真空冷却预处理在微波冻干胡萝卜片中的应用

为了探讨真空冷却预处理在微波冻干工艺中应用的可行性,该文以WDG-5型微波冻干设备为平台,以胡萝卜为试验原料,开展真空冷却预处理工艺试验以及3组不同工艺方法包括真空冷却后无冷库冻结、真空冷却后再冷库冻结、无真空冷却处理对微波冻干的影响研究。真空冷却工艺试验中,在真空泵和冷阱制冷机组满负荷运转的工况下,预处理22 min后胡萝卜片达到冰点,物料失水16.5%,在预处理60 min后,物料表层和芯部温度分别为-41.2、-29.5℃,物料总失水20%。3组冻干试验中,与无真空冷却处理组相比,真空冷却后无冷库冻结组、真空冷却后再冷库冻结组的干燥初期微波安全加载功率相对较高,冷冻干燥时间缩短了2 h,总耗电分别节省了17.3%、19.9%;3组试验的冻干胡萝卜片在含水率、复水率、颜色等指标方面均无显著差异,真空冷却后无冷库冻结组、真空冷却后再冷库冻结组的胡萝卜片维生素C保存率均超过80%,而无真空冷却处理组维生素Ｃ保存率为68%。结果表明,在胡萝卜片微波冻干工艺中应用真空冷却预处理技术,有效改善了冻干初期的微波低压放电问题,缩短干燥时间,降低能耗,并提高维生素Ｃ保存率。     

真空冷却预处理应用于微波冻干中的试验研究

本文在分析微波冻干工艺过程及真空冷却技术特点的基础上,提出采用真空冷却预处理的微波冻干加工工艺方案,并以WDG-5型微波冻干设备为平台,试验研究其可行性。重点开展了真空冷却预处理工艺试验以及三组不同工艺方法对微波冻干的影响研究：A.真空冷却后再冷库冻结;B.真空冷却后无冷库冻结;C.无真空冷却处理。真空冷却工艺试验中,在处理22min后胡萝卜片达到冰点,物料失水16.5％,在处理60min后,物料表层和芯部温度分别为-41.2、-29.5℃,物料总失水20％。三组冻干试验中,A、B两组干燥初期微波安全加载功率相对较高,冷冻干燥时间比C组缩短了2h,总耗电比C组分别节省19.9%、17.3％;三组试验的冻干胡萝卜片在水分含量、复水率、颜色等指标方面均无显著差异,A、B两组胡萝卜片Vc保存率达到82.5％,而C组Vc保存率为68％。结果表明,在微波冻干工艺中应用真空冷却预处理技术,可简化加工工艺,有效改善了冻干初期的微波低压放电问题,缩短干燥时间,降低能耗,并提高Vc保存率。     

水相酶解法提取菜籽油与菜籽蛋白工艺的优化

为提高菜籽蛋白的利用率，采用水相酶解法提取菜籽油与菜籽蛋白，以超滤法分离菜籽蛋白，重点对酶处理的工艺参数进行了研究。试验对各种酶的作用效果进行了比较，确定采用纤维素酶、果胶酶按活力比3∶1配方的复合酶处理效果较好；由优化试验得出酶处理的工艺参数为：固液比1∶5，酶用量30 U/g，酶处理时间100 min；在最佳工艺条件下获得高质量的菜籽油与菜籽蛋白，油与蛋白质得率分别为92.6%、82.3%。     

甘薯全粉加工中无硫复合护色工艺优化

为了优化甘薯全粉无硫复合护色工艺,该文通过考察柠檬酸、柠檬酸亚锡二钠、植酸、亚硫酸氢钠和抗坏血酸5种护色剂对甘薯全粉色泽的影响,优选出柠檬酸和抗坏血酸作为甘薯全粉加工合适的护色剂;通过正交试验,得到柠檬酸-抗坏血酸无硫复合护色剂的最佳护色工艺为:将10 mm厚的甘薯切片在质量分数为0.3%的柠檬酸和0.1%抗坏血酸的复合护色液中护色处理30 min,可使制得的甘薯全粉亮度值L*达90.58,多酚氧化酶的抑制率达88.13%.研究发现柠檬酸的添加能显著提高抗坏血酸的热稳定性;酶促褐变产物紫外-可见光谱扫描显示,加入复合护色剂后410 nm处吸收峰明显减弱,表明复合护色剂能有效抑制酶促褐变反应的发生;圆二色谱研究表明多酚氧化酶经复合护色剂处理后,酶蛋白二级结构中α-螺旋减少,而β-折叠结构增多,酶蛋白的分子构象被改变,从而降低多酚氧化酶活力.该文为甘薯全粉加工中的无硫复合护色工艺提供了参考.     

龙眼真空冷冻干燥工艺优化

为了确定龙眼真空冷冻干燥的工艺参数,以"乌龙岭"龙眼为材料,采用电阻法测量龙眼真空冷冻干燥的物料共晶点和共熔点温度,并应用单因素和正交试验,以冻干品形态保持、色泽、生产能耗等指标进行综合评定考察冻干效果,优化龙眼真空冷冻干燥工艺.结果表明:龙眼真空冷冻干燥物料的共晶点温度和共熔点温度分别为-26.0℃和一20.0℃;优化的技术工艺为龙眼果肉剪半或剪成片形,温度段设定为95℃(7 h)→85℃(1 h)→75℃(1.5 h)→65℃(3 h)→55℃(至结束),干燥仓真空值60～70 Pa,物料最高温度为50℃.应用该优化的技术工艺可达到最大限度地节省生产能耗,提高冻干品形态保持率的效果,冻干品外观色泽呈白色至微淡黄色.     

胡萝卜真空渗透脱水工艺试验

为获得真空条件下胡萝卜渗透脱水的最佳工艺条件,通过试验探讨了切片厚度、真空度、渗透液浓度、温度等因素对胡萝卜真空渗透脱水特性的影响。结果表明：真空条件能有效提高果蔬渗透脱水效率;失水率、固形物增加率均随着切片厚度的减小,真空度的提高,渗透液浓度、温度的增大而增大;当真空度达到10 kPa（绝对压力）附近时,固形物增加率增幅明显快于失水率。胡萝卜脉冲真空渗透脱水较优的工艺参数为：切片厚度4 mm、真空度30 kPa、渗透液浓度60%、温度40℃,采用该组参数渗透脱水240 min质量损失率可达40.1%。研究结果可为胡萝卜等蔬菜的干制加工预处理提供技术依据。     

碱法热处理对蓝藻厌氧发酵生物转化及微囊藻毒素降解效果的影响

以蓝藻为原料的厌氧发酵生物转化效率差,产气量低,恰当的预处理工艺可以调整蓝藻特性,提升厌氧发酵的产气效率。本文研究碱法热处理耦联的预处理工艺对蓝藻降解效果的影响,采用旋转组合设计法,以蓝藻藻浆SCODcr为响应值,研究预处理3个主要参数变化对蓝藻细胞的分解效果。结果表明,三次多项式数学模型可以很好的拟合联合预处理工艺参数对蓝藻藻浆SCODcr的影响,模型的R~2为0.983 9。验证试验表明:当NaOH处理浓度为3%、78℃处理5.6 h时,蓝藻藻浆SCODcr为5 446 mg·L~(-1),是采用1%NaOH、40℃处理3 h,蓝藻藻浆SCODcr值(2 570 mg·L~(-1))的2.12倍。厌氧发酵结果表明,经优化处理后的蓝藻藻浆产气率较对照提高了4.72倍,达425.4 mL·g~(-1)VS。同时,研究发现经预处理的蓝藻厌氧发酵后,烘干的藻粉中不含MC-RR,MC-YR含量仅为0.58×10-2μg·kg~(-1),可安全地用于制备复合有机肥。     

热板-微波联合真空冷冻干燥茭白工艺优化

为降低新鲜茭白冻干作业能耗,提高冻干成品的品质,以总能耗、体积保留率、复水比、色差值为考察指标,开展了热板冻干、微波冻干、热板-微波联合冻干试验研究。研究表明:35℃热板冻干后茭白品质好,但能耗高;60℃热板冻干能耗低,但水分升华过快对茭白微观结构造成较大破坏,降低了茭白品质;采用35℃热板冻干8 h后,再采用60℃热板冻干或3 k W微波冻干可有效降低冻干能耗,同时冻干后茭白品质良好。在此基础上,采用均匀设计法,开展热板-微波联合冻干工艺参数优化试验研究,通过逐步回归分析,得出了冻干总能耗、体积保留率、复水比、色差关于加热板温度、脱水转换点、微波功率的三元二次回归方程,并通过四维切面等位线图分析了上述4个考察指标受3个试验因素取值变化的影响机理。最后,采用综合加权评分和逐步回归分析得出综合指标关于加热板温度、脱水转换点、微波功率的回归方程,进一步确定加热板温度为30℃、脱水转换点为72%、微波功率为3 k W为最优的热板-微波联合冻干工艺参数,此时综合加权评价指标值76.07,总能耗、体积保留率、复水比、色差分别为90.6 k W·h、51.86%、10.59、4.32。该研究为制定产品优良、高效节能的冻干工艺提供参考。     

亮菌多糖提取工艺优化及体外抗肿瘤活性研究

本研究进行了亮菌多糖水提、醇沉工艺条件优选并对其体外抗肿瘤活性进行了研究。以多糖含量为指标,设计正交试验考察料液比、浸提温度、浸提时间、浸提次数对亮菌多糖提取工艺的影响;以多糖得率为评价指标,选乙醇浓度、乙醇加入量、醇沉时间为考察因素,通过正交试验优选醇沉工艺;采用MTT法测定多糖对4种肿瘤细胞增殖的抑制作用。结果显示亮菌多糖最佳浸提工艺为料液比1：10,提取次数为2次,浸提温度100℃,时间6 h;最佳醇沉条件为加4倍量95%乙醇沉淀15 h;醇沉后多糖得率11.768%。活性测试结果显示ATPS对人红白血病细胞和人肺癌细胞株的生长具有抑制作用。优选的提取工艺条件稳定,可为ATPS的生产提供实验依据;亮菌多糖对体外肿瘤细胞的生长具有抑制作用。     

超声辅助提取冻干番茄粉番茄红素的工艺优化

为了提高番茄原料中番茄红素的提取率,增加番茄深加工的利用价值,该文研究了冻干番茄粉粒度范围、液料比、超声温度、超声比功率和超声处理时间5个因素对番茄红素提取率的影响,通过响应面分析优化出超声辅助提取(ultrasound assisted extraction, UAE)冻干番茄粉(<74 μm)中番茄红素的最佳工艺,并与常规溶剂提取(conventional solvent extraction, CSE)进行了比较。确定的最优工艺条件为：液料比41:1 mL/g、超声温度55℃、超声比功率18 W/g,超声处理时间15 min。响应面验证试验番茄红素提取率为1.82±0.05 mg/g（超声时间10 min）,与优化模型预测值1.83 mg/g基本一致,验证了模型的可靠性。UAE的番茄红素提取率较CSE增加了6.04%,提取时间节省了92.47%。该文为番茄红素的高效提取及番茄的综合利用提供了参考。     

超声辅助萌芽联合超高压处理对花生-黑豆芽复合汁品质的影响

为有效提高豆种的萌芽特性、明确其生长过程中营养成分变化规律,并对萌芽产品进行绿色深加工以最大限度保留豆芽营养成分,该论文采用超声波处理提高豆类发芽率和发芽指数,筛选营养丰富的萌芽阶段开发花生-黑豆芽复合汁,并研究超高压和常规热杀菌对花生-黑豆芽复合汁品质的影响。结果表明：300 W和10 min的超声处理可显著提高黑豆和花生的发芽率和发芽指数（P<0.05）。超声处理组的黑豆在第6萌芽阶段（芽长6 cm）时γ-氨基丁酸（gamma-aminobutyric acid,GABA）含量最高,达175.13mg/100g,超声处理组的花生在第5萌芽阶段（芽长2cm）时白藜芦醇含量较高,为0.92 mg/g。以上述阶段原料制备富含白藜芦醇和GABA的花生-黑豆芽复合汁,进一步研究发现,相比于传统热杀菌,超高压杀菌（450MPa和15min）可显著提高花生-黑豆芽复合汁的稳定性和总酚含量（P<0.05）,减少颜色劣变,贮藏过程中能更好地保持GABA和白藜芦醇。研究结果将为高品质豆芽深加工产品探索提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

不同品种绿豆的品质及饮料加工特性研究

为研究绿豆品种品质差异并从中筛选适宜饮料加工的优良品种,本研究选取16个国内主栽绿豆品种,研究了品种的营养组成及制成饮料的营养、感官、稳定性等指标,并对原料与产品指标间的关系进行了相关性分析。结果表明,国产绿豆品种间的营养与加工品质特性存在不同程度的差异,绿豆原料组成中粗脂肪含量虽然较低,平均仅为1.33%,但变异系数较大,CV达到38.31%;淀粉、蛋白质平均含量分别达50.23%和27.08%,但品种间差异较小,CV仅4.53%和6.86%。不同绿豆品种所制备的饮料中,感官评分最高的为中绿1号(92分)。相关性分析结果显示,饮料中蛋白含量由原料中粗蛋白含量决定,两者呈极显著正相关(r=0.937**)。根据营养成分、稳定性和感官评价等指标,筛选出适合制作饮料的绿豆品种有:中绿1号、冀绿7号和白绿8号。     

桑葚-紫薯复合冻干果块的制备工艺优化及品质评价

传统冻干产品加工工艺技术含量低,产品配方、营养和口味单一,市场同质化现象严重,日渐无法满足消费者的需求。为增加市面上复合型果蔬冻干产品的多样性,丰富冻干产品的口感和营养价值,该研究以桑葚和紫薯为主要原料,采用真空冷冻干燥技术,使用Box-behnken结合综合评分法,探究了果胶、阿拉伯胶、麦芽糊精、果葡糖浆和柠檬酸添加量对桑葚-紫薯复合冻干果块综合评分的影响。结果表明,最佳制备工艺为：果胶添加量0.20%、麦芽糊精添加量8.00%、阿拉伯胶添加量0.20%、果葡糖浆添加量4.00%和柠檬酸添加量0.24%,综合评分为0.87分。工艺优化后的产品总体感官可接受度8.90分,比未添加辅料的复合冻干果块显著（P<0.05）提高了25.35%。同时,所得复合冻干果块具有良好的品质,其脆度、总黄酮含量、总花青素含量及铁离子还原能力分别显著（P<0.05）提高了80.53%、23.10%、11.36%和39.95%。研究结果可以为复合型冻干果蔬产品的发展提供一定的理论依据。     

绿豆干法脱皮设备关键参数优化与试验

绿豆干法脱皮设备脱皮合格率低、出米率低,关键参数研究缺乏的现状已成为制约产业健康发展的问题之一。针对这些问题,该文结合绿豆物理特性研究,采用二次正交旋转组合设计试验及响应曲面分析方法,开展绿豆干法脱皮设备关键参数中脱皮滚筒转速、砂辊转速、脱皮时间优化与试验,利用Design-Expert对数据进行了分析并探讨了各参数及其交互作用对脱皮合格率、整米率的影响,并利用该软件进行了多目标优化。试验结果表明:影响脱皮合格率的因素依次为:脱皮滚筒转速作业时间砂辊转速;影响出米率的因素依次为:作业时间脱皮滚筒转速砂辊转速;脱皮滚筒转速与作业时间交互作用对脱皮合格率影响极显著(P0.01),其余参数交互作用影响不显著;脱皮滚筒转速与作业时间交互作用对出米率影响极显著(P0.01),脱皮滚筒转速与砂辊转速交互作用对出米率影响不显著。多目标优化结果表明:绿豆干法脱皮设备作业关键参数的最优参数组合为脱皮滚筒转速25.20r/min、砂辊转速1 642.61 r/min、脱皮时间108.8 min。此时,脱皮合格率、出米率均达最大值,分别为99.72%、86.57%。将最优组合参数应用在设备上并开展累计20批次绿豆脱皮加工作业,得到脱皮合格率、出米率的均值分别为99.32%、85.63%,脱皮质量大幅提升,有效降低了脱皮损失。该研究可为绿豆脱皮机作业质量改善提供参考。     

