木质部细胞分化的研究简述

本文主要从木质部细胞分化常用的实验系统、木质部细胞分化的诱导、木质部细胞的编程性死亡以及次生壁的构建4个方面阐述了木质部细胞分化的研究。     

内聚力-张力学说的新证据(英文)

虽然内聚力 -张力学说已经建立了一个多世纪 ,但要完全接受它仍有一些问题 ,因为它的一个推论是很难证实的 ,即木质部导管中存在大的负压 .特别是近年来木质部压力探针和Z型管试验的结果表明 ,引起空穴的木质部压力仅在 - 0 5MPa以上 .有人根据这一结果认为必须对木质部水分运输的内聚力 -张力学说加以修正 .但是 ,目前又有两个研究小组应用相似改良的Z型管方法测定了产生空穴的木质部压力 .他们的结果显示 ,不同树种木质部导管保持水分传导的压力范围在 - 1 2MPa到- 3 5MPa以下 .这表明树木木质部导管中存在较大负压 ,从而有力支持了内聚力 -张力学说     

柳树还原糖含量与光肩星天牛危害的关系

利用3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法检测还原糖,检测结果为无论是树木休眠期还是生长期,韧皮部还原糖含量均明显大于木质部含量。休眠期,不同柳树品系韧皮部的还原糖含量除黄柳被害后增加外,其余品种均有所减少,木质部还原糖含量被害前后变化无规律。不同品种间的还原糖含量差异显著,各品系韧皮部与木质部间差异显著,健康与被害树种之间差异不显著。生长期,除糖槭之外,各品系无论是韧皮部还是木质部,还原糖含量均有所增加。不同品种间的还原糖含量差异显著,各品系韧皮部与木质部间差异显著,健康与被害树种之间差异显著。无论是休眠期还是生长期,韧皮部以及木质部的还原糖含量与柳树被害率均无紧密相关性。     

柳树单宁含量与光肩星天牛危害的关系

根据光肩星天牛的发生规律,通过对不同柳树品系木质部和韧皮部在生长期与休眠期单宁含量的变化规律的分析,研究了柳树中次生代谢物质单宁含量与青杨天牛危害的关系。利用香草醛比色法测定单宁,在柳树休眠期,光肩星天牛危害率与各部分单宁含量相关性不强,在柳树生长期,被害率与被害韧皮部、被害木质部显示较强的负相关性;无论是树木休眠期还是生长期,各柳树品系韧皮部单宁含量均明显大于木质部含量,危害后,除黄柳之外单宁含量有所增加;树木休眠期与生长期的韧皮部、木质部单宁含量差异显著;不同树种间韧皮部与木质部单宁含量差异均显著;健康木与被害木无论是韧皮部还是木质部差异均显著。说明单宁含量增高,抑制虫害能力增强,可视单宁为树种抗虫的一个因素。     

6个树种1年生枝木质部的水力特征及与栓塞修复能力的关系

【目的】植物木质部栓塞修复能力已成为植物抗旱性研究的热点。本研究探讨6个耐旱树种木质部水力特征及与栓塞修复能力之间的关系,以及决定栓塞修复能力的主要影响因子,为筛选抗旱树种提供理论依据。【方法】以西北农林科技大学博览园内生长良好的6个耐旱树种(刺槐、沙棘、榆树、元宝枫、旱柳、榛)的1年生枝为研究对象,采用Cochard Cavitron离心机诱导木质部栓塞,构建6个树种的木质部栓塞脆弱曲线,得到其栓塞脆弱性(P50)值,同时测定枝条的木质部水力直径(Dh)、黎明前木质部水势及自然状态下栓塞程度(NPLC),利用低压液流计及染色法测定已栓塞枝条不同时段(20,40,60,80,100 min)的栓塞修复程度(1-PLC),进而探究不同树种木质部栓塞修复能力与栓塞脆弱性、水力直径、黎明前水势和NPLC间的关系。【结果】1)6个树种栓塞脆弱性大小依次为刺槐榆树沙棘旱柳榛元宝枫,其中元宝枫的抗栓塞能力最强;水力直径依次为刺槐榆树榛沙棘旱柳元宝枫。2)用染色法测得的木质部栓塞修复程度与低压液流计测得的木质部栓塞修复程度相一致(回归方程是y=1.047x-7.567,R~2=0.863);低压液流计法测定的值完全可以反映在不同时间段栓塞枝条的修复状况。3)6个树种1年生枝木质部栓塞修复能力依次为刺槐榆树沙棘旱柳榛元宝枫,植物重新供水后,木质部栓塞修复能力强的树种能迅速恢复栓塞导管的输水功能;栓塞修复能力与栓塞脆弱性大小顺序完全一致,呈显著的正相关(R~2=0.980),即木质部栓塞脆弱性大的树种,其栓塞修复能力也越强;回归分析表明,6个树种木质部水力直径、黎明前水势和NPLC与栓塞修复能力有很强的相关性(R~2分别为0.868,0.740,0.741)。【结论】植物木质部水力特征与栓塞修复能力密切相关,特别是木质部栓塞脆弱性(P50)和水力直径与栓塞修复能力有很强烈的正相关,是决定栓塞修复能力的主要影响因子。     

