Transmission of a female sex pheromone thwarted by males in the spider Linyphia litigiosa (Linyphiidae)

When a male Sierra dome spider (Linyphia litigiosa) encounters a virgin female that has been sexually mature for 7 to 10 days, he rapidly packs the silk of her web into a tight mass. This behavior hinders evaporation of a male-attractant chemical that such highly receptive females apply to their webs. The male thereby reduces the likelihood that his mating partner will attract rival males.     

Identification of a neuropeptide hormone that regulates sex pheromone production in female moths

A pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) hormone that controls sex pheromone production in female moths was identified from the brain-subesophageal ganglion complexes of the adult corn earworm, Heliothis zea. PBAN has 33 amino acid residues and a molecular weight of 3900. Its amino acid sequence has no significant homology with any of the fully characterized peptide hormones. The synthetic peptide, at a dose of between 2 and 4 picomoles, induced production of a normal quantity of sex pheromone in ligated H. zea females. The peptide also induced pheromone production in six other species of moths, thus indicating that this or similar peptides may be responsible for the regulation of pheromone production in moths.     

Identification of the sex pheromone of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica

The sex pheromone of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, has been characterized as gentisyl quinone isovalerate. This cockroach is a major cause of allergic disease and serves as a mechanical vector of pathogens, making it one of the most important residential and food-associated pests worldwide. The sex pheromone-producing gland in adult females was identified in 1993, but thermal instability of the pheromone made characterization difficult. Now, using a new preparative gas chromatography approach coupled with electroantennographic detection, we have isolated and characterized the pheromone, which we term blattellaquinone, and confirmed the identification by chemical synthesis. The synthetic pheromone was active in behavioral assays and highly effective in field trapping tests, which suggest that it may provide a new tool in cockroach population detection, monitoring, and control.     

Disruption of sex pheromone communication in a nematode

Males of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, an intestinal parasite of rodents, were maintained in an environment permeated with pheromone produced by females of the species. After the males were removed from that environment, their subsequent ability to orient to a gradient of the pheromone emanating from living females was greatly reduced for periods up to 2 hours. This phenomenon might serve as the basis for a new, selective antihelminthic technique in which the premating communication between males and females is disrupted.     

Development of a high-efficiency sex pheromone formula to control Euproctis pseudoconspersa

The tea tussock moth (Euproctis pseudoconspersa) is one of the most destructive chewing pests in tea plantations and causes a serious allergic reaction on the skin of tea plantation workers. The sex pheromone components of its Japanese population were first identified as 10,14-dimethylpentadecyl isobutyrate (10Me14Me-15:iBu) and 14-methylpentadecyl isobutyrate (14Me-15:iBu), with a stereogenic center. Only 10Me14Me-15:iBu has been identified in the Chinese E. pseudoconspersa population. However, field tests have shown that 10Me14Me-15:iBu cannot meet the demand of effective pest control in China. To develop a high-efficiency E. pseudoconspersa sex pheromone formula, electroantennogram (EAG) recordings of (S)- and (R)-enantiomers of 10Me14Me-15:iBu and 14Me-15:iBu were obtained in the present study. The results demonstrated that the EAG responses of male antennae to (R)-enantiomers were significantly higher than responses to the (S)-enantiomers, and 14Me-15:iBu also elicited EAG activity. Field tests showed that the catch numbers of male moths by (R)-enantiomers were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of (S)-enantiomers. Addition of 14Me-15:iBu significantly increased the catch numbers of both the (S)- and (R)-enantiomers. The efficient pheromone formula containing 0.75 mg (R)-10Me14Me-15:iBu and 0.1 mg 14Me-15:iBu showed significantly higher attractiveness than commercial pheromone products. Our study demonstrated that (R)-10Me14Me-15:iBu was the major sex pheromone component of E. pseudoconspersa, and 14Me-15:iBu might be the minor sex pheromone component. Furthermore, a high-efficiency sex pheromone formula for E. pseudoconspersa control was defined in this study.     

Identification of the female Japanese beetle sex pheromone: inhibition of male response by an enantiomer

(Z)-5-(1-Decenyl)dihydro-2(3H)-furanone, isolated from virgin female Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica) attracted males of the species infield bioassays. However, the synthesized racemic mixture of this compound did not attract male Japanese beetles. The Z and E isomers and the saturated analog of both enantiomers of this compound were synthesized stereospecifically. Pure synthetic (R,Z)-5-(1-decenyl)dihydro-2(3H)-furanone was competitive with live females and with the pheromone isolated from live females in attracting males. Male response was strongly inhibited by small amounts of the S,Z isomer. Although the E isomer and the saturated analog of the pheromone are present in the material obtained from females, the role of these compounds in mediating the insect's behavior is unclear.     