回生抗性淀粉种类对米淀粉凝胶形成的影响

为寻找改善普通米淀粉制品的结构及品质的新型食品添加剂,该文以普通米淀粉为原料,采用快速黏度分析仪、扫描电子显微镜、质构分析仪、全自动X射线衍射仪及示差扫描量热仪等手段,研究添加锥栗、马铃薯与绿豆回生抗性淀粉(retrograded resistant starch,RSⅢ)对米淀粉凝胶微观结构及理化性质的影响。结果表明:添加锥栗、马铃薯及绿豆RSⅢ对米淀粉凝胶的结构及性质产生显著影响(P0.01),以锥栗RSⅢ的作用最为突出。添加锥栗、马铃薯与绿豆RSⅢ对米淀粉糊的黏度特性没有影响(P0.05)。未添加RSⅢ的米淀粉凝胶存在很多不规则、深浅不一的大洞,而加入RSⅢ使米淀粉凝胶的网状结构变得更为规整、致密,且其胶着性与黏聚性变化不大(P0.05);添加锥栗、马铃薯与绿豆RSⅢ后能加速米淀粉凝胶的形成,与未添加RSⅢ的米淀粉凝胶比,其硬度分别增加了2.38、1.97和1.25倍(P0.01),黏着性分别增加2.56、1.99和1.32倍(P0.01),弹性增加1.07、0.81和0.53倍(P0.01)。米淀粉以A-型晶体占优,锥栗RSⅢ以V-型晶体占优,马铃薯与绿豆RSⅢ均以B-型晶体占优;不加或加入RSⅢ的米淀粉凝胶粉末都转变为以V-型晶体为主,且总相对结晶度没有改变(P0.05)。加入RSⅢ后的米淀粉糊除有低温吸热峰外还出现高温吸热峰,是否添加RSⅢ对低温吸热峰的温度参数影响不大(P0.05),但吸热焓显著降低(P0.01);而对于高温吸热峰,添加马铃薯与绿豆RSⅢ的各项参数没有差别(P0.05),但比添加锥栗RSⅢ的显著增高(P0.01)。可见添加不同来源的RSⅢ可以有效改善米淀粉凝胶的结构与品质。该研究结果为抗性淀粉用于提高米制品品质与营养功能的研究和生产提供了重要参考。     

Contribution of Nitrogen Fixed by Mung Bean to the Following Wheat Crop

Crop rotation is a supportive management practice in which legumes greatly improve the growth and yield of subsequent cereal crops, particularly wheat. In this study, effects of mung bean (Vigna radiata)?? on the yield and quality of grains of following wheat crop were determined. An experiment was carried out with two sets of wheat (Triticum aestivum) crops: one grown following mung bean (Vigna radiata) crop and the other grown after a fallow period. Concentrations of macronutrients, sugar, protein, amino acids, and phytohormones of wheat were determined. The grain protein concentration of wheat was improved if cultivated after mung bean, and nitrogen and other macronutrients of wheat were increased significantly. In case of phytohormone contents in the wheat crop, abscisic acid concentration showed no change, but the concentrations of gibberellin increased significantly by 41% and indole acetic acid by 30% as a result of crop rotation. Sugar content in wheat cultivated after mung bean BRM-318 showed 10% increase and wheat protein content increased by 17% and 20%, respectively. The present study demonstrated that crop rotation simulated yield and improved the nutritional value of wheat grain compared to wheat which followed the fallow period.     

Effects of Brussels sprout juice on the cell cycle and adhesion of human colorectal carcinoma cells (HT29) in vitro

