稻纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂生物学特性初步研究

研究稻纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂生物学特性和保护利用措施,结果表明：该蜂有孤雌生殖特性,１ 头雌蜂平均一生产卵５１ ．８ 粒,稻纵卷叶螟二龄幼虫期最易被该蜂寄生,施用农药应避开二龄高峰期。     

转基因抗虫棉对棉大卷叶螟及其天敌卷叶螟绒茧蜂的影响

本文通过田间调查及室内生测,研究生产上大面积种植的3种转基因棉GK12、新棉33B和SGK321对棉大卷叶螟Sylepta derogata及其主要寄生性天敌——卷叶螟绒茧蜂Apanteles derogatae的影响。结果表明：GK12棉田棉大卷叶螟的发生量与亲本对照（泗棉3号）差异不显著,但卷叶螟绒茧蜂的发生量显著低于对照;而转基因棉新棉33B和SGK321棉田棉大卷叶螟和绒茧蜂的发生量均显著低于其亲本对照棉33和石远321。卷叶螟绒茧蜂对寄主棉大卷叶螟有明显的追随关系。绒茧蜂寄生取食不同转基因棉叶的棉大卷叶螟24 h后,其卵-幼虫历期、茧历期、茧畸形率、茧重、羽化率、蜂重以及成蜂寿命等生物学指标在不同棉花品种间有显著差异。     

卷叶螟绒茧蜂寄生棉大卷叶螟的行为及其与寄主密度的关系

卷叶螟绒茧蜂Apanteles derogatae Watanabe是棉大卷叶螟Sylepta derogata Fabricius幼虫期的一种重要内寄生蜂,对棉大卷叶螟种群有较好的控制作用。在实验室条件下,运用人工接虫观察法研究卷叶螟绒茧蜂对棉大卷叶螟幼虫的寄生行为。结果表明,该蜂搜寻寄主的时间平均为2．38 min,处理寄主的时间仅需0．86 min;寄生寄主的最适龄期为寄主2龄幼虫;对1龄幼虫的致死率达32%,但其寄生率仅为16%,其余16%的个体为穿刺致死。饲喂蜂蜜水能显著增加该蜂的产卵量,延长其产卵历期和增强其穿刺能力。寄生蜂的寄生能力与寄主密度的关系呈抛物线型:在寄生蜂均为16头/m~3雌蜂条件下,当寄主密度从80头/m~3增加到320头/m~3时,寄主的被寄生个体数随之增加,但当寄主密度超过320头/m~3后,寄主的被寄生个体数反而随寄主密度的上升呈下降趋势。     

二化螟绒茧蜂生物学特性的研究

二化螟绒茧蜂以低龄幼虫在滞育的二化螟幼虫体内越冬。实验条件下还可寄生芦苇螟和荻蛀茎夜蛾。该蜂行两性生殖和产雄孤雌生殖。雌蜂平均产卵119粒,在寄主体内的出蜂量与寄主龄期呈线性正相关,寄生在4龄寄主体内的发育速率最快,蜂体大小与寄主出蜂量呈线性负相关。     

纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂对稻纵卷叶螟密度功能反应的研究

纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂(Apanteles cypris)是稻纵卷叶螟幼虫期重要的寄生性天敌,在我县平均寄生率达28.6%,高的年份能达70.7%,能明显控制稻纵卷叶螟的危害。近年,对其生物学特性及其发生消长报道较多,而对其寄生作用未有进一步探索。为此,根据1982年至1986年的大田系统调查资料,笔者对其功能反应进行了研究,以期为稻纵卷叶螟的综合防治提供参考。     

纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的功能反应

在室内测定了纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂Apanteles cypris对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis幼虫的功能反应和寻找效应。结果表明,纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的功能反应可用Michaelis-Menten-Ⅱ型功能反应模型Na=AN0/(F+N0)拟合,一头纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂雌蜂在24h内对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的寄生潜能A为10.7528头,寄主半饱和密度F为14.3864头。纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂的寄生功能反应有较强的种内干扰作用,即随自身密度的增加,寄生数量逐渐减少。Hassell模型E=QP-m能较好地反映纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂的寻找效应与其自身密度的关系,拟合结果为:E=0.2956P-0.5890。     

稻纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂对稻纵卷叶螟密度功能反应的研究

稻纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂(Apanteles cypris Nixon)是我县稻纵卷叶螟主要天敌之一。应用田间调查资料笔者对其对稻纵卷叶螟密度的功能反应进行了研究,得方程Na=(0.00101×Nt)/(1+0.000123Nt)并将方程于1987-1989年3年实际应用中进行检验,结果求得的寄生率与大田实发较为吻合。     

