重复超排对奶山羊超排效果的影响

对12只母羊进行了间隔1个月的连续3次超排处理,3次只均获胚数分别为:18.8±4.32枚、10.3±4.64枚和4.0±4.86枚;只均可用胚数分别为:15.3±4.14枚、5.9±2.99枚和2.0±2.83枚。3次超排的只均获胚数间和只均可用胚数间差异极显著。结果表明,山羊重复超排的时间间隔不能少于1个月。     

荷斯坦牛重复超排的试验研究

本研究以高产荷斯坦牛为研究对象、用不同的FSH剂量、以30 d为间隔连续超排3次,旨在优化荷斯坦牛连续超排方案。结果表明,在400 mg组中,三次头均可用胚数(5．50±0．87枚／头、4．88±0．61枚／头、4．13±0.69枚／头)之间差异不显著(P>0．05);当增加梯度为10 mg时各次间的头均可用胚数(6．30±1．15枚／头、5．90±1．17枚／头、5．20±0.84枚／头)差异不显著(P>0．05);当增加梯度为20 mg时各次间的头均可用胚数(5．83±0．70枚／头、5．43±1．27枚／头、5．17±0．79枚／头)差异亦不显著(P>0．05)。通过对三组的结果整体比较得出,获卵平均数(7．92±0．56枚／头、7．96±0．65枚／头、7．47±0．59枚／头)和头均可用胚胎数(4．83±0．42枚／头、5．80±0．59枚／头、5．47±0．55枚／头)都随着超排剂量的增加先升高后降低,三组之间获卵平均数、头均可用胚数方面差异都不显著(P>0．05)。整体比较,FSH以400 mg为基础量,以10 mg为增加梯度进行连续超排可以取得满意的效果。     

不同剂量促卵泡素对高产荷斯坦奶牛超排效果的影响

本试验比较了不同剂量的促卵泡素对高产荷斯坦奶牛超排效果的影响,试验分2组,利用FSH减量法对供体荷斯坦奶牛进行超数排卵。A组FSH剂量为13mg/头,B组为12mg/头。试验结果A组平均黄体数13.5个,平均获可用胚数9.5枚,均高于B组的平均黄体数3个和平均获可用胚数2.5枚。试验结果初步表明:应用13mgFSH组的超排效果好于12mg组。     

娟姗牛与荷斯坦牛超排效果比较

本试验对56头青年娟姗牛和179头荷斯坦青年牛进行超排处理,平均获得可用胚胎数4.05±4.20枚/头次和7.06±3.72枚/头次;可用胚率分别为57.80%和70.65%,娟姗牛和荷斯坦牛超排黄体数无明显差异(P>0.05),但采胚数娟姗牛明显低于荷斯坦牛。共移植受体牛310头,怀孕157头(50.65%)。娟姗牛胚胎与荷斯坦牛胚胎的移植妊娠率分别为52.54%(31/59)和50.20%(126/251),无明显差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,青年荷斯坦牛和青年娟姗牛可用于胚胎生产,但娟姗牛的可用胚胎数低于荷斯坦牛。     

黄冈市奶牛超排试验报告

为了获得胚胎移植材料,扩繁良种奶牛,在湖北黄冈进行了荷斯坦奶牛的超排试验。结果表明,10头供体共回收胚胎92枚,其中可用胚66枚(可用胚率71.7%),平均6.6枚/头,个体间回收胚胎数差异大。冲胚2个月后,有5头供体发情并配种,发情与否与冲胚数、可用胚胎数均无显著相关。     

转基因奶牛与普通奶牛超数排卵效果的比较分析

本文对20头转基因母牛与20头普通母牛超数排卵效果进行了比较分析。在20头超排转基因奶牛中,16头有超排反应,4头无超排反应,超排成功率为80%(16/20),平均获胚/卵总数为6.15±4.43枚,可用胚数为3.94±2.62枚,未受精卵数为1.50±2.19枚,退化胚胎数为0.69±0.78枚;20头对照组普通奶牛中,17头有超排反应,3头无超排反应,超排成功率为85%(17/20),平均获胚/卵总数为8.65±5.70枚,可用胚数为4.18±3.11枚,未受精卵数为1.47±1.12枚,退化胚胎数为3.00±4.24枚。统计分析表明,转基因奶牛的获胚/卵总数、可用胚数、未受精卵数与普通奶牛均无显著差异(P>0.05),转基因奶牛的退化胚胎数显著低于普通奶牛(P<0.05)。本试验结果说明转入改变乳成分的外源基因不影响奶牛的超数排卵效果。     

秦川牛超数排卵效果的研究

本研究共超排秦川牛31头次，有效超排20头次，有效率为64.5％。头均获胚总数6.45枚，可用胚4.20枚。激素用量为300 mg/头时，头均获胚总数和头均可用胚数显著高于260和340 mg组（P<0.05）。冬春季的头均获胚总数（8.56）和头均可用胚数（6.00）显著高于夏秋季（4.73、2.73）（P<0.05）。对供体牛连续超排处理3次，间隔70 d，对超排效果无显著影响。     

纯种和牛快速扩繁关键技术研究

为达到快速扩繁纯种和牛的目的,试验从供体牛高强度超数排卵、胚胎性别鉴定及不同品种受体牛移植对产犊、妊娠期和犊牛初生重的影响进行研究。结果表明,纯种和牛连续超排9次,每次间隔30 d,第2次头均回收胚数22.78枚,显著高于第5~9次结果（P< 0.05）,其余各组之间无显著差异（P> 0.05）;第1~3次头均可用胚数分别为8.67、13.78、8.56枚,组间无显著差异（P> 0.05）,第2次头均可用胚数显著高于第4~9次头均可用胚数（P< 0.05）,极显著高于第7、9次头均可用胚数（P< 0.01）。性别鉴定胚胎和常规胚胎移植妊娠率和产犊率差异均不显著（P> 0.05）,性别鉴定胚胎的母犊率为95.56%。西门塔尔杂交牛受体产犊率高于和牛杂交牛、荷斯坦奶牛受体,但差异不显著（P> 0.05）。和牛杂交牛受体妊娠期极显著高于西门塔尔杂交牛和荷斯坦奶牛受体（P< 0.01）,西门塔尔杂交牛和荷斯坦奶牛之间差异不显著（P> 0.05）;西门塔尔杂交牛受体所产和牛母犊初生重显著高于和牛杂交牛受体（P< 0.05）,极显著高于荷斯坦奶牛受体（P< 0.01）,3个品种受体牛产和牛公犊初生重之间差异不显著（P> 0.05）;同一品种受体牛其产公、母犊牛的妊娠期及初生重均相近。     

中国荷斯坦牛重复超排试验

为探讨多次重复超排的效果,自2003年12月至2005年4月对9头供体牛进行6次重复超排,采胚47头次,累计生产可用胚胎292枚,平均每头次冲胚获可用胚6.2枚。每批获可用胚胎数依次为49、50、46、48、55、44,可用胚胎数并未随超排次数的增加而呈现逐渐下降趋势,说明中国荷斯坦牛以3个月的间隔多次重复超排是可行的。     

奶牛鲜胚移植试验研究

对11头荷斯坦奶牛进行超排处理,超排有效9头,有效率82%,头均获得胚胎7.8枚,其中可用胚头均5.3枚.移植荷斯坦受体牛37头,妊娠率51.4%;移植秦川黄牛6头,妊娠率50%.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -