甘薯茎线虫的形态特征

 甘薯茎线虫样本采自河北、山东和安徽省的部分甘薯产区,该线虫种鉴定为腐烂茎线虫(Ditylenchus destructor Thome,1945)。雌虫:线虫唇架骨质化,唇区稍缢缩、有4个唇环和6个唇片;侧区有6条侧线,有网格纹。中食道球梭形、有瓣膜,食道腺通常覆盖于肠的背面达体宽1/2,个别覆盖于肠侧面和腹面;尾呈锥状,稍向腹面弯曲,末端窄圆;卵巢前端卵原细胞双行排列;阴唇略隆起,阴门裂与体轴线垂直,阴门宽度占4个体环;后阴子宫囊大,延伸至阴肛距2/3-3/4。雄虫:虫体前部与雌虫相似。泄殖腔隆起,交合伞起始于交合刺前端水平处向后延伸达尾长3/4;交合刺朝腹向弯曲,前端膨大具指状突;引带短。     

寄生在柑桔根上的根结线虫新种——简阳根结线虫

 简阳根结线虫Meloidogyne jianyangensis n.sp.采自四川简阳县柑桔园的柑桔根上。雌虫的会阴花纹近圆形,线纹平滑、纤细,背腹线纹通常连贯。以尾尖处向两侧有脊状放射形条纹,条纹数目不定、在阴肛区的背侧有半圈脊状条纹。在放射状的条纹间,线纹有时不连贯,有如许多小刻点。尾觉器距离很近。雄虫头冠高,唇盘和中唇融合,无侧唇。口针长19.1-26.0(21.8μm)。口针基球和杆部界限明显。背食道腺开口距口针基部2.5-3.5(3.0μm)。侧带处有4条侧线,两边两条间有横纹,中间两条侧线间无横纹。二龄幼虫长387.6-483.3(423.2)μm。头冠高,唇盘和中唇融合成哑铃状。口针长13.0-16.8(15.1)μm。背食道腺开口距口针基部2.1-3.7(2.5)μm。尾部渐细,尾尖钝圆。简阳根结线虫雌虫的主要酯酶带Rf=0.41、0.45和0.48。     

甘薯、马铃薯和薄荷上的茎线虫的鉴定

在1981～1982年,从不同省份采集到的甘薯、马铃薯和薄荷上的茎线虫,根据食道腺复盖到肠的前端、侧带有6条侧线和交合刺有两个明显的指状突起等特征,鉴定为马铃薯茎线虫(Difylenchus destructor Thorne)。     

丝尾垫刃属新种的描述(线虫门:垫刃科)Ⅱ.异头丝尾垫刃线虫新种和香港丝尾垫刃线虫新种

 本文描述了异头丝尾垫刃线虫新种(Filenchus heterocephalus n.sp.)和香港丝尾垫刃线虫新种(Filenchus hongkongensis n.sp.)。前者采集于香港大龙农场的茄子(Solanum melongena)根围土壤,其主要鉴别特征是侧区有2条侧线、头部背腹面缢缩、口针小、角质层环细。此新种在头部和尾部等特征上区别于近似种新矮丝尾垫刃线虫(F.neonanus Raski&Geraert,1987)、差异丝尾垫刃线虫(F.discrepans(Andrassy,1954) Raski&Geraert,1986)、海伦丝尾垫刃线虫(F.helenae(Szczygiel,1969) Raski&Geraert,1987)和兼性丝尾垫刃线虫(F.facultativus(Szczygiel,1970) Raski&Geraert,1987)。后者采集于香港锦田的蕹菜(Ipomoea aquatica)根际土壤,其主要鉴别特征是侧区有2条侧线、体环较粗、雄虫抱片小,此新种与近似种大侧器丝尾垫刃线虫(F.macramphis(Siddiqi&Lal,1992) Xie&Feng,1994)在侧器口、体长和抱片等特征上存在明显差异,与近似种异头丝尾垫刃线虫新种在头部、体环和食道等特征上有明显差异。     

滑刃线虫综述和滑刃属线虫种类

滑刃目线虫是垫刃型食道,其食道是由口针、圆筒状食道前体部、有明显辐射状新月形瓣门的膨大肌肉质的中食道球和通常覆盖肠前端的食道腺组成。滑刃目线虫与垫刃目线虫的差异是,前者背食道腺管开口于中食道球腔前部,而不是食道前体部腔内。除一些昆虫寄生线虫外,滑刃目线虫的雌虫是蠕虫形,阴门位于体后部     

格木寄生线虫中国新记录种——卡勒萨隐皮孢囊线虫Cryphodera kalesari

在对广东省主要珍贵树种上的线虫进行调查时从格木Erythrophleum fordii上分离到一种隐皮孢囊线虫,经形态特征观察和测量数据分析,将其鉴定为卡勒萨隐皮孢囊线虫Cryphodera kalesari。其诊断特征为:雌虫椭圆形至近球形,头部具有1个唇盘和2～3个唇环,口针长33.6～37.8μm,阴门唇突出,阴门与肛门之间区域凹陷,肛阴距为42～72μm;2龄幼虫头部具1个明显的唇盘和3个唇后环纹,口针长24.8～29.5μm,口针基部球前缘凹陷,侧区3条侧线,尾长圆锥形,长38～53.5μm,尾末端细圆,透明尾长17.1～25.1μm,侧尾腺孔位于肛门后2～5环;雄虫未发现。本研究首次获得了卡勒萨隐皮孢囊线虫的rDNA(LSU D2D3和ITS)序列,为此线虫的鉴定提供了可靠的分子数据。本研究还分析了卡勒萨隐皮孢囊线虫与本属其他种类的系统进化关系。卡勒萨隐皮孢囊线虫为中国的地理新记录种。格木为隐皮孢囊线虫的新寄主。     

丝尾垫刃属新种的描述（线虫门：垫刃科）Ⅱ．异头丝尾垫刃线虫新种和香港丝尾垫刃线虫新种

本文描述了异头丝尾垫刃线虫新种（Ｆｉｌｅｎｃｈｕｓｈｅｔｅｒｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓｎ．ｓｐ．）和香港丝尾垫刃线虫新种（Ｆｉｌｅｎｃｈｕｓｈｏｎｇｋｏｎｇｅｎｓｉｓｎ．ｓｐ．）。前者采集于香港大龙农场的茄子（Ｓｏｌａｎｕｍｍｅｌｏｎｇｅｎａ）根围土壤，其主要鉴别特征是侧区有２条侧线、头部背腹面缢缩、口针小、角质层环细。此新种在头部和尾部等特征上区别于近似种新矮丝尾垫刃线虫（Ｆ．ｎｅｏｎａｎｕｓＲａｓｋｉ＆Ｇｅｒａｅｒｔ，１９８７）、差异丝尾垫刃线虫（Ｆ．ｄｉｓｃｒｅｐａｎｓ（Ａｎｄｒａｓｓｙ，１９５４）Ｒａｓｋｉ＆Ｇｅｒａｅｒｔ，１９８６）、海伦丝尾垫刃线虫（Ｆ．ｈｅｌｅｎａｅ（Ｓｚｃｚｙｇｉｅｌ，１９６９）Ｒａｓｋｉ＆Ｇｅｒａｅｒｔ，１９８７）和兼性丝尾垫刃线虫（Ｆ．ｆａｃｕｌｔａｔｉｖｕｓ（Ｓｚｃｚｙｇｉｅｌ，１９７０）Ｒａｓｋｉ＆Ｇｅｒａｅｒｔ，１９８７）。后者采集于香港锦田的蕹菜（Ｉｐｏｍｏｅａａｑｕａｔｉｃａ）根际土壤，其主要鉴别特征是侧区有２条侧线、体环较粗、雄虫抱片小，此新种与近似种大侧器丝尾垫刃线虫（Ｆ．ｍａｃｒａｍｐｈｉｓ（Ｓｉｄｄｉｑｉ＆Ｌａｌ，１９９２）Ｘｉｅ＆Ｆｅｎｇ，１９９４）在侧器     

