Is salt stress of faba bean (Vicia faba) caused by Na+ or Cl– toxicity?

The effect of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and potassium chloride (KCl) on growth and ion concentrations of faba bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Troy) was studied. After 14 or 15 d of isoosmotic treatment with 100 mM NaCl or 75 mM Na₂SO₄, respectively, plants developed toxicity symptoms. These symptoms were characterized by local and nonchlorotic wilting spots, which later turned to black, necrotic spots. In contrast to NaCl or Na₂SO₄ treatment, plants treated with 100 mM KCl did not show these symptoms. The symptoms occurred on those leaves that accumulated highest concentrations of Na⁺ and showed highest Na⁺ : K⁺ ratios. Our results indicate that Na⁺ toxicity inducing K⁺ deficiency is responsible for the spot necrosis of faba bean. Additionally, chlorotic symptoms occurred. The concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl^– were determined in chlorotic leaves and in isolated chloroplasts. The reduction of chlorophyll in leaves after NaCl exposure may be explained in terms of high Cl^– concentrations in the chloroplasts and appears to depend on high Na⁺ concentrations. Chlorotic toxicity symptoms can be avoided by additional Mg²⁺ application.     

Die Auslösung von Chromosomenaberrationen beiVicia faba durch chemische Agenzien

Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit soll einen Überblick über die Induktion von Chromosomenaberrationen durch chemische Agenzien beiVicia faba geben. Zuerst werden einige Angaben zur Charakterisierung des Untersuchungsobjektes und der eingesetzten Methoden gemacht (S. 160). Im zweiten Teil wird der Versuch unternommen, eine möglichst vollständige Übersicht über sämtliche chemische Substanzen zu geben, die beiVicia faba auf ihr Vermögen, Chromosomenmutationen zu induzieren, überprüft worden sind. Die publizierten Befunde konnten durch das Entgegenkommen von A. Loveless (London), B. A. Kihlman (Uppsala), N. S. Cohn (Athens, Ohio) und D. Davidson (St. Andrews, Schottland) durch bisher unveröffentlichtes Material ergänzt werden. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit werden Angaben über kombinierte Einwirkung verschiedener Agenzien (S. 167), über die inter- und intrachromosomale Aberrationsverteilung (S. 170), über biochemische, die Aberrationsauslösung beeinflussende Faktoren (S. 174) und über einige Befunde und Probleme im Zusammenhang mit dem Wirkungsmechanismus der Radiomimetika gemacht (S. 181).

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Summary This paper is to give a survey of the work on the induction of chromosome aberrations by chemicals inVicia faba. Firstly some data characterizing object and methods are given (p. 213). In the second part it is tried to give a list as complete as possible of all chemicals tested for radiomimetic activity inVicia faba independent of their being effective or ineffective (p. 219). Published data are supplied by unpublished ones generously given by Drs. A. Loveless (London), B. A. Kihlman (Uppsala), N. S. Cohn (Athens, Ohio) and D. Davidson (St. Andrews, Scotland). The last part of the paper is concerned with the effects of combined treatment ofVicia faba with different agents (p. 256), with the distribution of aberrations between and within chromosomes (p. 259), with biochemical factors tested for influences on the radiomimetic activity of various compounds (p. 265) and with data and problems of the mode of action of some radiomimetic substances (p. 272).

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Vicia faba L. (. 213). , V. faba . , . (), . . (), . . (, ) . (. , ), . (. 256), (. 259), , (. 265) (. 272).

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Für die großzügíge Überlassung unveröffentlichter Befunde danken wir den Herren Dr. A. Loveless (London), Dr. B. A. Kihlman (Uppsala), Dr. N. S. Cohn (Athens, Ohio) und Dr. D. Davidson (St. Andrews, Schottland), für die Hilfe bei der Zusammenstellung von Tab. 2 Herrn Dr. H. Schmidt (Gatersleben).     

A study of variability in the Sicilian faba bean landrace ‘Larga di Leonforte’

In this paper molecular analysis, physical, technological, and chemical traits were used to estimate the level of variation on five accessions of a locally adapted Sicilian faba bean (Vicia faba L.) landrace named ‘Larga di Leonforte’. DNA analysis was performed using the Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) molecular marker class and two other faba beans (cv. ‘Aguadulce Samba’—Spain—and landrace ‘Locale di Modica’—Sicily) were used as controls. Although the accessions of ‘Larga di Leonforte’ varied significantly for most of the agronomical and physical traits, this landrace generally had a heavy seed weight, short but large pods, and no more than two seeds per pod. This last characteristic allowed for erect pod angle attitude at maturity. Idratation data showed difference among accessions in seed weight at full hydration and in absorption rate at the very beginning of the hydration process, while any difference among accessions emerged in terms of cooking properties. The six AFLP Eco+3/Mse+3 different primer combinations applied in this research revealed different levels of polymorphism among the faba bean accessions and a total number of 346 amplicons were generated. Around 60% of amplicons displayed a polymorphic pattern among different accessions. Cluster analysis on morphological, technological, chemical and molecular data placed the all five ‘Larga di Leonforte’ accessions into a separated group, and the Sicilian material shares a fairly large amount of similarity with respect to the cultivar ‘Aguadulce Samba’ selected in Spain.     