气候变化对树木木质部生长影响的研究进展

【目的】树木生长受多种气候因子的影响,与年轮宽度相比,树木木质部细胞的生长变化记录了更为详尽的气候信息,可以丰富当前从传统树轮气候学或树轮生态学研究中所得到的认识。本研究以期为利用树轮木质部细胞特征研究全球变化提供参考。【方法】综述了树木木质部形成过程、研究木质部细胞生长变化对气候因子响应的常用方法以及气候变化(温度、降水、光照强度、光周期和CO2浓度等)对形成层活动及木质部细胞生长变化的影响。【结果】目前,在细胞水平上研究树木木质部生长变化对气候因子响应过程的主要方法为：钉针法和微芯取样法,钉针法主要适用于研究形成层对损伤的响应或是记录热带树木木质部生长的增量,而微芯取样法可以清楚地观察到生长季各阶段形成层细胞数量的变化及木质部形成过程;树木木质部的生长过程一般从形成层恢复活动开始,经过细胞的伸展、次生细胞壁的加厚和木质化后,形成成熟的次生木质部细胞,其中的每一个阶段都会受到气候因子变化的影响;树木木质部细胞生长的变化与温度、降水、光照强度、光周期和 CO2浓度等气候因子有着复杂的相关关系;温度主要影响树木生长季前期形成层的活动,改变形成层恢复活动的时间、细胞的分裂速率及活动周期,但并不会改变木质部细胞分化的序列和季节生长模式;降水主要影响形成层细胞分裂的速率、在生长季的持续时间以及管胞的直径等,降水不足会降低树木细胞分裂的速率,缩短细胞分化的时间,导致生长季的持续时间减少,同时抑制细胞伸展,管腔直径较小;光照强度主要影响树木的光合速率来间接影响形成层细胞的活动;光周期主要控制木质部细胞的最大生长速率和生长结束期;有关 CO2浓度升高对树木木质部细胞的影响,研究结果并不一致,一些研究认为,CO2浓度升高影响细胞的分裂速率和细胞的扩张而不是次生细胞壁的加厚,从而造成早材生长轮宽度明显增加,但也有研究表明,CO2浓度升高并没有引起早材细胞结构较大的变化,相反晚材生长环的宽度却明显增加。【结论】随着研究理论和技术手段的不断成熟,极端灾害下树木木质部细胞的生长特征、不同树种木质部细胞的生长对气候变化的响应以及多种气候因子对树木木质部生长的综合影响将成为今后研究的主要方向。     

油桐春季嫁接技术

在春季不同时期对油桐进行了顶芽枝接和带木质部盾形芽接,成活率比较结果显示:(1)武汉地区油桐春季带木质部盾形芽接成活率显著高于顶芽枝接;(2)武汉地区油桐春季顶芽枝接宜在3月份以前进行,带木质部盾形芽接宜在3月中下旬进行。     

