大型灌区水资源供需平衡与节水改造效益分析

灌区的节水改造是一项以水资源高效利用为核心的系统工程。根据浙江省大型灌区水源工程状况，对农业灌溉、工业用水和生活用水需水量进行了预测，以此进行了灌区现状年和规划年的水资源平衡计算。根据实施节水改造灌区的效益情况，对节水改造规划工程实施后的经济效益和社会效益进行了分析。     

大型灌区水资源供需平衡与节水改

灌区的节水改造是一项以水资源高效利用为核心的系统工程。根据浙江省大型灌区水源工程状况，对农业灌溉、工业用水和生活用水需水量进行了预测，以此进行了灌区现状年和规划年的水资源进行平衡计算，根据实施节水改造灌区的效益情况，对节水改造规划工程实施后的经济效益和社会效益进行了分析。     

漳河跨界河流区域农田灌溉需水量预测

漳河跨界河流区,水资源开发程度高,灌区规模大,农业需水量占全区总需水量的80%以上。本文结合漳河跨界河流区农田灌区规模,以2015年为现状年,2020年和2030年为预测年,并设计平、枯、特枯水年三种水利年型,对区域灌区农业用水高峰月份进行需水量预测。计算结果显示:2020年红旗渠灌区需水量最大,小跃峰渠灌区需水量最小;20230年大跃峰灌区需水量最大,小跃峰渠灌区需水量最小。     

基于SD-MOP模型的生态型灌区水资源优化配置研究

为解决传统灌区日益严重的水资源短缺和生态环境问题,构建以"资源节约、高产高效、生态环境良好"为理念的生态型灌区,开展灌区水资源优化配置研究。以陕西省泾惠渠灌区为例,基于节水-经济-生态多重目标,构建系统动力学-多目标规划(System Dynamics-Multi-Objective Programming,简称SD-MOP)耦合模型,仿真模拟生态型灌区各子系统因果反馈关系,开展"P=50%"水平年的生态型灌区水资源优化配置研究。结果显示:到2030年,当灌区农业需水量、工业需水量、生活需水量和生态环境需水量分别为3.23、0.58、0.37和1.16亿m3时,可实现生态型灌区节水效益、经济效益以及生态效益最佳,泾惠渠灌区总需水量下降7.93%,经济效益和生态效益分别提高67.78%、9.09%。与单目标SD模型仿真结果相比,工业需水量和生活需水量分别增加3.57%和2.78%,农业需水量和生态环境需水量分别下降14.10%、9.38%的情况下,灌区总需水量下降10.40%,经济效益、生态效益分别增加27.28%、10.20%。研究表明,基于SD-MOP模型的水资源优化配置方案更有利于生态型灌区的实现,该成果可为生态型灌区水资源可持续利用和生态环境良性发展提供科学依据。     

东方红灌区节水配套改造项目水资源供需平衡分析

本文根据东方红灌区水资源分布和利用现状,分析了项目区地表水和地下水的水资源量。在实施农业综合开发节水配套改造项目后,经水资源平衡分析,项目区可供水量大于需水量,能够满足项目区村民生活、生产及农业灌溉的需要。     

变化环境下泾惠渠灌区净灌溉需水的响应

灌溉需水是科学制定灌溉计划和水资源规划的依据,气候变化和种植结构等变化环境是灌区灌溉需水变化的驱动因素。基于泾惠渠灌区4个气象站近30年逐日气象资料和作物种植面积资料,采用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith方法和作物系数法,计算灌区主要作物需水量、净灌溉定额及灌区净灌溉需水量,分析气候变化和种植结构调整对灌区净灌溉需水量的影响,采用多元线性回归法研究灌溉需水量变化的主要因子。结果表明:气候变化使灌区降雨呈减少趋势,ET0呈增加趋势,导致主要作物净灌溉定额呈增加趋势;种植结构的调整,减少了粮食作物和棉花的种植面积,增加了其他经济作物的种植面积,使灌区净灌溉需水量呈减少趋势;在总种植面积下降、种植结构调整和气候变化的综合作用下,灌区净灌溉需水量呈小幅度的增加趋势;影响净灌溉需水量变化的主要因子是ET0和种植面积;除1996和2003年湿润年份外,各年净灌溉需水量比实际灌溉水量大,灌区存在缺水。未来应进一步调整种植结构,以适应气候变化,缓解灌区水资源供需矛盾。     