丝尾垫刃属新种的描述(线虫门:垫刃科)Ⅲ.山地丝尾垫刃线虫新种和东方丝尾垫刃线虫新种

 本文记述了采自香港的丝尾垫刃线虫2新种:山地丝尾垫刃线虫新种(Filenchus montanus n.sp.)和东方丝尾垫刃线虫新种(Filenchus orientalis n.sp.)。前者采集于大屿山的甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum)根际土壤,其主要鉴别特征是侧区有3条侧线、体短、角质层环粗,此新种在头部、尾部等特征上区别于近似种巴洛格丝尾垫刃线虫(F.baloghi(Andrássy,1958)Siddiqi,1986)和毛发形尾丝尾垫刃线虫(Filenchus criniformicaudatus(Kazachenko,1975) Siddiqi,1986)。后者采集于锦田的蕹菜(Ipomoea aquatica)根际土壤,其与近似种普通丝尾垫刃线虫(F.vulgaris(Brzeski,1963) Lownsbery&Lownsbery,1985)的主要区别是尾短、排泄孔位置靠前和阴门位置靠后。     

丝尾垫刃属新种的描述（线虫门：垫刃科）Ⅲ．山地丝尾垫刃线虫新种和东方丝尾垫刃线虫新种

本文记述了采自香港的丝尾垫刃线虫２新种：山地丝尾垫刃线虫新种（Ｆｉｌｅｎｃｈｕｓｍｏｎｔａｎｕｓｎ．ｓｐ．）和东方丝尾垫刃线虫新种（Ｆｉｌｅｎｃｈｕｓｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓｎ．ｓｐ．）。前者采集于大屿山的甘蔗（Ｓａｃｃｈａｒｕｍｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｒｕｍ）根际土壤，其主要鉴别特征是侧区有３条侧线、体短、角质层环粗，此新种在头部、尾部等特征上区别于近似种巴洛格丝尾垫刃线虫（Ｆ．ｂａｌｏｇｈｉ（Ａｎｄｒáｓｓｙ，１９５８）Ｓｉｄｄｉｑｉ，１９８６）和毛发形尾丝尾垫刃线虫（Ｆｉｌｅｎｃｈｕｓｃｒｉｎｉｆｏｒｍｉｃａｕｄａｔｕｓ（Ｋａｚａｃｈｅｎｋｏ，１９７５）Ｓｉｄｄｉｑｉ，１９８６）。后者采集于锦田的蕹菜（Ｉｐｏｍｏｅａａｑｕａｔｉｃａ）根际土壤，其与近似种普通丝尾垫刃线虫（Ｆ．ｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓ（Ｂｒｚｅｓｋｉ，１９６３）Ｌｏｗｎｓｂｅｒｙ＆Ｌｏｗｎｓｂｅｒｙ，１９８５）的主要区别是尾短、排泄孔位置靠前和阴门位置靠后     

进境新西兰麻中玻利维亚短体线虫的鉴定

2013年,北京口岸入境的新西兰麻中分离到一种短体线虫,通过形态学特征以及基于核糖体r RNA-ITS区及28S r RNA-D2/D3区序列比较,证实其为玻利维亚短体线虫(Pratylenchus bolivianus Corbett,1983)。该线虫的主要形态鉴别特征为:唇区有3个唇环;平均V=80%~82%;尾末端圆而光滑。该线虫至今未在我国发现,这是国际上首次从新西兰种苗中截获。     

Morphological and molecular characterisation of Pratylenchus oleae n. sp. (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) parasitizing wild and cultivated olives in Spain and Tunisia

A new mono-sexual root-lesion nematode species, Pratylenchus oleae n. sp., parasitizing roots of olive plants cv. Koroneiki in commercial fields at Ouled Chamekh (central Tunisia), and wild and cultivated olive (cv. Picual) plants in Agua Amarga (southern Spain) is described. The new species is characterised by the female having a lip region slightly offset and bearing three annuli, stylet 16.5 (14.5-17.0) μm long, with prominent rounded knobs, pharyngeal overlapping rather long (22–36) μm, lateral fields areolated and with four incisures and diagonal lines in middle band, spermatheca rounded but non-functional, tail short, conoid-rounded to subcylindrical, usually annulated terminus, males unknown, and a specific D2-D3, ITS1, 18S-rRNA, hsp90 and COI sequences. Morphologically this species is related to P. cruciferus, P. delattrei, and P. kumamotoensis. The results of the phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of the D2-D3 expansion regions of 28S, partial 18S and ITS rRNA genes confirmed the close relationship of P. oleae n. sp. with P. dunensis, P. penetrans, P. pinguicaudatus, from which was clearly separated. A PCR-based diagnostic assay was also developed for identification of P. oleae n. sp. using the species-specific primers Poleae_fw1_4 and Poleae_rv1 that amplify a 547-bp fragment in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) region of ribosomal DNA, which clearly separate from other root-lesion nematodes damaging olive such as P. penetrans and P. vulnus.     