昆虫性信息素的研究及应用

从昆虫性信息素的生物学特性、研究方法和性信息素的应用三个方面,综述昆虫性信息素的研究进展,为性信息素的研究提供理论依据和实际指导。     

性诱剂在甘薯小象虫防治上的应用研究

甘薯小象虫是福建薯区重要的害虫。研究表明，甘薯小象虫在福州薯区年发生有5个高峰期，分别在4月中旬、7月上旬、8月中旬、9月下旬和10月下旬；甘薯小象虫性诱剂对雄成虫具有很强的引诱活性，持效期达110d，引诱范围达15m；选用橡皮塞诱芯、2%洗衣粉溶液和1.25L可乐瓶制作的诱捕器诱捕效果较佳，在莆田、惠安两地薯区进行周年诱捕结果，田间雄成虫数量分别下降了55.4%和57.7%，防治效果分别为69.5%和72.6%。实践证明，应用甘薯小象虫性诱剂防治小象虫是一种简便、安全、有效的防治新方法。     

小菜蛾性信息素与性信息素结合蛋白、受体蛋白结合机理研究

【目的】研究小菜蛾性信息素与性信息素结合蛋白、受体蛋白之间作用的关键氨基酸残基和作用力类型,揭示小菜蛾识别性信息素的分子机制,为开发新型性诱剂和小菜蛾的无害化防治提供新思路。【方法】运用Discovery Studio 2.5对小菜蛾性信息素结合蛋白PxylPBP2和受体蛋白PxylOR4进行同源建模,运用程序包中LibDock模块进行分子对接,运用Calculate Energy模块计算复合物结合自由能,分析性信息素Z9-14∶AC与PxylPBP2和PxylOR4的结合模式及相互作用力。【结果】Thr9是PxylPBP2与Z9-14∶AC形成氢键的关键氨基酸残基,Z9-14∶AC易与PxylOR4中的Leu残基产生疏水作用力;PxylPBP2与Z9-14∶AC结合的主要驱动力是静电力,PxylOR4与Z9-14∶AC结合的主要驱动力是范德华力,溶剂化能均抑制Z9-14∶AC与PxylPBP2和Z9-14∶AC与PxylOR4的结合。【结论】小菜蛾性信息素受体蛋白和性信息素结合蛋白在识别和结合性信息素分子方面存在明显差异,性信息素受体蛋白与性信息素反应更灵敏、形成的复合物更稳定。     

菊花瘿蚊雌蚊释放性信息素的确定和提取

为对菊花瘿蚊（Rhopalomyia longicauda）性信息素进行有效提取,本文对菊花瘿蚊成虫性行为进行了室内观察和田间诱捕试验,研究了菊花瘿蚊性信息素释放和求偶的行为规律,并用溶剂浸提和空气收集法提取了菊花瘿蚊性信息素。结果表明：菊花瘿蚊雌蚊羽化高峰期迟于雄蚊1-2 h,雌蚊羽化后5 min左右即外伸产卵器吸引雄蚊交配。活体雌蚊诱捕器田间诱捕雄蚊（233&#177;16.3）头/24 h,活体雄蚊诱捕器诱捕雌蚊0头/24 h、雄蚊（1&#177;0.6）头/24 h,说明雌蚊对雄蚊有引诱作用,而雄蚊对雌蚊、雄蚊均无引诱作用,菊花瘿蚊由雌蚊释放性信息素吸引雄蚊交配。“Y”型嗅觉仪测定表明,雌蚊溶剂浸提和空气收集法获得的提取物对雄蚊有引诱作用,且二者引诱效果无显著性差异（P=0.655）,雄蚊对雄蚊提取物无选择性,说明2种方法均从菊花瘿蚊雌蚊提取到了性信息素。提取物气相色谱分析表明,空气收集法提取到的雌蚊特有组分的色谱峰面积是溶剂浸提法在该处组分色谱峰面积的2.86倍,说明空气收集法是提取菊花瘿蚊性信息素的更为有效方法。获得含有性信息素的提取物为菊花瘿蚊性信息素化学结构分析奠定基础。     

Bile Acid secreted by male sea lamprey that acts as a sex pheromone

We show that reproductively mature male sea lampreys release a bile acid that acts as a potent sex pheromone, inducing preference and searching behavior in ovulated female lampreys. The secreted bile acid 7alpha,12alpha,24-trihydroxy-5alpha-cholan-3-one 24-sulfate was released in much higher amounts relative to known vertebrate steroid pheromones and may be secreted through the gills. Hence, the male of this fish species signals both its reproductive status and location to females by secreting a pheromone that can act over long distances.     

Hydrocarbon sex pheromone in tiger moths (Arctiidae)

2-Methylheptadecane is a sex pheromone compound in many sibling species of the Holomelina aurantiaca complex, in Holomelina laeta, and in Pyrrharctia isabella, which are all arctiids. Habitat preference, temporal distribution , and differing diurnal cycles help effect reproductive isolation among the species, but secondary sex pheromone chemicals are also suggested by the field studies.     