基于模糊数据挖掘的灌区水资源配置研究

在分析灌区大数据资源构成的基础上,构建了面向水资源配置的数据挖掘算法;汇聚某行政区域水资源、经济、人口、行业用水等数据,运用模糊层次聚类分析方法,对行政区域内行业间的配水案例进行分类及特征分析;采用固定步长穷举法对灌区配水相关参数进行动态赋权;运用模糊距离匹配相似灌区,通过构造加权影响因子和采用指数平滑法,对基于实例推理的灌区进行需水量预测。将建立的方法应用于2018年浙江省11个市行政区行业间配水特征分析和中型灌区需水量预测,结果表明:浙江省不同区域行业间配水被划分为4类,呈现出不同行业间的配水特征,灌区需水量预测相对误差均不大于9.39%,说明该方法有效,可为制定合理的区域行业间配水方案、估算灌区需水量提供决策支持。     

泾惠渠灌区作物种植结构变化对灌溉需水量的影响

研究种植结构变化对灌区作物需水量和灌溉需水量的影响,能够为作物生育期的灌溉用水管理和农业水资源规划提供基础数据。依据泾惠渠灌区实测降水和蒸发蒸腾等气象数据,采用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式和作物系数法计算灌区主要作物需水量;通过频率计算和配线法确定灌区丰水年(25%)、平水年(50%)和枯水年(75%)的有效降水量;根据1988—2014年Landsat卫星遥感影像提取的泾惠渠灌区不同历史时期农业种植结构数据,计算典型水文年份灌区总灌溉需水量,并分析作物需水量和灌溉需水量在不同典型水文年的年际和月际变化。结果表明,随着泾惠渠灌区农业种植结构的变化,灌区总的作物需水量和灌溉需水量都呈现显著下降趋势。但泾惠渠灌区在1988—2005年间,单位面积平均作物需水量和平均灌溉需水量都基本保持不变,随后均呈小幅下降趋势。各月份作物总需水量和总灌溉需水量除6月份之外,其余各月份都呈现显著下降趋势;但在此期间,灌区单位面积平均作物需水量和平均灌溉需水量除在4、8、9月份呈下降趋势,而6月份呈显著增加趋势外,其余各月份基本保持不变。灌区总的作物需水量和灌溉需水量的下降主要是由农作物种植面积大量减少所致,种植结构的变化对其影响较小,但灌区种植结构调整后的作物需水量状况更符合区域有效降水特点。     

柳园口灌区作物ET_0变化及节水灌溉模式研究

为了研究黄河下游灌区作物需水量变化规律,以柳园口灌区为例,采用国际上通用的Penman公式,分析研究主要参考作物的需水量变化情况,并结合引黄河水流量与含沙量的变化特点,探讨了灌区节水灌溉模式。研究表明:柳园口灌区ET_0呈近年来处于稳定态势,整体略有下降,主要农作物受生长季节和生育周期的限制,棉花生育期需水量大于小麦,小麦的需水量大于玉米。结合黄河来水来沙分布情况,引导灌区适时使用引黄灌溉和井灌的灌溉模式,充分发挥有限水资源的最大效益。     

西营河灌区水资源可持续利用对策

根据西营河灌区水资源开发利用现状,分析了水资源利用中存在的问题,结合石羊河流域全局,提出灌区水资源可持续利用对策,水资源优化配置方案,用水结构调整,工程配套,制度建设,创建节水防污型灌区,推行水利信息化建设,加强流域水资源统一管理等。     

水资源水质水量优化配置分析

本研究旨在实现水资源水质水量的优化配置,通过对水资源水质水量优化配置的生态经济学理论进行分析,指出水资源水质水量优化配置的概念,在内涵分析基础上确定了水资源水质水量优化配置的具体阈值原理和模型体系框架.同时对青海水资源水质水量的优化配置进行分析,指出不同区域的水资源水质水量需要进行针对性的优化配置.     

