昆明市西山区冷凉山区花魔芋2种繁殖方法下的高效栽培技术

魔芋为药食同源作物,喜凉耐阴,对环境条件要求苛刻,对高效栽培技术要求较高。冷凉山区培育的花魔芋种具有产量高、抗病性强、生长优势显著,很受芋农欢迎等特点。西山区是昆明市主城区之一,消费市场巨大,农业种植区多在海拔2 000~2 500 m的冷凉山区,利用冷凉山区优势,进行林下和玉米套间种花魔芋模式,对提高花魔芋产量、解决山区农民增收难问题具有十分重要的意义。     

魔芋新品种‘富魔1号’

‘富魔1号’是通过系统选育方法,从云南富源地方花魔芋资源中选出的新品种。2年生平均产量为35.94 t ? hm-2,繁殖率为7.1,精粉葡甘露聚糖含量74.8%,粘度21 567.0 mPa ? s。适宜在云南海拔1 600 ~ 2 300 m区域种植。     

珠芽类魔芋新品种‘耿芋2号’

 ‘耿芋2号’是采用系统选育法选育而成的珠芽类魔芋。平均产量45 t · hm^-2,抗病性好,较当地种植的花魔芋增产近50%,软腐病发病率降低60%。生育期240 d,商品芋精粉葡甘聚糖含量43.69%,粘度14 600 mPa · s,平均出粉率52.8%。适宜西南地区海拔600 ~ 1 600 m的山地种植。     

陕南地区魔芋种植技术

<正>1选地陕南秦巴山区中海拔700~1100 m为种植魔芋的适宜区。此区年平均气温12.1℃~13.9℃,昼夜温差较大,年降水量904.7~1117.4 mm,年日照百分率33%~36%,可在此区大力发展魔芋生产。秦巴山区花魔芋的适宜种植区为平均气温12~14℃的区域,白魔芋适应性广,抗病性差,可在海拔相对较低的区域种植。种过向日葵、辣椒、马铃薯、烟草的地块种植魔芋易发生病害,也难于高产,因此尽量不要     

魔芋杂交新品种‘鄂魔芋1号’

‘鄂魔芋1号’是以花魔芋为母本,白魔芋为父本,经远缘杂交选育而成的新品种。平均产量26.77 t · hm-2,平均繁殖系数13.7。三龄鲜球茎干物质含量16.60%,葡甘聚糖含量55.85%。抗软腐病、灰霉病和干腐病,易感白绢病。从出苗到成熟生育期146 d。适宜湖北省西部山区海拔800 ~ 1 300 m区域种植。     

魔芋新品种‘云魔芋迷乐2号’

 ‘云魔芋迷乐2号’为珠芽魔芋（Amorphophallus muelleri），生育期155 d左右，单株球茎增长倍数平均8.35倍，平均产量56 250 kg · hm^-2，球茎葡萄糖甘露聚糖含量38.0% ~ 43.0%，粘度2 500 ~ 4 000 mPa · s，适宜400 ~ 1 300 m海拔的湿热区域种植。     

魔芋新品种‘云魔芋迷乐3号’

‘云魔芋迷乐3号’是2009年从泰国北部地区达府引入的群体种进行系统选育,经去杂纯化、组织培养、快速繁殖、4代繁育后获得性状稳定的株系,并进一步扩大繁育得到的新品种。膨大系数12.7倍,葡甘聚糖含量30.0% ~ 35.0%,粘度1 500 ~ 2 500 mPa · s。适宜在海拔400 ~ 1 300 m的湿热区域种植。     

云南省苹果产区及品种构成

苹果是云南的重要果树。实践证明:在滇东北地区海拔1 900~2 300 m、滇西北地区海拔2 200~2 700 m,年均温在11.4~14.7℃的高海拔山区为苹果适宜种植区;海拔1 900~2 100 m的年均气温在14.0~15.0℃地区为苹果次适宜区;在海拔1 800 m以下、年均气温15.0℃以上地区栽培的苹果表现不好,不提倡栽培。目前,云南省苹果种植面积约有3.31万hm2,形成了4个主产区。     

温室葡萄丰产栽培技术

早在1995年,铁岭县山头铺村冯绍义承包了两栋土温室,总面积2 000 m2,当年春栽康太葡萄2 500株,株行距0.5 m×0.5 m×2.3 m,1996-1999年,每666.7 m2产量依次为1 600、1 800、1 900、1 800kg,产值为1.7万、1.9万、2.0万、1.8万元.     

高山夏萝卜裁培技术

2001年云和县引进夏盛萝卜在海拔850~950m的陈坞等行政村试种,获得了较好的种植效益,单产达2500~3000kg,以1.4元/kg批发上市,667m2产值达3 500~4 200元,扣除肥料200元、种子300元、农药等成本净产值约2 900~3 600元,较种植水稻,可提高经济效益8倍左右。现将其栽培技术介绍如下。     

山地食粒豌豆高效栽培密度试验

为摸索华宁海拔1 900 m冷凉山区食粒豌豆的最佳播种密度,集成大面积应用的高效种植技术,通过7个密度的随机区组试验,对山地食粒豌豆农艺性状和产量产值进行综合分析。结果表明：不同密度食粒豌豆的农艺性状、产值、产量存在差异,其中每667 m2栽25 000株处理的产量和产值均最高,分别为808.14 kg和3 232.56元,适宜在华宁海拔1 900 m冷凉山区食粒豌豆种植中应用。     