蓝变真菌引起的欧洲云杉木质部解剖学特征及纤维素酶活性的变化

选择奥地利境内阿尔卑斯山健康欧洲云杉为对象,研究室内接种蓝变真菌(Ceratocystis polonica)引起的寄主树木韧皮部和木质部解剖学特征的变化,揭示蓝变真菌引起欧洲云杉枯萎的机制.结果表明:接种1周后的4株欧洲云杉的木质部组织内,蓝变区域显著增加,4～6周后蓝变区域不再增加;而在接种无菌琼脂的2株对照欧洲云杉的木质部组织内,没有检测到蓝变区域.采用生物化学分析和组织定位技术,确定接种真菌和无菌琼脂的欧洲云杉木质部区域纤维素酶的分布和活性变化.接种2周后剥皮取样检测,接种真菌的4株欧洲云杉的木质部组织内纤维素酶含量大幅度增加,其等电聚焦电泳显示明显的纤维素酶酶带;而在接种无菌琼脂的欧洲云杉木质部区域,纤维素酶含量分布较少,其等电聚焦电泳显示微弱的纤维素酶酶带.进一步证明蓝变真菌分泌的纤维素酶能利用寄主欧洲云杉木质部的纤维素,蓝变真菌是致死阿尔卑斯山境内欧洲云杉的重要病原菌.     

天然次生白桦木质部及韧皮部营养元素含量的分布及动态特性

对东北东部山区天然次生白桦林内白桦树干木质部、韧皮部中营养元素含量空间分布及动态特性的研究结果表明：（１）随树高增加，木质部、韧皮部中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｍｇ含量呈增加趋势，而Ｃａ则相反；（２）木质部、韧皮部中Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ变幅较大，Ｚｎ、Ｎ变幅较小，而Ｃａ在木质部中变幅较大，在韧皮部中变幅较小；（３）木质部中各营养元素含量动态变化与叶、１年生枝中相应营养元素含量变化有相近的规律性。     

打孔注菌防治光肩星天牛试验研究

用杨、柳、榆树的树皮和木质部浸出液为营养对球孢白僵菌进行生长试验,结果证明球孢白僵菌在3种树木的树皮和木质部的浸出液中都可生长;相同条件下,在树皮中比木质部中产量高,杨树树皮是木质部的3.37倍,柳树是4.73倍,榆树是3.86倍。林间试验证明打孔注菌可以防治光肩星天牛幼虫,含菌量4亿/mL～8亿/mL,每株注150 ...     

浅议野生动物所有权

野生动物所有权是所有权的一种,它与其他所有权的区别在于客体的不同。文章阐述了野生动物的内涵,分析了野生动物的分类和野生动物与野生动物资源的区别。在明确野生动物含义的基础上,提出了野生动物所有权的概念,深入论述了野生动物所有权与野生动物资源所有权的差异和联系,并对野生动物所有权的主体、客体、内容进行了分析。     

Native woody species regeneration in exotic tree plantations at Munessa-Shashemene Forest,southern Ethiopia

Regeneration of native woody species was studied in the plantations and the adjacent natural forest at Munessa-Shashemene Forest Project Area, Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that tree plantations foster regeneration of native woody species. A total of 60 plots, having 10 × 10 m area each, were studied in monoculture plantations of 4 exotic species (Cupressus lusitanica, Eucalyptus globulus, E. saligna, Pinus patula) and an adjacent natural forest. Ages of the plantations ranged between 9 and 28 years. Soil seed bank analysis was also undertaken from soil samples collected in each of the 60 plots to examine the similarity between the soil seed flora and aboveground vegetation. A total of 56 naturally regenerated woody species were recorded beneath all plantation stands with densities ranging between 2300 and 18650 individuals / ha in different stands. There was a significant difference among plantation stands with regard to understorey density (standard deviation: 4836 ± 1341). Vegetation diversity was assessed through analyses of floristic composition, species richness and abundance. Generally, seedling populations were the most abundant components of the regeneration in most of the plantation stands, forming 68 % of the total regeneration count in all stands. A total of 77 plant species represented by 44 herbs, 13 woody species, 8 grasses and 12 unidentified species were recorded in the soil seed bank from all stands. Similarity between the soil seed bank and aboveground flora was very low implying that the role of soil seed banks is negligible rather dispersal plays an important role in the process of regeneration. These results support the concept that forest plantations can foster the regeneration of native woody species, thereby increasing biological diversity, provided that there are seed sources in the vicinity of the plantations.     