A scanning electron microscope study of Toxocara genettae Warren, 1972 (Ascaridae), with data on morphometric variation.

We have carried out a morphometric study of the ascaridoid nematode Toxocara genettae, parasite of the small intestine of the genet Genetta genetta, with the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Host specimens were trapped in Galicia, NW Spain. The most characteristic features of this nematode are the absence of cervical alae, replaced by narrow lateral crests running along the length of the body and the presence of a mucron at the end of the male tail. Other features of interest include the number of labial denticles (90-98 and 96-102 on the dorsal lip, 82-96 and 90-96 on the subventral lip of male and female, respectively), the width of the transverse striations (25-28 microns) and, in many of the specimens examined, the position of the precloacal median papilla at the base of a well-defined cuticular pit.     

A new root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne silvestris n. sp. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae), parasitizing European holly in northern Spain

High infection rates of European holly ( Ilex aquifolium ) feeder roots by an unknown root-knot nematode were found in a holly forest at Arévalo de la Sierra (Soria province) in northern Spain. Holly trees infected by the root-knot nematode showed some decline and low growth. Infected feeder roots were distorted and showed numerous root galls of large (8–10 mm) to moderate (2–3 mm) size. Morphometry, esterase and malate dehydrogenase electrophoretic phenotypes and phylogenetic trees of sequences within the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) demonstrated that this nematode species differs clearly from other previously described root-knot nematodes. Studies of host-parasite relationships showed a typical susceptible reaction in naturally infected European holly plants, but did not reproduce on a number of cultivated plants, including tomato, grapevine, princess-tree and olive. The species is described here, illustrated and named as Meloidogyne silvestris n. sp. The new root-knot nematode can be morphologically distinguished from other Meloidogyne spp. by: (i) roundish perineal pattern, dorsal arch low, with fine, sinuous cuticle striae, lateral fields faintly visible; (ii) female excretory pore level with stylet knobs, or just anterior to them, EP/ST ratio about 0·8; (iii) second-stage juveniles with hemizonid located 1 to 2 annuli anterior to excretory pore and short, sub-digitate tail; and (iv) males with lateral fields composed of four incisures, with areolated outer bands. Phylogenetic trees derived from maximum parsimony analysis based on 18S, ITS1-5·8S-ITS2 and D2–D3 of 28S rDNA showed that M. silvestris n. sp. can be differentiated from all described root-knot nematode species, and it is clearly separated from other species with resemblance in morphology, such as M. ardenensis , M. dunensis and M. lusitanica .     

根结线虫在中国的新纪录种——西班牙根结线虫(Meloidogyne hispanica Hirschmann)

 A root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hispanica Hirschmann, was first described and illustrated from roots of papaya in Danzhou, Hainan province in China. The perineal pattern of female was characterized by oval shaped to rectangular with a low dorsal arch; dorsal striae varied from fine and wavy to coarse; lateral lines forked with fringe-like striae between lines and phasmidial ducts distinctly appeared. Male had high and rounded head region with labial disc and medial lips fused to form elongate lip structures. Second-stage juve-nile had distinct body annules and stylet with rounded, posteriorly sloping knobs, and the tail terminus was slender with indistinct hyaline. This Chinese new record of M. hispanica had a unique esterase phenotype (S2-M1) which was different from that of other Meloidogyne species.     