苹果蠹蛾性信息素田间应用技术研究

【目的】探讨苹果蠹蛾性信息素田间应用中的技术问题,为苹果蠹蛾性信息素的科学应用提供理论依据。【方法】采用三角式、飞翼式、水盆式和圆筒式4种诱捕器,较系统地研究了诱捕器类型和悬挂高度、苹果蠹蛾性信息素剂量和纯度等因素对诱捕效果的影响。【结果】三角式和飞翼式诱捕器的诱捕效果较佳;诱捕器设置在树冠中上部的诱捕量极显著高于下部及顶部;每诱芯中苹果蠹蛾性信息素含量为0.75 mg时诱捕效果最佳,剂量低于每诱芯0.25 mg或高于1.5 mg时,诱捕量显著下降;性信息素纯度对诱捕效果影响较大,在每诱芯1.00 mg剂量下,纯度为75%的性信息素诱捕效果较佳。【结论】田间宜采用三角式粘胶诱捕器;每诱芯中含0.75 mg苹果蠹蛾性信息素处理的诱捕效果最佳;性信息素纯度不低于75%即可达到制备诱芯的要求;诱捕器设置在树冠中上部诱蛾效果更好。     

2,6-dichlorophenol, sex pheromone of the lone star tick

The compound 2,6-dichlorophenol was identified from female lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum, and is believed to be a sex pheromone of this arthropod. The natural occurrence of a chlorinated organic compound in a land animal is new. The presence of similar compounds of exogenous origin is common in animals, but efforts to implicate an outside source for the halogenated phenol have failed.     

性信息素与赤眼蜂对甘蔗条螟的协同控制

为探索昆虫性信息素与寄生天敌对甘蔗螟虫的协同控制作用,利用螟虫性信息素监测甘蔗条螟的发生动态,利用螟虫性信息素干扰法、赤眼蜂、性信息素与赤眼蜂相结合的方法对甘蔗条螟进行防控,比较了螟害株、枯梢株和螟害节的防控效果。结果表明:性信息素干扰和赤眼蜂相结合对甘蔗条螟的综合防控效果最好,明显优于单独使用性信息素干扰或单独使用赤眼蜂寄生的防控效果,螟害株、枯梢株、螟害节与常规防控比较相对防效分别为31.70%、48.55%和40.93%。各处理区的捕食性天敌数量和螟卵寄生也显著高于常规防控区。     

蜘蛛兰红斑病的病原鉴定

蜘蛛兰具有较好的观赏和药用价值.在广州市区绿化带发现蜘蛛兰叶部红斑病发生严重,影响其正常生长和美观.为了探清该病害的致病菌,采用病原物组织分离法、柯赫氏法则致病性测定、病原菌培养性状、形态特征及β-微管蛋白(β-tubulin)序列分析等进行分类鉴定,确定了该致病菌为水仙花壳多孢(Stagonosporacurtisii).该病原菌的确定,可为有效防控该病害提供理论依据.     

Clarification of the chemical status of the pink bollworm sex pheromone

Propylure, 10-n-propyl-trans-5,9-tridecadienyl acetate, and deet, N,N,-diethyl-m-tolumide, were previously reported as the sex pheromone and a sex pheromone activator, respectively, of the pink bollworm. Neither chemical in three extracts of female moth abdomen tips could be detected by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis. These compounds, alone or in combination, exhibited little or no biological activity in the laboratory or in the field. Hexalure, cis-7-hexadecenyl acetate, a synthetic attractant for pink bollworm males, could not be detected in female moth abdomen tip extracts. The pink bollworm sex pheromone was identified as a mixture of cis,cis and cis,trans isomers of 7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate.     

An unusual lepidopteran sex pheromone system in the bagworm moth

The female sex pheromone of the bagworm moth is (R)-1-methylbutyl decanoate. The antipode is biologically inactive and it neither enhances nor detracts from the potency of the R enantiomer. Unlike other moths for which female pheromones have been identified, the female secretes the pheromone from glands on her thorax and it is disseminated from hair that is shed from her body.     

棉铃虫雄虫对人工合成性信息素的触角电位反应

测定了实验室人工饲养的棉铃虫雄虫对人工合成性信息素6种组分的不同组合、不同比例及剂量的触角电位(EAG)反应.结果表明,雄虫对Z11 16∶Ald和Z9 16∶Ald的97∶3(质量比)的混合反应随着剂量的增加而增大,最高阈值为40μg·L-1.6种人工合成的性信息素成分均能引起雄虫的触角电位反应,Z11 16∶Ald激起的触角电位最大,其次是Z9 14∶Ald,Z9 16∶Ald.将Z11 16∶OH加入到Z11 16∶Ald和Z9 16∶Ald的混合物中明显抑制雄蛾的EAG反应,将16∶Ald加入两者混合物中引起最大的EAG反应.混合物中的比例的轻微变化会引起雄虫触角电位较大的变异.