延安城郊防护林外貌结构及林下植物的多样性

在延安对刺槐、油松、侧柏纯林及刺槐 侧柏、刺槐 油松混交林等几种黄土高原主要人工林群落外貌结构、林下植物多样性特征进行了研究.结果表明:混交林群落外貌结构较为复杂,林下植物群落类型各不相同;林下植物的Simpson多样性指数和Shnnon-wiener多样性指数分别为0.902 57～0.674 88和2.012 88～1.479 67,刺槐 油松林最高,16年生刺槐纯林最低;32年生刺槐纯林林下植物优势度最高者是糙隐子草,16年生刺槐纯林则为牡蒿,其它林型都是铁杆蒿;本地区选择防护林类型时,应优先选择刺槐 油松或刺槐 侧柏混交,对已有的成熟或衰退刺槐纯林可采取择伐萌蘖抚育,并间植油松或刺柏,形成针阔混交林.     

An evaluation of the Acacia albida-based agroforestry practices in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia

Growing Acacia albida as a permanent tree crop, on farmlands with cereals, vegetables and coffee underneath or in between, is an indigenous agroforestry system in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. However, there is practically no systematic record or data on the merits and benefits of this practice.The paper presents the results of an investigation into the effects of the presence of A. albida on farmlands on the yield of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Twenty seven plot pairs each consisting of one plot underneath the A. albida foliage cover and the other in the open, away from the tree-on farmers' fields, in a 40 km radius around the Alemaya College of Agriculture, were sampled and the yield components analyzed. A statistically significant increase in crops yields by 56% on average was found for the crops under the tree canopies compared to those away from the trees. This increase was caused by the improvement in 1000 grain weight and number of grains of plants under the tree, indicating that the trees enhanced the fertility status of the soil and improved its physical conditions in terms of crop growth.Additional benefits from the A. albida trees include supply of fuelwood and fodder. Quantitative estimates of these outputs as well as their monetary values are presented in the paper. However, in order to realize these benefits to a discernible extent, higher stand densities of the tree than at present are required.Based on an enquiry about the farmers attitude towards A. albida, the prospects for an extension of this promising agroforestry technique are discussed against the background of the state and trends of development of agriculture in the area. It is surmised that despite some shortcomings like the relatively slow and highly variable growth of A. albida and a conflict with the spreading cultivation of Ch'at (Catha edulis Forsk.), the prospects of extension of this technique are good. It is recommended that its propagation should be incorporated into the programmes of the extension agencies of the various governmental agencies concerned with land use.     

油茶病虫害发生的现状及其环境因子研究

对国内油茶病虫害发生相关研究进行了总结,分析了我国油茶病虫害的发生现状;结合油茶的地理分布、生态学特性和油茶病虫害的发生种类,提出与油条病虫害发生相关的环境因子.通过掌握环境因子的变化提高预测、防治油茶病虫害发生的频率,从而提高油茶的产量.     

Potassium,calcium, and magnesium dynamics during litter decomposition in a cool temperate forest

The dynamics of K, Ca, and Mg were investigated during the decomposition of 14 litter types over a 3-year period on the upper and lower parts of a forest slope in a cool temperate forest in Japan. Potassium dynamics were divided into initial leaching phase and late phase. Initial K concentrations for the initial phase were correlated with the rate of decrease in K concentration during the initial phase. The late phase was characterized by seasonal fluctuations in concentration: K concentration increased from April to November and decreased during the winter period. The pattern of change in Ca concentration was divided into initial increase phase and late decrease phase in some litter types, or consisted of the late phase only in other litters. Calcium concentration of the initial litter was not predictable for the pattern of change in Ca concentration nor the rate of change in Ca concentration during the initial phase. Initial Ca concentration for the late phase was correlated with the rate of change in Ca concentration during the late phase. The pattern of change in Mg concentration was divided into initial leaching phase and late immobilization phase. Initial Mg concentration for the initial phase was correlated with the rate of change in Mg concentration during the initial phase. At the lower site, initial Mg concentration for the late phase was correlated with the rate of change in Mg concentration during the late phase, while such a relationship was not observed at the upper site. Concentrations of K, Ca, and Mg showed a convergent trend at the end of the study period. The final concentration differed between the upper and lower sites.     

