长江中下游地区夏季温室黄瓜冠层温度模拟与分析研究

根据作物冠层能量平衡原理，建立了以温室内温度、湿度、冠层净辐射等为变量的温室作物冠层温度的模拟模型，并利用实测资料对模型的可靠性进行了检验，同时就温室内部温度、冠层净辐射、蒸腾速率对冠层温度的影响进行了敏感性分析。结果表明：模型能较好地预测长江中下游地区温室作物冠层温度，模型对该地区夏季(2002年6月24至7月12日，梅雨季节)温室内作物冠层温度预测值与实测值的决定系数(R²)和标准误(SE)分别为：0.8321，0.0037℃；建立的温室内部温度、相对湿度、净辐射和作物蒸腾速率的多元线性回归模型，其决定系数(R²)和标准误(SE)分别为：0.9996，0.8829℃；通过敏感性解释因子的分析表明，作物冠层温度对温室内部温度最为敏感，室内温度是预测冠层温度的主要因子。     

温室黄瓜干物质分配与产量预测模拟模型初步研究

依据温室黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)器官生长与温度和辐射的关系,建立了基于分配指数和采收指数的温室黄瓜干物质分配与产量预测模拟模型,并利用不同品种和基质的试验资料对模型进行了检验。结果表明,模型对黄瓜地上部分干重、根干重、茎干重、叶干重、果实干重的预测结果与1∶1直线之间的R²分别为0.98,0.73,0.83,0.92,0.94;RMSE分别为232,6.8,157.6,173.9,196.8 kg/hm²。模型对黄瓜产量的预测结果与1∶1直线之间的R²为0.80,RMSE为7526.4 kg/hm²。本模型对不同基质、品种的黄瓜干物质分配和产量的预测值与实测值符合度均较高,说明本模型的普适性较好。模型不仅能较好地预测中国现有生产水平下温室黄瓜的干物质分配及产量,而且可以为实现中国温室黄瓜生产环境优化调控和模式化栽培管理提供决策支持。     

水培条件下CO2与NH+4/NO-3配比对番茄幼苗生育的影响

升高CO₂浓度能够促进作物的光合作用，提高作物的生物量和产量，但关于CO₂与NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比及其交互作用对作物影响的研究较少，为探索番茄幼苗生长发育对CO₂浓度升高的响应是否对NH⁺₄/NO^-₃配比有较强的依赖关系，本试验在营养液栽培条件下，以番茄(Lycopersicun esculentum Mill)为试材，研究正常大气CO₂浓度(360 μL/L)和倍增CO₂浓度(720 μL/L)与不同NH⁺₄/NO^-₃配比的交互作用对番茄幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：CO₂浓度升高提高了低NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例处理中番茄叶片的光合速率和水分利用率，提高幅度随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的降低而增强，光合速率增强最大达55%。在同一CO₂浓度处理下净光合速率与水分利用率均随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的增加而显著降低。这说明CO₂浓度升高对番茄幼苗生长发育的促进作用随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的降低而提高，但并没有减弱全NH⁺₄-N处理中番茄幼苗的受毒害作用。综上所述，CO₂浓度升高能提高植物生产的节水能力和水分生产力；水培条件下，NO^-₃-N是最适合番茄幼苗生长发育的氮源，其它NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例对番茄幼苗的生长发育有一定的抑制作用，仅以NH⁺₄-N作氮源则番茄幼苗很难生长。     

空间电场对植物吸收CO2和生长速度的影响

为研究空间电场对植物吸收CO₂和生长速度的影响，首先采用同位素示踪法，分析了不同空间电场调控营养液栽培的番茄秧吸收CO₂气体和HCO^-₃阴离子的能力，证实了 ¹⁴C—HCO^-₃是一种受控于空间电场变化的阴离子，且空间电场强度的变化方向调控着 ¹⁴C—HCO^-₃阴离子流的流动方向。在此基础上以蕹菜(空心菜)为试验材料，采取空间电场与增施CO₂浓度的参数组合，做对比生长试验，通过红外线CO₂分析法揭示了空间电场的极性对植物吸收CO₂的速度有显著影响，且正向空间电场能显著促进植物对CO₂的吸收，并得到正向空间电场与足量的CO₂浓度相配合能大幅度提高温室蔬菜生长速度，使作物产量倍增的结论，为建立空间电场促进植物生长技术提供理论依据。     