水资源管理中水量水质联合调控的模式探讨

在水资源管理中,水量水质联合调控主要是为了协调生态环境.利用运筹学、系统方法论、宏观经济学为计算基础,通过控制流域污染物来达到水质控制的目标.基于此,本文对水资源管理中水量水质联合调控的模式进行探讨.     

Sugarcane water use from shallow water tables: implications for improving irrigation water use efficiency

The resource potential of shallow water tables for cropping systems has been investigated using the Australian sugar industry as a case study. Literature concerning shallow water table contributions to sugarcane crops has been summarised, and an assessment of required irrigation for water tables to depths of 2 m investigated using the SWIMv2.1 soil water balance model for three different soils. The study was undertaken because water availability is a major limitation for sugarcane and other crop production systems in Australia and knowledge on how best to incorporate upflow from water tables in irrigation scheduling is limited. Our results showed that for the three soils studied (representing a range of permeabilities as defined by near-saturated hydraulic conductivities), no irrigation would be required for static water tables within 1 m of the soil surface. Irrigation requirements when static water tables exceeded 1 m depth were dependent on the soil type and rooting characteristics (root depth and density). Our results also show that the near-saturated hydraulic conductivities are a better indicator of the ability of water tables below 1 m to supply sufficient upflow as opposed to soil textural classifications. We conclude that there is potential for reductions in irrigation and hence improvements in irrigation water use efficiency in areas where shallow water tables are a low salinity risk: either fresh, or the local hydrology results in net recharge.     

浅析传统水利向环境水利及生态水利的转变

农田水利建设一直是我国农业发展的重中之重,最初的农田一般仅依靠自然河水和雨水进行灌溉,而后由兴修的水利工程进行灌溉,农水建设发展到今天开始重视环境水生态.传统农田水利向环境水生态转变是一种必然的发展趋势.这种形式的转变能够最大限度地满足农业经济发展中的用水需求,而且不会对生态环境带来危害.本文主要分析农田水利发展对环境的影响,并概述了传统农业水利向环境水生态转变的过程.     

水利工程项目的水闸设计探讨

在水利工程项目建设中,水闸工程项目占据着极其重要的作用.换言之,水闸工程质量的好坏,在很大程度上将直接关乎到整个水利工程项目的整体效果,包括使用寿命、功能发挥等.在工程建设过程中,水闸这一环节一旦出现了问题,对于整个工程及其下游地区,都会造成安全隐患,极大危害着当地居民的财产与生命安全.本文重点针对水利工程项目中的水闸设计环节,选取了春风河水利工程项目实例探讨,着重以该工程的水闸设计为研究对象,加以论述.     

水源更换对自来水厂进水泵房给水泵的影响

以杭州市清泰水厂进水泵房给水泵为对象,通过对千岛湖作为第二供应水源后水质变化进行理论分析和试验研究,以及水源变化后水泵实际流量扬程等性能进行分析研究,提出在千岛湖、钱塘江等多水源下给水泵的选型设计.通过给水泵叶轮切削的方式,使给水泵新的工况点处于高效区域内,确保给水泵安全顺利生产运行,提高进水泵房给水泵的效率,满足日供...     

Non-conventional water resources and opportunities for water augmentation to achieve food security in water scarce countries

Given current demographic trends and future growth projections, as much as 60% of the global population may suffer water scarcity by the year 2025. The water-use efficiency techniques used with conventional resources have been improved. However, water-scarce countries will have to rely more on the use of non-conventional water resources to partly alleviate water scarcity. Non-conventional water resources are either generated as a product of specialized processes such as desalination or need suitable pre-use treatment and/or appropriate soil–water–crop management strategies when used for irrigation. In water-scarce environments, such water resources are accessed through the desalination of seawater and highly brackish groundwater, the harvesting of rainwater, and the use of marginal-quality water resources for irrigation. The marginal-quality waters used for irrigation consist of wastewater, agricultural drainage water, and groundwater containing different types of salts. In many developing countries, a major part of the wastewater generated by domestic, commercial, and industrial sectors is used for crop production in an untreated or partly treated form. The protection of public health and the environment are the main concerns associated with uncontrolled wastewater irrigation. The use of saline and/or sodic drainage water and groundwater for agriculture is expected to increase. This warrants modifications in the existing soil, irrigation, and crop management practices used, in order to cope with the increases in salinity and sodicity that will occur.     