稻纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂空间分布规律研究

研究结果表明稻纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂在稻田呈随机分布,建立了Iwao m^*-m,回归模型、Taylor幂模型、分别为m^*=0．3645 0．8608m、log(S^2)=0．0690 0．8975logm,通过对模型参数的分析得出稻纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂个体问相互吸引,分布的基本成分是个体群,在所有密度下都是随机分布,且随着密度增大,分布趋于均匀。给出了不同密度、不同准确度要求下的最适理论抽样株数,为该蜂的Ett间密度调查提供了依据。     

棉大卷叶螟的年生活史与种群动态

经过3年田间调查及室内饲养观察,绘制了江淮棉区棉大卷叶螟年生活史图。调查结果显示,该棉区棉大卷叶螟年发生5~6代,主要以第5代老熟幼虫越冬,越冬幼虫于次年4月中下旬化蛹,棉田幼虫始见于6月中下旬,但发生量少,进入7月中下旬后虫量开始上升,8~9月上旬达到高峰。近3年的调查数据表明,该棉区棉大卷叶螟种群数量发生大,其中常规棉田3年百株平均虫量达1 656~2 324头,并对棉花造成了较大损失。转基因棉田棉大卷叶螟种群数量受到明显抑制,3年百株虫量为619~1 358头。     

草地贪夜蛾蛹寄生蜂——霍氏啮小蜂生物学特性

草地贪夜蛾是2019年初入侵我国的重要农业害虫,国外对草地贪夜蛾的生物防治技术研究较深入,报道较多的是寄生性天敌,霍氏啮小蜂是其重要的蛹期寄生性天敌.为探明不同糖源和不同温度条件下霍氏啮小蜂对草地贪夜蛾的生防潜力,本研究比较了不同糖源和不同温度对霍氏啮小蜂发育的影响.结果表明,蜂蜜、蔗糖、葡萄糖均能显著延长霍氏啮小蜂雌...     

椰子织蛾蛹寄生蜂——金刚钻大腿小蜂的生物学特性

椰子织蛾是在2013年入侵海南的一种棕榈科植物的重要害虫,金刚钻大腿小蜂是寄生椰子织蛾的本土天敌。为了明确营养和温度对金刚钻大腿小蜂种群影响,本文研究了在不同营养和不同温度条件下金刚钻大腿小蜂的寄生率、羽化率及寿命等生物学参数。结果表明,分别补充10%蜂蜜水、10%葡萄糖水和10%蔗糖显著地延长了金刚钻大腿小蜂的寿命、增强了繁殖力。金刚钻大腿小蜂生长发育与繁殖的适宜温区在28℃~32℃,其发育起点温度为8.13℃,有效积温378.71日·度,由此推算该蜂一年可以在海南发生13代。本研究结果可为金刚钻大腿小蜂的繁殖及控害提供相关的理论基础。     

饲喂吖啶橙对玉米螟赤眼蜂生物学的影响及标记效果

吖啶橙是一种可对昆虫进行标记的染料。本文通过饲喂,考察了吖啶橙对玉米螟赤眼蜂的寿命、产卵量及子代发育情况的影响。结果发现,饲喂吖啶橙延长了蜂的寿命,雌蜂寿命从对照的4.8d显著延长到饲喂低浓度吖啶橙的5.7d,而雄蜂的寿命以饲喂20mg/L吖啶橙的最长,为5.5d。饲喂5和10mg/L吖啶橙溶液的雌蜂6h内的产卵量分别为29.9和30.1粒,略低于对照的34.9粒,饲喂20mg/L的为35.1粒,但各处理与对照间产卵量无显著差异。饲喂吖啶橙对蜂的寄生率、子代羽化率及子代数量均有负面影响。饲喂10mg/L吖啶橙的蜂的寄生率为73.67%,显著低于对照87.83%;饲喂5mg/L吖啶橙的蜂的子代羽化率为96.46%,显著低于对照的99.50%。饲喂5和10mg/L吖啶橙的玉米螟赤眼蜂子代数量分别为(17.1±0.8)和(17.1±1.2)头,显著低于对照的(21.4±0.7)头,饲喂吖啶橙对子代雌性比无显著影响。饲喂吖啶橙24h后,在荧光显微镜下可以观察到吖啶橙的荧光,但由于蜂具有自发荧光,部分饲喂过吖啶橙的蜂不能完全区别于未饲喂的个体。综合考虑吖啶橙对玉米螟赤眼蜂寿命、产卵量和寄生能力的影响以及标记效果,应对吖啶橙进行修饰,或改变观察的理化条件,消除生物自发荧光的干扰,然后用于对赤眼蜂的标记。     