半干旱黄土地区幼龄侧柏叶蒸腾的数学模型

 通过人工控制水分,形成单株幼龄侧柏的不同土壤水分梯度环境。在自然环境下对侧柏叶片定时、定位进行蒸腾速率及林冠层的光照、空气温度、空气湿度、叶水势和土壤水分等因子的同步观测。蒸腾速率与各个因子的相关分析表明:黄土半干旱地区侧柏蒸腾速率η_t/(μg·cm^-2·s^-1)与光照强度E/(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)、空气饱和差p_v/kPa、叶水势Ψ/kPa、气温t/℃的关系可以分别表示为:η_t=>αE_b,η_t=αp_vb,η_t=αψ^b,η_t=αt²+bt+c;侧柏的蒸腾速率η_t与气孔阻力R_s/(s·cm^-1)和土壤含水量W/％有密切关系,可以分别表示为:η_t=α+bW+cW₂+dW₃,R_s=α+bW+cW₂+dW₃。用气温、空气饱和差、叶水势3个因素建立了半干旱黄土地区幼龄单株侧柏蒸腾速率的非线性指数预测模型:η_t=0.6950_exp（0.03158t-14.2492/p_v+0.7606/Ψ）,经检验获得了满意的数值模拟结果。     

增施CO2气肥对温室结球莴苣光合作用影响的综合模型研究

为探讨不同温度和光照条件下增施CO₂气肥对温室作物生长的影响，应用红外线CO₂气体分析仪测定方法，对不同CO₂浓度下结球莴苣光合作用速率的变化进行了深入系统的研究，并分别建立了低温条件下和中、高温条件下增施CO₂气肥对光合作用速率影响的综合模型。研究结果表明，在一定范围内，随着光照度提高和温度上升，增施CO₂气肥对于光合作用的促进效果提高，但是超过饱和点后会有负的效应。本实验条件下，结球莴苣光合作用最佳的生态因子组合为：光照度897.3 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，温度28.9℃，CO₂浓度2160 μL/L，此时的净光合速率(CO₂)Pn为36.0 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。     

双针热脉冲测定冻土热特性的数值模拟方法

使用双针热脉冲(dual probe heat pulse, DPHP)测定冻土热特性时施加热脉冲后会导致加热探针周围的冰融化,使用目前常用的仅考虑热传导（忽略融化相变、冰水两相分界面）的解析解处理DPHP温度数据,会导致在-5 ℃至0 ℃温度范围内无法准确测量热导率 (λ) 和比热 (C_v)。为了能够准确测定冻土的 λ 和 C_v,有必要考虑DPHP加热过程中引起的冰融化的相变潜热。该研究基于COMSOL仿真软件模拟了考虑相变潜热、相变区间以及移动冰水界面的DPHP测量过程,采用随温度非线性变化的真实冻土热特性进行模拟,并与真实冻土的DPHP测量数据对比。结果表明：1）COMSOL仿真在不考虑相变条件下与无限线性热源模型结果完全吻合（R² = 0.9989）;2）当土壤初始温度低于-5 ℃时,考虑相变发生的COMSOL仿真能够准确模拟试验结果,表现出较高的相关性（R² > 0.93）,在-2 ～ 0 ℃的土壤初始温度范围内,无限线性热源模型的结果与试验测量显著偏离（R² < 0.0013）;3）在不同土壤初始温度下,相变温度为-1.5 ～ -0.5 ℃的仿真结果与试验数据具有较高的相关性（R² > 0.7）。本研究结果检验了有限元仿真用于真实冻土DPHP研究的可行性,可为准确预测冻土热特性的研究提供方法。     

长江中下游地区Venlo型温室空气温湿度以及黄瓜蒸腾速率模拟研究

根据温室能量和质量平衡的物理学原理,建立了一个以温室外气候条件(太阳辐射、温度、湿度、风速等)为驱动变量,以温室结构、温室覆盖材料、温室内作物(高度、叶面积指数)为参数的温室小气候模拟模型,并利用上海Venlo型温室的三季试验数据对模型进行了检验。结果表明：模型能较好地预测中国长江中下游地区Venlo型温室内夏季和冬季空气温度、湿度以及作物蒸腾速率。模型对该地区夏干季节(2001年8月,三伏天)、夏湿季节(2002年6月下旬至7月中旬,梅雨季节)和冬季(2002年1月27日~2月5日)温室内空气温度、湿度以及作物蒸腾速率预测值与实际观测值的决定系数(R²)和标准误(SE)分别为：0.89,0.75,0.52;1.1℃,4.4%,0.040 g·m^-2·s^-1;0.80,0.84,0.77;1.5℃,4.4%,0.018 g·m^-2·s^-1;0.84,0.59,0.73;1.6℃,6.0%,0.012 g·m^-2·s^-1。该研究为进一步探讨温室环境的优化调控提供了理论依据和决策支持。     

