森林生态系统土壤呼吸空间异质性研究进展

土壤呼吸作用是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分。了解森林土壤呼吸的空间异质性是估算整个陆地生态系统碳源、汇的基础。文中概述了森林生态系统土壤呼吸空间异质性的研究进展及其影响因子,以及研究土壤呼吸空间异质性的主要方法,指出当前森林生态系统土壤呼吸空间异质性研究中存在的问题及未来该领域的研究重点。     

森林生态系统碳通量研究进展

陆地生态系统是"温室气体"的一个主要排放源, 森林生态系统作为陆地生态系统最大的碳库, 研究其系统与大气界面的碳通量变化具有重要的科研和社会意义。文中简述了森林生态系统碳通量研究的意义和进展, 以及存在的问题和解决途径。     

陆地生态系统生态化学计量学研究进展

【目的】探讨陆地生态系统生态化学计量学研究进展,以期推动对陆地生态系统物质循环及能量流动的进一步认识。【方法】利用Web of Science、CNKI等数据库,查阅相关文献,对陆地生态系统生态化学计量学研究进展进行综述。【结果】陆地植被生态化学计量学特征研究表明,C、N、P是生态化学计量学领域研究的主要对象,其中N和P是陆地植被生长2种最重要的限制元素;土壤中的碳氮磷比值是评价土壤质量重要指标,从全球尺度研究发现,土壤中的碳氮磷比值基本为恒值;陆地生态系统养分限制判断研究表明,N∶P比值是植物生长养分限制的敏感性指数,常被用于确定养分限制的阈值,同时N、P含量也可用于确定养分限制类型;气候、地理、土壤等因子是陆地植物生态化学计量学特征的主要影响因素。【结论】在陆地生态系统生态化学计量学研究进展中,C、N、P是学者们关注的重要因子,其比值在研究土壤质量评价、养分限制阈值等方面发挥重要作用。     

森林和水的相互作用研究进展

通过参加国际林联第24届世界林业大会, 结合会议论文和现场报告等资料可以看出, 森林和水不仅可以提供生态产品和服务, 而且还存在相互作用。研究森林和水的相互作用对于理解陆地生态系统功能、保护环境和应对气候变化具有重要意义。文中在了解全球森林和水相互作用研究现状的基础上, 总结森林与水研究的趋势和热点问题, 重点阐述在生态水文认知、干旱适应综合研究、土地利用变化与生态水文过程、森林和水管理及其生态系统服务等方面的研究进展, 以期借鉴国际森林和水生态系统保护、研究和管理理念, 拓宽我国生态水文及相关领域的研究思路。     

世界林业研究第15卷2002年第15卷总目录(1～6期)

第 1期2 1世纪的森林经理发展动态陆元昌　甘　敬 ( 1 )…………………………………………………………森林文化初论蔡登谷 ( 1 2 )……………………………………………………………………………………全球陆地生态系统水热平衡规律研究进展王　兵　刘世荣　崔向慧 ,等 ( 1 9)……………………………木材生产与生态良好 (下 )沈照仁 ( 2 9)………………………………………………………………………国内外麦秸板的研究、生产及发展王　戈　余　雁　卢狄耿 ( 36)…………………………………………世界非木材林产品的现状及其发展趋势冯彩云 ( …     

关于森林生态经济的几点雏议

<正> 森林生态系统无论是在整个陆地生态系统中所处的位置和对其他生态系统,特别是农业生态系统的影响以及和人类发展的致密关系来说,都具有特殊的重要地位。加强森林生态经济学的研究,即加强对森林生态系统与农业经济系统相互关系及其规律的研究更显得特别重要。下面仅就有关森林生态经济的几个问题,提出几点粗浅看法。     

土壤有机碳影响因素及测定方法探讨

土壤有机碳是土壤碳库的重要成分,在碳循环中起重要作用。本文主要从不同陆地生态系统的角度阐述了影响土壤有机碳的自然因素和人为因素、研究方法以及空间分布的研究进展,为陆地生态系统的可持续发展提供理论依据,也为全球碳循环的研究提供依据。     

从第21届国际林联世界大会看全球“森林与水”研究进展

从森林的水文生态功能研究、林业生产经营活动对林地土壤侵蚀的影响研究、高新技术在森林水文学研究中的应用、森林生态系统的水文生态模型研究等4个方面论述了第21届国际林联世界大会关于“森林与水”的研究进展。从森林生态系统的观点出发,结合森林的结构和功能以及生产力和系统能量及物质循环的研究,揭示各种森林水文现象发生和发展的规律及其内在联系,依然是森林与水关系研究的基本思路,尤其是森林植被对集水区水量平衡和水土流失的影响及尺度转换、森林流域经营和生态系统管理、遥感和稳态同位素等新技术在森林水文学研究中的应用、现代森林水文学研究中的模型和模拟技术等,将是21世纪“森林与水”研究的前沿问题。     