Effect of soil water osmotic potential on growth and water relationships in barley during soil water depletion

Summary Barley plants (Hordeum distichum, L., cv. Zita) grown in a sandy soil in pots were adjusted during a pretreatment period of 5 days to three levels of soil water osmotic potential by percolating 61 of a nutrient solution with additional 0, 22.3 and 44.6 mM KCl. A drying cycle was then started and the plants were harvested when the soil water matric potential had decreased to –1.4 MPa, respectively 6, 7 and 8 days later.No significant differences in dry matter yields, transpiration coefficients and wilting percentages were found between treatments.During the drying cycle leaf water potential ( _l ) decreased concomitantly with decrease in soil water potential ( _s ) with almost constant and similar differences ( _l – _s ) for all treatments despite differences in levels of potentials. The concomitant decrease in leaf osmotic potential () was due partly to dehydration (58%) and partly to increase in leaf solute content (42%) independent of treatment. The part of total osmotic solutes due to K decreased relatively during the drying cycle.Close relationships were found between and _l as functions of relative water content (RWC). Identical curves for the two levels of salt treatment agree with similar concentrations of K, Cl, and ash found for salt treated plants indicating that maximum uptake of macro nutrients may have been reached.During the main part of the drying cycle the turgor potential as function of RWC was higher and decreased less steeply with decreasing RWC in the salt treated than in the non-salt treated plants.In the beginning of the drying cycle additions of KCI lowered the transpiration rates of the salt treated plants resulting in a slower desiccation of the soil and hence an increased growth period. A delay in uptake from a limited soil water supply may be advantageous during intermittent periods of drought.     

Production and water use in lettuces under variable water supply

The effects of a variable water supply on the water use, growth and yield of two crisphead and one romaine (i.e., Cos) lettuce cultivar were examined in a field experiment using a line source sprinkler system that produced a range of water regimes that occur in growers fields. Four locations at increasing distances from the main line were monitored through the season (i.e., from thinning to harvest, 28–63 days after planting (DAP)). These locations at the end of the season corresponded to: (1) rewatering to field capacity (FC); (2) watering with a volume 13% below that required in the field capacity treatment (0.87*FC); (3) 30% below FC (0.70*FC); and (4) 55% below FC (0.45*FC). A linear production function for dry matter accumulation and fresh weight vs. crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) was determined for lettuce during this period, giving a water use efficiency for dry matter of 1.86 g m^–2 mm^–1 and for fresh weight of 48 g m^–2 mm^–1 . For lettuce irrigated to field capacity, ET_c between thinning and harvest was 146 mm; maximum crop coefficients of 0.81–1.02 were obtained at maturity (55–63 DAP). For the three irrigation treatments receiving the largest water application, ET_c was higher in the Cos culivar than in the two crisphead lettuce cultivars which had similar ET_c. Plant fresh weight was more sensitive than dry weight to reduction in water supply. In the FC treatment, root length density and soil water extraction were greatest in the top 0–45 cm, and decreased rapidly below 45 cm depth. Soil water extraction by roots increased at lower depths when irrigation was reduced. Instantaneous rates of leaf photosynthesis and leaf water potential showed no response to the irrigation treatments in this study, despite differences in biomass production. Evaporation was determined to be the major component of ET_c for 45 of the 63 days of the growing season. The large loss of water by evaporation during mid-season and the apparent insensitivity of lettuce to the volume of irrigation during this period may provide an opportunity for reducing irrigation applications.