云南派姬小蜂的生物学特性

云南派姬小蜂Pediobius yunnanensis Liao是寄生于微红梢斑螟Dioryctria rubella Hampson蛹的内寄生蜂,目前国内外对其生物学特性报道较少。因此,本文采用野外调查和室内试验相结合的方法,研究了云南派姬小蜂的生物学特性。结果表明,该蜂主要以幼虫在寄主蛹内越冬。雌、雄成蜂的平均性比为1.89：1。在温度25℃、湿度70%、光周期14L：10D的条件下,其各个虫态的发育历期为卵-幼虫期15.00 d,蛹期12.33 d,成虫寿命6.36 d,完成一个世代需32.36 d。在15℃以15%蜂蜜水喂养的条件下,雌、雄蜂寿命最长分别为63.45和39.95 d;在35℃,无喂食条件下,雌、雄蜂寿命最短,分别为3.06和1.84 d。因此,在一定的温度范围内,低温和补充营养均能不同程度的延长雌、雄蜂寿命且雌蜂寿命长于雄蜂寿命。以上研究结果可以对微红梢斑螟的生物防治提供指导,也为研发云南派姬小蜂的室内繁殖和保护利用技术提供了一定的理论基础。     

二化螟绒茧蜂研究与应用概况

综述了国内外二化螟绒茧蜂的寄主范围、自然寄生率及重寄生、寄生生理与生态和人工繁殖与保护利用的研究概况     

Biological characterization of sulfoxaflor, a novel insecticide

BACKGROUND: The commercialization of new insecticides is important for ensuring that multiple effective product choices are available. In particular, new insecticides that exhibit high potency and lack insecticidal cross‐resistance are particularly useful in insecticide resistance management (IRM) programs. Sulfoxaflor possesses these characteristics and is the first compound under development from the novel sulfoxamine class of insecticides. RESULTS: In the laboratory, sulfoxaflor demonstrated high levels of insecticidal potency against a broad range of sap‐feeding insect species. The potency of sulfoxaflor was comparable with that of commercial products, including neonicotinoids, for the control of a wide range of aphids, whiteflies (Homoptera) and true bugs (Heteroptera). Sulfoxaflor performed equally well in the laboratory against both insecticide‐susceptible and insecticide‐resistant populations of sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, and brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), including populations resistant to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid. These laboratory efficacy trends were confirmed in field trials from multiple geographies and crops, and in populations of insects with histories of repeated exposure to insecticides. In particular, a sulfoxaflor use rate of 25 g ha^?1 against cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) outperformed acetamiprid (25 g ha^?1) and dicrotophos (560 g ha^?1). Sulfoxaflor (50 g ha^?1) provided a control of sweetpotato whitefly equivalent to that of acetamiprid (75 g ha^?1) and imidacloprid (50 g ha^?1) and better than that of thiamethoxam (50 g ha^?1). CONCLUSION: The novel chemistry of sulfoxaflor, its unique biological spectrum of activity and its lack of cross‐resistance highlight the potential of sulfoxaflor as an important new tool for the control of sap‐feeding insect pests. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Germination, persistence, and emergence of flaxleaf fleabane (Conyza bonariensis [L.] Cronquist)

Flaxleaf fleabane ( Conyza bonariensis [L.] Cronquist) is a difficult-to-control weed in dryland minimum tillage farming systems in the northern grains region of Australia. Experiments under field and controlled environments were conducted to study the seed germination, emergence, and persistence of C. bonariensis . The base, optimum, and maximum temperatures for seedling germination were estimated at 4.2, 20, and 35°C, respectively, with light stimulating germination. The soil types and burial depths had significant effects on seed persistence and emergence. The persistence pattern showed an initial rapid drop, followed by a slow but steady decline over time. After 3 years of burial, there were ≈ 7.5%, 9.7%, and 1.3% viable seeds at 10, 5, and 0–2 cm soil depths, respectively. Conyza bonariensis predominantly emerged from the soil surface or from the burial depth of 0.5 cm. Very few seeds emerged from a depth of 1 cm and none emerged from ≥ 2 cm. The emergence was greater in lighter soils. On-farm monitoring of the field emergence over time in a light sandy loam soil showed that 99% emergence occurred in late autumn, early and late winter, and a small fraction of 1% emerged in mid-spring. The predominant emergence from the soil surface suggests that the fleabane problem is a result of weed species shift toward the minimum tillage systems that provide moist conditions for better emergence compared to conventional tillage systems. The seed longevity of at least 3 years in the soil and the prolonged emergence patterns between autumn and spring have posed great difficulties for the long-term management of C. bonariensis .