国内陆地生态系统观测研究网络发展概况

生态系统长期定位观测是对生态系统研究的重要手段,通过在典型自然或人工生态系统地段建立长期定位观测设施,对生态系统的组成、结构、生物生产力、养分循环、水循环和能量平衡等在自然状态或人为干扰下的变化过程进行长期连续观测,以阐明生态系统发生、发展、演替的内在机制。单个站点的长期定位观测、实验和研究往往具有其局限性,难以揭示更普遍性的规律。多站联合,从站到网的模式成为生态定位观测发展的必然趋势。20世纪70年代,生态定位观测研究站的网络化、全球化迅速发展。生态系统定位观测研究网络是开展生态系统长期定位观测的重要平台,为全球环境变化和陆地生态系统相互作用关系的研究提供了重要手段。为全面了解我国陆地生态系统定位观测研究网络的发展现状,本文从发展情况、取得成果等方面重点介绍我国陆地生态系统定位观测研究的三个主要网络:中国陆地生态系统定位观测研究站网(CTERN)、中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)和国家生态系统观测研究网络(CNERN),并对我国陆地生态系统观测研究网络存在的问题,发展趋势进行了探讨。     

陆地生态系统扰动与碳循环模拟研究进展

陆地生态系统扰动（火灾、病虫害、氮沉降、极端气候事件等）可以极大影响并改变生态系统的功能与结构,进而对陆地碳循环的时空格局产生重要影响。定量估算自然扰动对陆地生态系统的影响对于深入理解陆地生态系统循环过程具有十分重要的科学意义。文中针对几种主要陆地生态系统自然扰动（火灾、虫害、氮沉降、干旱和洪水等）分析扰动过程与陆地碳收支动态变化的关系,并在此基础上综述近年来相关研究的主要进展,总结生态系统扰动过程的主要研究方法和各自特点,重点介绍运用生态系统过程模型方法研究陆地生态系统对各种扰动过程的响应,分析当前相关研究中存在的主要问题和不确定性,最后对该领域的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

A Study on the Soil Water Balance of Protective Forest Ecosystems in Loess Areas in China

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我国森林生态系统定位研究的进展

我国森林生态系统定位研究的进展王淑元，林升寿（林业部科技司，北京１００７１４）森林是陆地生态系统的主体，是人类生存与持续发展的基础。由于森林生态系统结构的复杂性和各种生态因子之间相互作用机制的多样性，短期研究和定性描述，都难以揭示其内部运行机制和客观...     

湿地与水患关系之研究

湿地是地球上水陆相互作用形成的具有独特生态功能的景观类型，在控制洪水、滞留洪峰、调节河川径流、补充地下水、净化水体、防预温室效应和维持区域水平衡中发挥着极其重要的作用。一方面，湿地生态系统遭到破坏容易引发系列水患。另一方面，频繁水患又对湿地生态系统产生严重危害，引起一系列的生态问题。维持湿地数量质量、面积容积、自净功能、自然属性、“海绵体”作用是防治水患的最有效措施，也迫在眉睫。     

What the towers don't see at night: nocturnal sap flow in trees and shrubs at two AmeriFlux sites in California

At the leaf scale, it is a long-held assumption that stomata close at night in the absence of light, causing transpiration to decrease to zero. Energy balance models and evapotranspiration equations often rely on net radiation as an upper bound, and some models reduce evapotranspiration to zero at night when there is no solar radiation. Emerging research is showing, however, that transpiration can occur throughout the night in a variety of vegetation types and biomes. At the ecosystem scale, eddy covariance measurements have provided extensive data on latent heat flux for a multitude of ecosystem types globally. Nighttime eddy covariance measurements, however, are generally unreliable because of low turbulence. If significant nighttime water loss occurs, eddy flux towers may be missing key information on latent heat flux. We installed and measured rates of sap flow by the heat ratio method (Burgess et al. 2001) at two AmeriFlux (part of FLUXNET) sites in California. The heat ratio method allows measurement and quantification of low rates of sap flow, including negative rates (i.e., hydraulic lift). We measured sap flow in five Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. trees and three Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry and two Ceanothus cordulatus A. Kellog shrubs in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and in five Quercus douglasii Hook and Arn. trees at an oak savanna in the Central Valley of California. Nocturnal sap flow was observed in all species, and significant nighttime water loss was observed in both species of trees. Vapor pressure deficit and air temperature were both well correlated with nighttime transpiration; the influence of wind speed on nighttime transpiration was insignificant at both sites. We distinguished between storage-tissue refilling and water loss based on data from Year 2005, and calculated the percentage by which nighttime transpiration was underestimated by eddy covariance measurements at both sites.     