Consumption of Brassica vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of cancer of the alimentary tract in animal models and human populations. We used raw juice extracted from Brussels sprouts rich in the glucosinolate sinigrin to explore the effect of naturally occurring glucosinolate breakdown products on cell cycle progression and apoptosis in human colorectal carcinoma cells (HT29). Juice was prepared from sprout tissue immediately before use, and the glucosinolate breakdown products were determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry on detached and adherent cells, and apoptosis was measured in the detached population by annexin V staining. Twenty-four hours after challenge with juice (10 microL/mL), 7-13% of adherent cells had detached from the substratum but the majority (82%) of these cells had not entered apoptosis, whereas only 33% of detached control cells were not apoptotic (p < 0.05). The main glucosinolate breakdown products were as follows: the sinigrin breakdown product, 1-cyano-2,3-epithiopropane (ca. 38 mM); the gluconapin hydrolysis product, 3-butenyl isothiocyanate (ca. 2.2.mM); the glucobrassicin metabolite, ascorbigen (ca. 8 mM); and low concentrations of other indole glucosinolate-derived hydrolysis products such as neoascorbigen and 3,3'-diindolylmethane. A variety of biologically active glucosinolate breakdown products are released by mechanical disruption of raw Brussels sprout tissue, but contrary to previous assumptions, allyl isothiocyanate is not the main compound responsible for the inhibition of cell proliferation.     

Multiresidue analysis of 58 pesticides in bean products by disposable pipet extraction (DPX) cleanup and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination

A method based on disposable pipet extraction (DPX) sample cleanup and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection by selected ion monitoring (GC/MS-SIM) was established for 58 targeted pesticide residues in soybean, mung bean, adzuki bean and black bean. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile and concentrated (nitrogen gas flow) prior to being aspirated into DPX tubes. Cleanup procedure was achieved in a simple DPX-Qg tube. Matrix-matched calibrations were analyzed, and the limits of quantification (LOQ) of this method ranged from 0.01 mg kg(-1) to 0.1 mg kg(-1) for all target compounds. Coefficients of determination of the linear ranges were between 0.9919 and 0.9998. Recoveries of fortified level 0.02 mg kg(-1) on soybean, mung bean, adzuki bean and black bean were 70.2-109.6%, 69.1-119.0%, 69.1-119.8%, and 69.0-120.8%, respectively, for all studied pesticides. Moreover, pesticide risk assessment for all the detected residues in 178 market samples at Beijing market area was conducted. A maximum 0.958% of ADI (acceptable daily intake) for NESDI (national estimated daily intake) and 55.1% of ARfD (acute reference dose) for NESTI (national estimated short-term intake) indicated low diet risk of these products.     

Response of foliar-applied nutrient solution with and without soil-applied fertilizers on growth and yield of mung bean

Hoagland's nutrient solution of 0, 25, 50, or 75% strength with or without soil-applied nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers were sprayed at 7, 14, and 21 days after emergence on two cultivars (AZRI-2006 and NIAB-2011) of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Hoagland's nutrient solution of 75% strength with soil-applied NPK fertilizers markedly increased the growth and yield of mung bean cultivars if applied at 21 days after crop emergence. However, 75% strength Hoagland's nutrient solution without soil-applied NPK fertilizers was comparable to 0, 25, and 50% strengths without NPK fertilizers. Foliar application of 75% strength of Hoagland's nutrient solution with soil-applied NPK fertilizers might enhance the yield of mung bean in low fertile areas. Performance of NIAB-2011 was superior to the other cultivar. It is concluded that Hoagland's nutrient solution of 75% strength can be sprayed at 21 days after emergence to get better yield of mung bean.     

Free cyclitol, soluble carbohydrate and protein contents in Vigna unguiculata and Phaseolus vulgaris bean sprouts

Seeds sprouts have been used as a good source of basic nutrients and nutraceutical compounds. The high nutritional value of seeds derives from the deposition of compounds during development. However some of these molecules are used in metabolic processes like germination, which leads to a considerable variation in their concentrations once these events are completed. In this work, we investigate the levels of inositols (myo-inositol, D-pinitol and ononitol), soluble carbohydrates and proteins in cotyledons of Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna unguiculata sprouts. Sprouting increased myo-inositol and glucose content and reduction of raffinose and ononitol was observed. The protein levels increased in P. vulgaris and decreased in V. unguiculata sprouting. The level of sucrose was maintained in both sprouts. D-Pinitol was detected only in quiescent seeds. Our results suggested that bean sprout is an important source of proteins, sucrose, glucose and myo-inositol. Additionally, bean sprouts have low levels of raffinose, an antinutritional compound.