施氮方式对强筋小麦济南17产量和品质的影响

以优质强筋小麦济南17为材料，研究氮肥不同施用量、基追比和追氮时期对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响，分析了产量与品质的关系。结果表明：适当地增加施氮量和拔节期追氮比例可显著地提高产量，籽粒蛋白质含量和干、湿面筋含量与产量同步增加；施氮量和拔节期追氮比例超过一定值时再增加施氮量和拔节期追氮比例，籽粒蛋白质含量和干、湿面筋含量继续增加，而产量则显著下降；延迟追氮时期可使籽粒蛋白质含量和干、湿面筋含量有较大幅度地提高，但对产量形成不利。以施氮量为262．5～328．1kg／hm^2且基追比为4：6或5：5，拔节和始花两次追肥的施氮方式，强筋小麦济南17能较好地实现优质与高产的统一。     

不同品质类型冬小麦籽粒产量和品质性状对氮肥的响应

为了研究不同品质类型冬小麦籽粒产量和品质性状对氮肥水平和追氮时期的响应,以两个强筋品种济南17和PH82-2-2以及两个筋力弱的品种PH97-4和PH97-5为材料进行了品种、施氮量、施氮时期三因素试验。结果表明,增施氮肥能显著提高小麦产量和氮收获量。起身期追肥比抽稳期追肥产量和氮收获量显著提高;不同品质类型的小麦蛋白质含量对施氮量和追氮时期反应不尽一致,蛋白质含量相对较低的两个品种济南17和PH97-4施氮处理间差异不显著,而蛋白质含量相对较高的品种PH82-2-2和PH97-5在高施氮量下抽穗期追肥蛋白质含量比起身期追肥提高0．6个百分点,差异达显著水平。不同品种的湿面筋含量、籽粒容重和硬度在不同施氮量下差异不显著。沉淀值、降落值对施氮处理不敏感;吸水率和面团稳定时间不同施氮量间差异不显著,抽穗期追肥吸水率提高0．7个百分点,但面团形成时间和稳定时间分别降低1．39min和0．61min;不同品种的粉质特性差异显著。运筹氮肥能改善小麦加工品质,但效果不明显。     

主要栽培措施对中筋小麦皖麦44产量和品质的影响

为了给中筋小麦——皖麦44优化栽培提供参考，以此品种为试验材料，研究了播期、密度以及氮肥应用对其产量和品质的调节效应。结果表明．施氮量在0～300kg／hm^2范围内，氮素与籽粒产量呈二次曲线关系，与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、面粉吸水率、面团形成时间、稳定时间和粉质质量数等呈极显著正相关，与弱化度呈极显著负相关。增施氮素能显著提高蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值和粉质评价值，降低弱化度，延长面团的形成时间和稳定时间。氮肥全部基施和返青追肥产量和品质指标都较低；在拔节期施肥可有效地提高产量，并促进品质改善；在抽穗期施肥能改善粉质性状。皖麦44在淮北地区中等肥力地块的适宜施氮量为150～225kg／hm^2，在施足基肥的基础上，追施拔节肥效果更佳。播期和密度对皖麦44的产量有显著影响，对品质作用不明显。     

弱筋小麦高产优质栽培模式研究

为给当前长江下游农业结构调整中弱筋小麦产业发展提供关键栽培技术,研究了播期、密度、氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、追肥时期等栽培试验因子对弱筋小麦扬麦9号产量和蛋白质品质的影响。结果表明。氮肥施用量与追肥时期对弱筋小麦产量和蛋白质品质影响最为明显。播期对籽粒产量和蛋白质品质起负向作用。返青期以后施用氮肥能显著提高蛋白质和湿面筋含量。以获得产量5250kg／ha和籽粒蛋白质含量不大于11．5％、湿面筋含量不大于22．0％为目标,弱筋小麦高产优质栽培理想模式为播期11月1日～11月3日,群体密度225万～232万／ha,N、P、K肥施用量分别为138～244、112～121和112～120kg／ha,三者比例控制为1：0．5：0．5,后期追肥时期控制在7．6～8．3叶龄期。     

优质小麦重要性状的相关分析

利用7个优质小麦品种（品系），分析了优质小麦籽粒产量与品质性状的关系，以及品质性状之间的关系。结果表明，籽粒产量与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和干面筋含量等营养品质性状呈极显著或显著负相关，与Zeleny沉淀值、面团形成时间和稳定时间等加工品质性状相关不显著。蛋白质含量与湿面筋含量和干面筋含量逗号地极显著正相关，湿面筋含量与干面筋含量呈极显著正相关。Zeleny沉淀值与面团形成时间和稳定时间呈显著或极显著正相关，面团形成时间与稳定时间呈极显著正相关。据此提出优质高产结合改良的重点是协调好粒产量与加工质量，充分利用蛋白质优质基组合。     

钾对旱地冬小麦后期生长及籽粒品质的影响

为了了解钾对旱地冬小麦生长质量及籽粒品质的影响,采用田间试验、室内分析测定和数理统计相结合的方法,研究了钾对旱地冬小麦后期生长及品质的影响。结果表明,施用钾肥(37.5～112.5kgK2O/hm2)明显地提高了旱地冬小麦的旗叶叶绿素含量和光合速率,施用钾肥的处理在小麦开花以后不同时期千粒重和籽粒灌浆速率都明显高于对照。施用钾肥,小麦的沉淀值、面团稳定时间,尤其是湿面筋含量和蛋白质含量及蛋白质产量都有明显增加,但钾肥施用量过大反而不利于小麦品质的改善,施用量超过112.5kgK2O/hm2小麦上述品质指标数值都呈现出下降的趋势。     