烤烟成熟鲜烟叶生化组分高光谱估算方法筛选

为实现实时无损快速预测鲜烟叶的品质生化组分、筛选估算生化组分最佳的方法,使用ASD Fieldspec FR2500对烤烟成熟鲜烟叶进行了反射率、透射率光谱测定和常规生化组分分析。对可见近红外波段(350～1650 nm)单波段光谱和选用已有100种光谱指数共两类光谱参量进行了与生化组分之间线性函数、幂函数、指数函数共3种形式相关分析和基于决定系数的筛选。结果表明,对于叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、钾估算方法分别是Gitelson and Merzlyak2(GM₂) (R²=0.81)、光化学指数2(PRI₂) (R²=0.80)、Gitelson and Merzlyak2(GM₂) (R²=0.83)、1420 nm吸收峰开始位置(λs₁₄₂₀) (R²=0.67)的线性拟合最优。对于总糖、比叶重、氮、烟碱最优方法分别是在532 nm反射率一阶微分线性拟合(R²=0.54)、在1423 nm透射率线性拟合(R²=0.45)、在666 nm反射率倒数对数一阶微分的幂函数拟合(R²=0.44),在1135 nm反射率倒数对数二阶微分的线性拟合(R²=0.20)。通过筛选的光谱方法可以评估烟叶的品质状况。     

环境因素对自然气调下双孢蘑菇呼吸速率影响的初步研究

研究了温度、容器内顶隙气体体积与双孢蘑菇体积比、O₂浓度、CO₂浓度及处理时间t对双孢蘑菇呼吸速率的影响,并采用多因素方差分析、重回归分析法,确定了双孢蘑菇呼吸速率的显著性影响因素,结果表明：温度对双孢蘑菇呼吸耗氧率R_O2、二氧化碳生成率R_CO2、呼吸商RQ的影响比体积比的影响更显著;25、18和4℃时,O₂浓度、CO₂浓度及时间t 3因素中,时间t对R_CO2的影响最大,而12℃时,CO₂浓度对R_CO2的影响最大;12℃时,随着体积比的增大,CO₂浓度、时间t的影响作用减弱,O₂浓度作用增强。     

Using composted wheat residue as a growth medium in culture of tomato

A greenhouse experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different growing media on some properties of tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum L. cv. Falcato). Four growing media including wheat residue, composted wheat residue, coco peat + perlite, and coco peat + soil were applied in pot experiment with completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that fruit yield, chlorophyll, and vitamin C contents of tomatoes grown in the composted wheat residue and coco peat + perlite treatments were significantly greater than the other growth media. Fresh weight of root and inflorescence were higher in the tomatoes cultivated in the composted wheat residue pots than the other media. Higher internode length and nutrient concentrations in leaf and fruit at the coco peat + perlite treatment were obtained as compared to the other growth media treatments. According to the results, it can be concluded that the coco peat + perlite can be substituted for by composted wheat residue for the cultivation of tomato.     

菇渣基质特性及其对黄瓜和番茄幼苗生长的影响

The aim of this research was to evaluate weathered spent mushroom substrate (SMS),made from spent Flammulina velutipes mushroom substrate,as a growing medium for nursery seedlings.Two vegetable species,cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.cv.Jinchun No.2) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.cv.Mandy),were grown in 8 media of SMS in various ratios with perlite or vermiculite.A mixed substrate of peat with perlite (1:1;v:v) was used as the control (CK).The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design under greenhouse conditions.Prior to sowing,some physical and chemical properties of the growing media were determined.Results showed that all the mixtures had desirable physical and chemical properties for their use in nursery tomato and cucumber seedlings except for the T4 (SMS:vermiculite=1:1;v:v) and the T8 (SMS:perlite=2:1;v:v) mixtures.Compared with the CK,increased plant height,leaf area,fresh weight,dry weight and index of seedling quality were found in the T3 (SMS:vermiculite=2:1;v:v) and T6 (SMS:perlite=4:1;v:v) growing media.SMS should be considered as an alternative for the widely used but expensive and resource-limited peat in greenhouse cultivation.     