基于OSC的土壤全氮近红外光谱测定

采集农田、林地和盐碱地不同类型的土壤样本,采用偏最小二乘法结合OSC方法建立土壤有机质反演模型,运用交叉验证和外部验证相结合的评价方法进行比较分析。结果显示：采用平滑＋MSC＋OSC方法对光谱进行预处理,可以提高预测模型的精度。OSC因子个数和PLS主因子个数分别为6和4时,交叉验证决定系数R2为0.990 1,均方根误差为0.297 5,外部验证决定系数R2为0.926 1,均方根误差为0.283 6,模型达到最优。表明对光谱进行OSC预处理后建模是可行的,OSC降低与浓度阵无关的光谱信号,并且减少建立模型的主因子个数,进一步提高模型的精度和稳定性。     

Successive media to improve the in vitro rhizogenesis of Nothofagus nervosa (Phil.) Dim. et Mil.

In vitro rooting constitutes a difficult step during the micropropagation process of forest species. The successive media culture technique represents one way to overcome this barrier and includes modifying physical (e.g. photoperiod) and chemical (e.g. flavonoids) factors during the rooting phases. The aim of this study was to obtain a successive media protocol based on the incorporation of flavonoids during the in vitro rooting of Nothofagus nervosa. The factors evaluated were the type, concentration, and combination of flavonoids in relation to the rooting phases, the presence of IBA in the culture medium, the photoperiod, and the effect of flavonoids on total tissue peroxidase activity. The photoperiod used included a darkness period during the rooting induction stage and the presence of 0.61 µMIBA in the culture medium. The results showed that flavonoid incorporation at a concentration of 20 µM accelerated the appearance of roots and improved the quality of the already formed ones. Each type and concentration of flavonoid produced different responses, with (±)naringenin giving the best results. The latter caused a peak in the peroxidase activity that was absent in the control treatments. This work allowed identifying an optimized rooting protocol through a successive media culture technique that improved the speed of appearance, as well as the quantity and quality of roots for a single N. nervosa clone.     

Land use, biodiversity conservation, and rural development in the dehesas of Cuatro Lugares, Spain

Dehesas are an agrosilvopastoral system that has enhanced the maintenance of an extraordinarily high biodiversity. The traditional use is characterized by mixed livestock raising at low stocking densities, employment of hardy regional breeds and an elaborated maintenance and exploitation of holm oaks. Livestock production has traditionally been accompanied by arable systems with long rotations and closed nutrient cycles without external inputs of fodder, fertilizers and agro-chemicals. Modern trends are a specialization toward lamb and beef production and the employment of intensive techniques like free-range grazing at high stocking levels or crossbreeding with high-performance breeds. A model income statement shows that livestock create an income of 49.91 US$ per ewe per year on an average basis. The central problem for the continuity of the dehesas is the gradual decay of the tree canopy. Intensification of agricultural production and the abandonment of traditional grazing practices additionally threaten biodiversity within the dehesas. The authors suggest the foundation of a biosphere reserve in Cuatro Lugares as a framework for a sustainable development of the dehesas.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

我国薪炭材树种的热值与生态差异的研究

本文对木材热值的测定方法进行了研究。为了提高试验的精确度,改进了试样的容器;减少试样辅助添加剂引入的误差;考虑了含脂材挥发物对热值的影响,提出了一个实际通用的测试方法。通过对二十四种样木的测试,综合分析了测试误差、生态差异以及营林因子等的影响,对薪材热值的树种间差异和生态因子对热值变异时影响进行了研究。