高山白萝卜—甜玉米地膜覆盖间作模式栽培试验

为改善长阳高山白萝卜种植效益不高、连作障碍严重等问题,在长阳1 000、1 200、1 400、1 600 m 4个海拔点进行高山白萝卜—甜玉米地膜覆盖试验。试验结果表明,海拔1 200 m的综合产值最高,达4 913.6元/667 m~2,其次是海拔1 400 m,达到4 885.6元/667 m~2。     

Utilizing GIS Technologies in Selection of Suitable Vineyard Sites

Abstract

Geographic information system (GIS) technologies and a weighted linear indexing model were used for suitability analysis of potential vineyard sites in Illinois. The model included a macroscale climate variables layer (40 points), a mesoscale climate variables layer (40 points), a soil properties layer (10 points) and a current land use variables layer (10 points) for a possible 100 points. Macroscale climate variables, growing degree day summation for a 33-year period (1969-2002) and occurrence of -26°C were interpolated using thin plate smoothing splines over the Illinois terrain using 100 m2 resolution digital elevation models (DEM). Using the same DEMs, absolute elevation, slope, and aspect were reclassified using surface analysis of the terrain to model the effects of mesoscale climate variables in Jackson and Union Counties in Illinois (study area). Locations in the study area above 259 m in absolute elevation (above sea level), with gently rolling slopes (5 to 10%), and facing North, East, or Northeast received the most points within the mesoscale climate layer. Soils that drained well or moderately well with moderate organic matter content (2 to 3%) received the most points in the soil properties layer. Lands that promoted ease of conversion to vineyards were assigned the most points in the current land use layer. The resulting four layers were arithmetically summed and suitability maps with 760 m2 resolution were developed. In the study area, over 18,155 hectares of land highly suitable or suitable for viticulture were identified. A portion of the existing orchard and vineyard acreage (223 ha) in the study area were surveyed with a global positioning system. Of the surveyed vineyard acreage, over 81% lies within the suitable or better ranking according to the model. Of the surveyed orchard acreage, over 50% lies within the suitable or better ranking.     

魔芋品种"鄂魔芋1号"引种试验初报

为解决绵阳地区魔芋病害严重问题,特引进“鄂魔芋1号”进行适应性研究,分别在绵阳3个不同海拔地区(550、1000、1800 m)开展试验。结果表明,在生育期、抗病性及产量等性状上,“鄂魔芋1号”在海拔550 m及海拔1000 m地区表现明显优于当地花魔芋,其中以海拔1000 m处避雨栽培效果最佳,其生育期达173 d,软腐病发病率仅为2.8%,667 m^2产量达到2050.24 kg。“鄂魔芋1号”是适合中低海拔地区种植的优良品种。     

不同海拔魔芋专用肥应用试验研究

对不同海拔不同魔芋专用肥施用量对魔芋产量和发病率的影响进行试验研究,结果表明,随着海拔升高,发病率降低,海拔700m以上区域较适宜魔芋生长。施用魔芋专用肥的各处理鲜芋产量和膨大系数均高于不施肥（CK）,其中667m2施肥75kg为最佳施肥量,产量和膨大系数较高,发病率较低。播种种芋大小与出苗率呈正相关、与膨大系数呈负相关。     

Adaptation characteristics of mitochondria in plateau pikas at different altitudes

AIM: To investigate the adaptive characteristics of mitochondria in plateau pikas at different altitudes. METHODS: According to the altitudes of the capture area, plateau pikas were divided into 4 300 m group (Mado Star Sea, n=6) and 2 900 m group (Laoji Mountain South, n=6). The red blood cells and hemoglobin of the animals in 2 groups were measured. The levels of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in the liver and skeletal muscle, and mitochondrial H₂O₂ production level in the skeletal muscle were determined by high-resolution mitochondrial respirometer. RESULTS: The hemoglobin of the plateau pika in 4 300 m group was significantly lower than those in 2 900 m group. The liver state 4 respiration rate of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (CI-LEAK), mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I state 3 respiration rate (CI-OXPHOS) and respiratory chain complex I+Ⅱ state 3 respiration rate(CI+Ⅱ-OXPHOS), electron transfer capacity of respiratory chain complex I+Ⅱ (CI+Ⅱ-ETS), the electron transport capacity of the respiratory chain complex Ⅱ (CⅡ-ETS) in 2 900 m group were increased, and the coupling efficiency was decreased compared with 4 300 m group (P<0.05). The skeletal muscle CI-LEAK,CI+Ⅱ-OXPHOS and CI+Ⅱ-ETS were higher than those in 4 300 m group. Mitochondrial state 4 respiration rate with palmitic acid carnitine and malate as substrates (FAO-LEAK) of liver and skeletal muscle in 2 900 m group were increased compared with 4 300 m group. The skeletal muscle with palmitic acid carnitine as a substrate for fatty acid metabolism state 3 respiratory rate (FAO-OXPHOS) was increased in 2 900 m group compared with 4 300 m group. The H₂O₂/O₂ flow ratio (ΔH₂O₂) in 2 900 m group was lower in state 4 respiration rate of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (LEAK), state 3 of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (OXPHOS), state 3 of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I+Ⅱ (OXPHOS*) and electron transfer capacity of respiratory chain complex I+Ⅱ (ETS) than 4 300 m group. CONCLUSION: Plateau pikas with different altitudes have different mitochondrial adaptation characteristics.