.4万只,按统一饲养方式和管理程序进行生产试验,结果表明,樱桃谷肉鸭地面平养饲养模式下,春、夏、秋、冬四个季节的代谢能维持需要为每千克代谢体重455.1、305.5、342.8、541.7 kJ,每增重1 kg需要代谢能为16.97、19.86、19.65、15.95 MJ。各季节之间代谢能维持需要量为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季;代谢能增重需要量为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季。按照月份统计,樱桃谷肉鸭代谢能维持需要8月份最低,5月份最高;增重需要8月份最高,5月份最低。研究结果表明,樱桃谷肉鸭地面饲养模式下,夏季代谢能维持需要最低,冬季最高;冬季代谢能增重需要最低,夏季最高。不同季节代谢能需要量可以用以下析因模型预测:春季:MER=16.97BGW+0.455W0.75;夏季:MER=19.86BGW+0.305W0.75;秋季:MER=19.65BGW+0.343W0.75;冬季:MER=15.95BGW+0.542W0.75。式中:MER为肉鸭代谢能需要量(MJ/d);BGW为活体增重(kg);W0.75为代谢体重(kg)。     

低蛋白质补充合成氨基酸日粮对9～16周龄宁都三黄鸡生长性能和胴体品质的影响

本研究旨在探讨蛋能比保持一定的情况下,低蛋白质补充前3种限制性氨基酸日粮对9～16周龄宁都三黄鸡生长性能和胴体品质的影响。试验选用160羽体重为(573.1±11.0)g的9周龄健康宁都三黄母鸡,随机分为4个处理,每个处理4重复,每个重复10羽鸡。处理Ⅰ组(对照组)为玉米-豆粕型日粮,按照我国黄羽肉鸡饲养标准(2004)进行配制,其中代谢能为13.3 MJ/kg、蛋白质含量为16.5%(蛋白质/代谢能=12.3 g/MJ)。处理Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(试验组)日粮蛋能比与处理Ⅰ组一致,代谢能分别为12.6、11.8、11.0 MJ/kg,蛋白质含量分别为15.5%、14.5%、13.5%。4组日粮均补充了蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和苏氨酸以满足三黄鸡对其需要。结果表明:(1)日粮蛋白质水平由16.5%降至14.5%,9～16周龄宁都三黄鸡日采食量、日增重和料重比无显著影响(P>0.05);当蛋白质降幅达3个百分点时,尽管补充了蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和苏氨酸,但宁都三黄鸡的生长性能受到显著影响(P<0.05);(2)日粮蛋白质水平降低3个百分点,宁都三黄鸡全净膛率显著升高(P<0.05),但对屠宰率、半净膛率、胸肌率及腿肌率影响不显著(P>0.05);(3)日粮蛋白质水平降低2个百分点及以上同时补充蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和苏氨酸时,宁都三黄鸡的腹脂率显著降低(P<0.05)。综合生长性能和胴体品质指标,在补充前3种限制性氨基酸的情况下,宁都三黄鸡日粮蛋白质降低的幅度不应超过2个百分点。     

Energy metabolism of growing broiler chickens kept in groups in relation to the environmental temperature. 1. Feed intake, heat production and energy utilization]

In 5 experiments with young broiler chickens kept in groups at environmental temperatures (ET) of 35, 30, 25, 20 and 15 degrees C feed intake, live weight development and heat production were ascertained between their 5th and 57th days of life. Feed intake and live weight were ascertained separately according to sex. With live weight being the same, feed intake increased with decreasing ET. There was no maximum feed intake up to the 57th day of life at between 20 and 25 degrees C. At the end of their 57th day of life the male and the female chickens had achieved the following live weights (in the sequence of decreasing ET 35-15 degrees C): 1342; 2014; 2829; 2946; 2374 and 1367; 1900; 2512; 2496 and 2200 g/animal resp. The highest live weight gain of the chickens was achieved at between 25 and 20 degrees C with 60-70 g/d for male and with 50-60 g/d for female animals. Heat production (HP) increased progressively with age. The highest HP was registered at 20 degrees C ET.     

Nutrient and energy retention in growing lambs. 1. Results of growth experiments

The results of a growth experiment are explained which was carried out as basis for the control slaughtering method and for N-balance experiments with hybrid fattening lambs of both sexes and of three different genetic constructions in comparison with male merino mutton lambs. The animals were kept individually on perforated floor and received pelleted fattening feed for lambs ad libitum. In the live weight range between 15 and 30 kg the male hybrid lambs reached significantly higher live weight gains than the merino mutton sheep, the former tending towards higher feed intake and lower energy expenditure. The male hybrid lambs showed a significantly higher live weight gain and a significantly lower energy expenditure than the female animals of equal live weight whereas there were no differences between the sexes in feed intake.     

The value of protein-rich supplements on the performance of Red Chittagong heifers (Bos indicus) fed urea molasses straw-based diet

The objective of the study was to observe the effect of protein density of concentrate mixture on the growth performance of Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC) heifers (Bos indicus), an endangered variety in Bangladesh. The experiment was conducted for a period of 90 days with 12 RCC heifers, and the animals were divided into four groups on the basis of their initial live weight. The animals were assigned at random to four dietary treatments having three replications in each in a randomized complete block design. Three iso-energetic [10.5 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg dry matter (DM)] concentrate mixtures were formulated to provide protein concentrations (%) of 15, 20, and 25 for T₁, T₂, and T₃, respectively. Crude protein (CP) content of control diet was 7.08%. Animals of all groups were fed urea molasses straw (UMS) ad libitum and green grass at a rate of 20% of total DM intake. Digestibility of DM was highest in the treatment group fed 25% CP supplement (T₃) and lowest in the unsupplemented group (T₀). Average daily gain increased with increasing CP concentration in supplements, but mean difference was not significant between the 20% and 25% CP groups. Feed cost per kilogram live weight gain was lowest (P > 0.05) in 20% CP supplement and highest in the unsupplemented group. The results revealed that the CP concentration of 20% in concentrate mixture containing 10.5 MJ ME is cost effective with the UMS-based diet of RCC heifers for better nutrient digestibility and growth.