不同时期干旱对强筋小麦产量与品质特性的影响

为给强筋小麦高产、优质栽培的灌溉管理提供参考,2006年10月～2007年5月在作物需水量试验场防雨棚下测坑中进行了不同时期干旱对强筋小麦郑麦98产量和品质特性影响的试验.试验采用随机区组设计,设置了适宜水分、播种~拔节期干旱、拔节~抽穗期干旱、拔节~灌浆期干旱和抽穗~成熟期干旱5个处理,分析了不同处理对强筋小麦产量性状和品质特性的影响.结果表明,与适宜水分处理相比,随着干旱时期的后移,小麦产量呈降低的趋势,其中,播种~拔节期干旱减产最少,仅为5.97%,水分利用效率最高,达2.12 kg/m3;抽穗~成熟期干旱千粒重最低,为32.28 g,减产最多,达17.86%;与后期(抽穗~成熟期)干旱处理相比,拔节~抽穗期干旱处理使籽粒粗蛋白质、氨基酸和湿面筋含量分别降低1.34、1.30和3.17个百分点,面团形成时间和稳定时间分别减少30.68%和33.93%,弱化度增加18.99%,其籽粒品质最差;适宜水分处理的蛋白质产量最高,为1 114.3 kg/ha,其他品质性状居中;后期(抽穗~成熟期)干旱处理的品质最好,但其蛋白质产量最低,为965.3 kg/ha,比适宜水分处理减少13.37%.相关分析结果表明,籽粒产量与蛋白质、氨基酸、湿面筋含量、降落数值呈极显著负相关,与面团形成时间和稳定时间呈微弱负相关.     

施氮时期对弱筋小麦产量和品质的调节效应

在大田条件下,以饼干专用小麦宁麦9号为材料,研究了不同时期施氮对淮南地区弱筋小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明,在总施氮量相等、基肥和追肥各占50%的情况下,小麦产量随追肥时期的推迟而提高,于拔节期达到最大值,拔节期以后追肥产量下降;蛋白质含量和沉淀值有随追肥时期的推迟而提高的趋势,返青期及返青期以前追肥蛋白质含量和沉淀值达到弱筋小麦的理想指标;在拔节期前追肥湿面筋含量符合弱筋小麦的要求,拔节期及拔节后追肥变化不大;峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度表现为随追肥时期的推迟而下降的趋势。返青期是弱筋小麦实现高产和优质相协调的适宜追氮时期。     

氮、磷、钾肥对强筋小麦产量与品质的影响

为给小麦优质高产栽培提供依据,设置氮磷钾肥相互配施及单施处理,研究施肥对强筋小麦产量及主要品质性状的影响.结果表明,氮磷钾肥配施对小麦产量有显著的影响,其中,NPKNPNKPK,肥料单施对产量的影响是NPK.氮磷钾平衡施肥对成穗数的影响大于对穗粒数和千粒重的影响,对提高强筋小麦籽粒蛋白质和湿面筋含量的作用较大,对沉淀值影响较小.单施氮肥、钾肥可显著提高籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和沉淀值,单施磷肥对籽粒蛋白质含量影响显著.对湿面筋含量、沉淀值影响不大.因此,在强筋小麦生产中应重视氮磷钾肥的配方施用,尤其是氮磷肥的施用.     

拔节期追施氮肥对宁麦16产量和品质的影响

为了研究拔节期追施氮肥对小麦产量和品质的影响,以中筋小麦品种宁麦16为试验材料,通过在拔节期追施不同量的氮肥,研究追施氮肥对其籽粒产量和品质的影响.结果表明,拔节期追施氮肥对宁麦16有极显著的增产作用,追施氮肥处理的平均单产比对照增产29.4%,其中以施纯氮225 kg·hm-2理的增产效果最为显著,较对照增产2281.0 kg·hm-2,增幅达40.56%,但施氮量继续增加,籽粒产量则有所下降.拔节期追施氮肥对产量构成因素的影响主要表现在提高成穗数和穗粒数上,平均比对照分别提高14.0%和19.0%.拔节期追施氮肥能显著提高宁麦16籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋含量、面团稳定时间和延伸性.综合产量和品质分析结果,在本试验条件下,拔节期追施225 kg·hm-2氮素可实现宁麦16高产与优质的协调.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

源库限制对寒地玉米产量及品质的影响

本试验采用4个品种(四单19、本玉9号、DH808、DH3149),2种密度(52500株/hm2、75000株/hm2),并在吐丝期分别进行减源限库处理,研究源库限制对玉米生长发育和产量品质的影响。结果表明:减源处理降低了单株叶面积,也降低了单株干物重。限库处理因库容减少,使得干物质略有增加,但不同品种对源库处理反应不一致。限库处理导致玉米子粒蛋白质含量明显增加,减源处理基本不变或略有增加;减源限库处理导致平展型玉米子粒的脂肪含量增加,而紧凑型品种保持不变或略有降低;减源处理导致淀粉含量的增加,而限库处理的影响相反,导致淀粉含量减少。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.