生物氢烷工程沼渣用于油菜及菠菜育苗的效果

为探究将生物氢烷工程沼渣应用于蔬菜育苗基质生产的可行性,以油菜品种"华绿四号"、菠菜品种"先锋菠菜"为材料,按不同体积比将生物氢烷工程沼渣与土壤或草炭、蛭石和珍珠岩三者混配作为育苗基质,通过穴盘育苗试验研究生物氢烷工程沼渣对基质理化性质和油菜、菠菜幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:添加生物氢烷工程沼渣可显著改善基质的容重、总孔隙度、有机质含量、pH值和电导率EC(electronical conductivity)值等理化性质;适宜配比的生物氢烷工程沼渣对幼苗生长发育有一定的促进作用,其中T6(生物氢烷工程沼渣20%、草炭30%、蛭石25%、珍珠岩25%)的基质配方较为适宜,T6中油菜出苗率显著高于CK3(草炭50%、蛭石25%、珍珠岩25%)(P0.05),提高了14.3%,菠菜出苗率提高了12.4%,幼苗的株高、茎粗、单株叶面积显著高于或接近CK3(P0.05),幼苗根冠比和壮苗指数与CK3无显著差异;添加生物氢烷工程沼渣可使幼苗地下部生物量显著升高(P0.05),促进根系生长,使幼苗地上部、地下部生物量分配更加均衡。因此,生物氢烷工程沼渣具有一定的肥效,可部分替代草炭用于叶菜育苗基质生产,但使用前可考虑进行好氧堆肥处理进一步腐熟或与氮肥配施以提高肥效。     

Comparison of different soilless media for growing gerbera under alkalinity stress condition

A factorial experiment was developed with two factors of the growing medium (v/v): 100% coconut fiber (CF), 75% vermicompost+25% perlite (VP), 25% zeolite+75% perlite (ZP), 75% peat+25% perlite (PP), 75% coco chip+25% perlite (CCP), 75% coconut fiber+25% perlite (CFP) and 100% perlite (P); and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) (0, 20 and 40 mM) involving the growth of gerbera cv. Dafne. Compared with CF substrate, NaHCO₃ in the nutrient solution caused significant decrease in vegetative and reproductive traits and nutrient concentration [especially iron, phosphorus, and magnesium (Fe, P and Mg)] in the rest of the media. The improved crop performance of plants grown onto CF substrate was attributed to their strong capacity to accumulate Fe in the aerial part under alkaline conditions and to maintain a better plant nutritional status (higher P and Mg). It is concluded that the use of CF substrate could provide a useful tool to improve alkalinity tolerance of gerbera plants under NaHCO₃ stress.     

GROWTH OF PRIMULA PLANT IN COIR DUST AND PEAT-BASED GROWING MEDIA

This study was performed under greenhouse conditions, with coir dust, moss peat, and sedge peat as the main components of the growing media. The performance of the media was evaluated through the growth of the primula (Primula obconica) plant. In general, aeration capacities were found to be relatively low, except for growing media that included moss peat mixtures. Nevertheless, easily available water content of all growing media was found to be within the appropriate ranges. Total and water-available plant nutrient contents of coir dust, moss peat, and sedge peat significantly fluctuated. Ornamental parameters related to media treatments were statistically significant, with respect to visual score performances, total leaf numbers, crown width, and total plant fresh weights. This study determined that coir dust, which is an industrial by-product, could be utilized for up to 50% of the total composition of coir dust-moss peat based media in floricultural aims. As floricultural quality parameters considered, 50% coir dust and 50% moss peat and 25% coir dust and 75% moss peat gave good results as much as 100% moss peat.     

自控温室黄瓜茎蔓、叶片生长与有效积温关系的研究

研究了引进自控温室荷兰黄瓜叶片、茎蔓生长规律及与温室气候环境的关系。结果表明,与黄瓜茎蔓、叶片生长进程关系最密切的因子为12～25℃有效积温;叶片生长对温度反应呈非线性,13～19节位出叶所需12～25℃有效积温最少,平均每长1叶仅需10.6～10.9℃有效积温,比定植～5叶期少1／2以上。其他各节位每出1叶所需积温分别是定植～5叶为29.1℃,5～10叶为15.3℃,10～15叶为11.3℃,15～20叶为10.82℃,20～25叶为12.9℃,各生育期所需12～25℃有效积温较为稳定。在上海地区气候条件下建议采用变温管理方式以提高温度,通过气候环境的合理调控,实现黄瓜低成本生产和增产增收。     