Antifungal activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Boerhavia diffusa</Emphasis> L. extract against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora</Emphasis> spp. in tomato and pepper

A new longidorid nematode, Longidorus persicus n. sp., is described and illustrated from a population extracted from soil associated with wild rose (Rosa sp.) naturally growing in the mountains close to the village of Cheshmeh-e-Nezamei near the city of Gilan-e-Gharb, Kermanshah province, western Iran. The new needle nematode is characterised by a large body size (6550–7763 μm), an anteriorly flattened lip region, ca 13 μm wide, distinctly set off from body contour by a depression, amphidial fovea large, pocket shaped, slightly asymmetrically bilobed, a moderately long and flexible odontostyle ca 86 μm long, stylet guiding ring located at ca 25 μm from anterior end, posterior arrangement of the pharyngeal gland nuclei, vulva almost equatorial (49–54 %), tail short, about 3/4 of its width, dorsally convex-conoid, with rounded terminus, with a c’ ratio ca 1.3, bearing three pairs of caudal pores and male rare (ratio 1:10 females) with spicules ca 46 μm long. Integrative diagnosis was completed with molecular data obtained using D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rDNA, ITS1-rDNA, and partial 18S-rDNA. The phylogenetic relationships of this species with other Longidorus spp. using D2-D3 expansion segments and partial 18S-rDNA indicated that L. persicus n. sp. clustered together with L. perangustus and L. euonymus: both of them sharing an anteriorly flattened lip region and distinctly set off from body contour by a depression.     

Ritacestus gen. n. (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea) and redescription of R. ritaii comb. n., a parasite of Rita rita (Siluriformes) in India

A new genus, Ritacestus, is proposed to accommodate Ritacestus ritaii (Verma, 1926) comb. n. (syn. Proteocephalus ritaii), a parasite of the catfish Rita rita (Hamilton) in India. The new genus, which is placed in the Gangesiinae, is characterized by (i) a small, subspherical scolex formed by four large lobes separated from one another by longitudinal grooves, with a large, widely oval to pyriform rostellum-like apical organ, larger than suckers and possessing an apical hemispherical depression; (ii) paramuscular and cortical position of some vitelline follicles (most follicles are situated medullary); (iii) ventral and dorsal bands of vitelline follicles usually uninterrupted ventral to terminal genitalia and reaching to the posterior margin of proglottides; (iv) the vagina always anterior to the cirrus-sac; (v) a large size of the body (length up to 51 cm); and (vi) development of the uterus of type 2. In its morphology, especially shape of the scolex and apical organ, and paramuscular and cortical position of some vitelline follicles, Ritacestus resembles Postgangesia Akhmerov, 1969, but differs in the presence of a genital atrium (both genital pores of Postgangesia are separate), the anterior position of the vagina (almost always posterior in the latter genus), position of vitelline follicles in cross sections (dorsal and ventral bands in Ritacestus versus only a lateral band in the latter genus), and dorsal excretory canals indistinguishable in mature and gravid proglottides of R. ritaii (well developed in Postgangesia spp.). The type and only species of the genus, R. ritaii, is redescribed on the basis of new material from the type host from the Ganges River basin in India and its neotype is designated.     

山茶花根部针线虫的鉴定

从福建省龙岩市山茶花（Ｃａｍｅｌｉａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）根部采集到一批针线虫标本，对雌虫唇部、侧带和尾部以及雄虫尾部等部位的细微结构经扫描电子显微镜观察鉴定，确认为突出针线虫（ＰａｒａｔｙｌｅｎｃｈｕｓｐｒｏｊｅｃｔｕｓＪｅｎｋｉｎｓ，１９５６）。此线虫在福建属首次记录，山茶花为新寄主植物。     

广州毛刺线虫新种的描述

 广州毛刺线虫新种(Trichodorus guangzhouensis n. sp.)采集于广州市白云区的莴苣(Lactuca sativa)根际土壤。其主要鉴别特征是虫体和瘤针较短;雄虫的3个腹中颈乳突位于瘤针后和排泄孔前,交合刺短、无刚毛和条纹,泄殖腔前有3个腹中生殖乳突,精细胞大、有大且呈香肠形的核;雌虫阴门纵裂,阴门骨化结构小、三角形到园三角形、相距较近,阴道长度大于阴门处体宽的1/3,受精囊大、有精子。该新种在多数形态特征测量数据上,以及雄虫的3个腹中颈乳突位置、泄殖腔前腹中生殖乳突数量、精细胞形态,雌虫受精囊和阴门骨化结构形态等特征上,与背弯毛刺线虫(Trichodorus reduncus Siddiqi & Sharma,1995)相近似。但它们在雄虫交合刺和引带形态、第一腹中生殖乳突(SP1)的位置,雌虫阴门形态等特征上存在显著差异。