城市化过程对水域景观的干扰与生态修复方法——以江苏昆山市为例

文章以昆山市为例,综合分析了昆山1985-2008年城市化过程中水域景观格局的演变情况,总结探讨水域景观的生态修复方法以及发展方向。随着经济的高速发展,城市化过程对区域生态系统的影响日益严重,对自然生态系统的干扰无疑打破了原来生态系统的结构和平衡,因而研究城市化背景下区域水域景观格局的演变具有十分重要的意义。特别是对城市水环境的影响已经引起了人们高度的关注1。       

Numerical Simulation of the Interaction between Forest Ecological System and Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Based on the basic principles of the micrometeorology of atmospheric boundary layers and vegetation canopy, a numerical model of the interaction between forest ecosystems and atmospheric boundary layers was developed. The model is used to simulate the diurnal variations of heat balance in forest ecosystems, canopy temperatures, ground surface temperatures, as well as the profiles of temporal and spatial distributions of potential temperatures, wind speeds, specific humidity, and turbulence exchange coefficients. Our study indicates that the model can be applied to study the interaction between land surface processes and atmospheric boundary layers over various underlying surfaces and their regional climate effects. This paper will establish a solid foundation to investigations on the coupling of climate models and the biosphere. Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2004, 15(11) (in Chinese)     

Transpiration and canopy conductance of Caragana korshinskii trees in response to soil moisture in sand land of China

Caragana korshinskii is widely used in vegetation reestablishment programs to stabilize the shifting of sand on the Loess Plateau. This sand shifting of sand exerts pressure on the limited soil water and vice versa. However, detailed transpiration and sap flow studies that focus on water use in these stands remain limited. The hourly sap flows, along with successive soil water balance and meteorological measurements, on three trees were measured using the thermal heat balance method during the growing season period. Results showed that the midday sap flow and stand transpiration were significantly lower during the stress period (from May to July) compared with those at the beginning of August concurrently with high soil water content. The heat balance measurements underestimated the transpiration obtained from the soil water balance method. When the tree conductance was fitted with climatic variables and soil water content, the canopy conductance increased exponentially with above-canopy radiation, whereas it decreased logarithmically with decreasing vapor pressure deficit. In the absence of water stress, the tree conductance was unchanged when the relative extractable water remained above 0.4, whereas the conductance decreased linearly after the wilting point. The model was generally well fitted to the measured transpiration data in terms of the response during the dry and rainy seasons, thus demonstrating the feasibility of developing a quantity schedule for C. korshinskii transpiration on the Loess Plateau in the presence of a soil water stress.     

Diffusion of bound water in wood

Summary Choong's (1963) data for isothermal sorption of water vapor by wood are used to compute pressures, chemical potentials, and entropies of water in the wood specimens of his nonisothermal mass equilibrium experiments. Entropies of both the bound water and water vapor were reasonably constant. A balance existed between thermal diffusion and mass diffusion, as indicated by gradients in temperature and chemical potential. This balance also is suggested by opposing gradients in spreading pressure and vapor pressure. Equal chemical potentials showed that the vapor and bound water were in equilibrium. The model proposed by Siau (1980) for nonisothermal diffusion is consistent with these results. Expressions are given for the two unknown parameters in this model: moisture conductivity and heat of transfer. The constant entropy of water vapor is used to show that the heat of transfer exceeds the activation energy for bound water diffusion by about 25 percent.The author wishes to thank Dr. Christen Skaar for his helpful comments during preparation of this paper for publication     

雷州半岛尾叶桉人工林树液茎流特征的研究

应用热脉冲法对雷州半岛4年生尾叶桉单株树干液流时空的动态变化及与各环境因子的关系进行观测研究.研究结果表明(1)形成层以内木质部不同深度的茎流密度不同,其中靠近形成层部分液流速度较快,但各层都具有相同的日变化趋势,中午12点至1点达到最大;夜间因根压作用影响各层仍有微弱上升液流;各深度日平均茎流密度11.6 L·m-2·d-1,最大为15.3 L·m-2·d-1(晴天),最小仅为5.4 L·m-2·d-1(雨天);(2) 不同直径尾叶桉的日茎流密度具有相似日变化趋势,胸径与高度相近其茎流密度相同,大树较小树快,这主要与树木根系吸收土壤水分的能力有关;(3)热脉冲法与整树容器法对2年生幼树耗水量的同步测定结果相一致,误差仅为3.4%;(4)树干茎流量与饱和蒸气压差和太阳辐射相关性特别显著.