Determination of total phosphorus in soil using simple Kjeldahl digestion

Abstract

Following observation of severe chlorosis and dieback of meri‐stem tissue in asparagus seedlings started in the greenhouse in a soilless media, a study was conducted to determine if the growth patterns were associated with one or more of the media components. Asparagus seedling growth using several potting media was compared. Treatments included single component media, washed sand, perlite, peat, Plainfield loamy sand [a local soil (PLS)], plus 1: 1 mixtures of peat/perlite, washed sand/peat, PLS/perlite, washed sand/peat, and PLS/peat. Abnormal growth patterns were observed in several of the media. Chlorosis was associated with high pH which occurred in perlite, washed sand, and their combinations. Chlorotic plants were characterized by low root and fern dry weights and low fern to root ratios. Meristem dieback occurred in several media treatments and did not appear to be pH related. Plants exhibiting dieback had fern to root ratios approaching 1 if they were not also affected by chlorosis. Nutrient availability was suspected to be a cause but this hypothesis was not substantiated by data collected in this experiment. Asparagus growth in a mixture of Plainfield loamy sand and peat was the highest and was similar to that of field grown seedlings.     

日光温室水幕帘蓄放热系统增温效应试验研究

针对日光温室夜间温度过低,难以满足作物生长需求这一问题。设计了一种水幕帘蓄放热系统,该系统以日光温室墙体结构为依托,以水为介质进行热量的蓄积与释放,白天利用水循环通过水幕帘吸收太阳能,同时将能量储存在水池中,夜晚利用水循环通过水幕帘释放热量,以提高日光温室内温度。试验测试结果表明,应用该水幕帘蓄放热系统可将温室内夜间温度提高5.4℃以上,可将作物根际温度提高1.6℃以上;该系统夜间通过水幕帘的放热量达到4.9～5.6MJ/m2;日光温室蓄放热量的增加,实现了西红柿的安全过冬生产,同时将西红柿的上市时间至少提前20d。该研究成果对日光温室结构的改进、温度调控有较大的科学意义。     

Earthworm-Processed Organic Wastes as Components Of Horticultural Potting Media for Growing Marigold and Vegetable Seedlings

We germinated and grew tomato, pepper, lettuce, and marigold seedlings in a standard commercial soilless plant growth medium (Metro-Mix 360), and in coir/perlite and peat/perlite-based container media substituted with 10% or 20%, by volume, of vermicompost derived from pig manure or food wastes. Half of the treatments were watered with liquid inorganic fertilizer while the other half received only water. Germination rates of tomato, pepper, lettuce, and marigold seeds in the coir/perlite mixture did not differ significantly from that in Metro-Mix 360. However, the germination rate of tomato, pepper and lettuce seedlings was very low in the peat/perlite mixture. Substituting some of the peat/perlite mixtures with equal amounts of vermicomposts, particularly pig manure vermicompost, enhanced germination rates greatly, making it comparable to that in the commercial medium (Metro-Mix 360). Pepper, lettuce, and marigold seedlings grown in Metro-Mix 360, which already contains a starter nutrient fertilizer in its formulation, had greater root and shoot dry weights than those grown in the control media (coir/perlite mix and peat/perlite mix). Substituting coir/perlite and peat/perlite mixtures with 10% or 20% of either vermicompost enhanced the growth of seedlings significantly, resulting in an overall plant growth as good as and sometimes better than that in Metro-Mix 360. When the plants were provided daily with a complete fertilizer solution, marigold seedlings in peat-based substrate with 20% pig waste vermicompost, and lettuce seedlings in both coir and peat-based substrates, mixed with 20% food wastes vermicompost, produced greater shoot dry weights than those grown in the commercial potting medium. The growth enhancements tended to be greater in peat/perlite-based mixes than in coir/perlite-based mixes, more so with the addition of pig manure vermicompost than with food waste vermicompost. Earthworm-processed pig manure and food wastes would be suitable materials for inclusion into the formulation of soilless potting media, since substitution of these media with relatively low concentrations of vermicomposts can promote plant growth.     

不同盆栽基质水分特征曲线的对比分析与模拟

现有关于盆栽控水模拟土壤干旱条件的试验中多采用含水率作为水分胁迫阈值,然而由于基质配比不同导致含水率相同的基质的水分状况也不尽相同,这导致各研究间结果难以对比和参考。为快速获取盆栽基质水分特征曲线,建立基质水分特征曲线预测模型。该研究以盆栽控水试验常用的泥炭土、蛭石和珍珠岩为基质材料,测定了不同配比基质的水分特征曲线,通过不同方法（多元回归模型、人工神经网络）建立了其预测模型。结果表明,人工神经网络模型对基质水分特征曲线的预测精度高于多元回归;相较于人工神经网络,多元回归模型的稳定性更高。综合考虑模型的精度和稳定性,多元回归模型是预测作物盆栽基质水分特征曲线的最佳模型。该模型为基质水分特征曲线快速获取以及相关作物干旱胁迫研究间的对比提供了方法和依据。