Factors influencing diamine oxidase activity and γ-aminobutyric acid content of fava bean (Vicia faba L.) during germination

Factors (germination time, spectra, temperature, pH, and chemical inhibitors) influencing diamine oxidase (DAO, EC 1.4.3.6) activity and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content of fava bean (Vicia faba L.) during germination were investigated in this study. DAO activity significantly increased in germinating seeds but varied with different organs. The enzyme activity was higher in shoot than that in cotyledon, hypocotyl, and radicle. When seeds were germinated in the dark, DAO activity was 2.35-, 2.00-, 2.36-, 4.40-, and 1.67-fold of that under white, red, blue, green, and yellow spectra, respectively. The optimum germination temperature and pH value for increasing DAO activity were 30 °C and 3.0, respectively. The DAO activity was inhibited significantly by aminoguanidine and sodium ethylenediamine tetracetate, while it was activated by CuCl(2) and CaCl(2). Germinating at an appropriate temperature and pH, 30% of GABA formation was supplied by DAO. Calcium was related to the regulation of DAO activity and GABA accumulation.     

Chromatidenaberrationen nach Einwirkung von Äthylmethansulfonat (Methansulfonsäureäthylester) auf Primärwurzeln vonVicia faba L

Summary 1. By use of relatively high concentrations of the monofunctional alkylating agent ethyl methane sulphonate it was possible to induce chromosome aberations of the chromatid type only. These effects were compared with those after treatment of primary root tips ofVicia faba by the bifunctional compound myleran. Myleran was approximately 50 times more active in producing chromosome aberrations than ethyl methane sulphonate. Most aberrations were localized in heterochromatin and in the short m-chromosomes.2. A marked increase in the frequency of aberrations produced by ethyl methane sulphonate and myleran was obtained by raising the temperatur from 12° to 30°C. Below 12°C both substances showed no radiomimetic effects.3. By hydrolysis (90°C) for various times the radiomimetic activity of both agents dropped in the same way. Products of hydrolysis did not induce chromosome aberrations.4. Combined treatment of primary roots with ethyl methane sulphonate and myleran resp. ethanol increased the amount of chromosome aberrations. Compared with controls the effect was higher than additive. A reciprocal effect between aberrations induced by each of the combined agents is inferred. The sensitive period was in all three cases the same and probably first half of interphase.

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1. Vicia faba L. . , ( ). 50 , . .2. 12° C 30° C. 12° C .3. 90° C . .4. . , , . , . .

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Für die Überlassung von Äthylmethansulfonat und Myleran danken wir Herrn Dr. G. Sieber vom Institut für Mikrobiologie und experimentelle Therapie der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Jena (Abt. Organische Synthese) sehr herzlich.     

Einfluß von Dürrestreß und Blattamputationen auf die Netto-CO2-Assimilation,bestimmte morphologische Merkmale und Blattinhaltsstoffe der Ackerbohne (Vicia faba L. var.minor)

Zusammenfassung Bei Ackerbohnen (Vicia faba L. var.minor) führen hohe Temperaturen in Verbindung mit Wasserdefizit zu einem Absinken der Netto-CO₂-Assimilation. Außerdem sterben mehr Blätter ab. Als Folge sind geringere Trockenmassebildung und weniger Blüten zu beobachten. Defoliationsexperimente zeigen, daß ein reduzierter Blattapparat zu beschleunigter Alterung und verringerter Netto-CO₂-Assimilation führt.

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The influence of drought stress and leaf removal on the netto CO₂-assimilation, selected morphological properties and leaf components of field beans (Vicia faba L. var. minor)

Summary In field beans a high temperature treatment in connection with deficiency of water decreases the netto photosynthesis. Under this conditions most of the leaves die off. As a result there is a decrease in the formation of dry mass and a lower number of flowers are observed. Removal of leaves from the plants leads to a faster senescence and a decreased rate of netto photosynthesis.

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- CO₂, (Vicia faba L. var.minor)

CO₂. , . . , - CO₂.