正交设计优化常山碱的醇提工艺

目的:优化常山碱的乙醇回流提取工艺。方法:采用紫外-可见分光光度计测定常山碱含量,以浸膏得率和常山碱含量作为评价指标,应用正交设计法优化提取工艺参数。结果:常山碱乙醇回流提取最佳工艺:70%乙醇、提取时间1.5 h、溶媒用量7.5倍,提取2次,在此条件下,浸膏得率为10.43%,浸膏中常山碱含量为4.26%。方差分析表明,对常山碱提取率影响因素的大小顺序:提取次数溶媒用量提取时间乙醇浓度。工艺验证试验表明,3批常山的平均浸膏得率和平均常山碱含量分别为11.27%和4.11%。结论:常山碱采用乙醇回流提取工艺切实可行,具有省时、操作简便和提取率高等优点。     

回流法和超声法提取常山碱的研究

为了比较回流法和超声法从中药常山中提取常山碱的效果,试验采用紫外-可见分光光度计测定常山碱含量,并以浸膏得率和常山碱含量作为评价指标。结果表明:回流法和超声法的浸膏平均得率分别为11.31%和14.17%;浸膏中常山碱的平均含量分别为4.15%和4.79%。说明回流法和超声法的提取工艺均切实可行,具有省时、操作简便和提取率高等优点,且超声法相对更好一些。     

常蒿颗粒中常山青蒿提取工艺的研究

[目的]考察常蒿颗粒中常山青蒿的提取工艺.[方法]采用正交设计优选常山青蒿提取工艺,应用乙醇作为 提取溶剂,以常山青蒿浸膏率和青蒿素含量为考察指标,乙醇浓度、乙醇用量、回流提取次数及回流时间作为影响因素,每个因素取三个水平,并利用HPLC法测定青蒿素含量.[结论]结果表明,最佳提取条件为：80％乙醇、四倍药材量的溶剂、回流提取4次、每次1h,优选得到的工艺稳定可行.     

中药常山和赝品功劳木的鉴别

为了鉴别中药常山和赝品功劳木,从外观性状、荧光反应、薄层色谱和常山碱含量等方面对两种药材进行鉴别。结果表明,常山外观淡黄色、水煎液荧光反应呈天蓝色,TLC图谱中存在天蓝色斑点,常山碱含量为0．88％;而功劳木外观黄色,水煎液荧光反应呈黄色、TLC图谱中未出现天蓝色斑点,常山碱含量极低,仅为0．01％。本方法具有操作简便、结果准确的特点,为今后常山的鉴别和准确用药提供了参考。     

响应面法优化白屈菜根中白屈菜碱提取工艺的研究

为了研究白屈菜碱的最佳提取工艺,试验以白屈菜根为研究对象,在超声和水浴条件下分别提取白屈菜碱,采用响应面法进行分析。结果表明:超声最佳提取工艺为超声温度40℃、超声时间50 min、液料比20∶1,白屈菜碱提取率为3.10 mg/g;水浴最佳提取工艺为水浴温度80℃、水浴时间120 min、液料比20∶1,白屈菜碱提取率为1.754 mg/g。超声提取工艺优于水浴提取工艺,说明超声提取法合理、可行。     

不同方法提取雄蚕蛾蛋白质及提取工艺的优化

以雄蚕蛾干粉为原料,采用盐提蛋白法、碱提蛋白法这2种方法提取粗蛋白,并通过单因素试验分析影响因素,再通过正交试验获得盐法提蛋白和碱法提蛋白的最佳提取条件,最后结合两种方法的优化结果。用复合盐法—碱法提取雄蚕蛾蛋白质,并计算其蛋白质提取率、蛋白质含量。结果表明,盐法提取雄蚕蛾蛋白质,最优提取条件为盐浓度1.5%,料液比(g/mL)为1∶10,提取温度为40℃,提取时间为4.5 h,盐法提取率为44.36%,蛋白质含量为34.5%,提取因素的影响主次排列依次为料液比(g/mL)提取时间提取温度盐浓度;碱法提取雄蚕蛾蛋白质,最优提取条件为碱浓度2%,料液比(g/mL)为1∶8,提取温度为80℃,提取时间为4 h,碱法提取率为57.62%,蛋白质含量为47.69%。提取因素的影响主次排列依次为提取时间提取温度碱浓度料液比(g/mL)。复合盐法—碱法提取雄蚕蛾蛋白质,提取率为54.68%,蛋白质含量为49.12%。     

急弯棘豆总黄酮超声波辅助提取工艺研究

为了探索超声波辅助提取急弯棘豆黄酮的最佳工艺条件,试验以急弯棘豆黄酮的含量为考察指标,通过单因素和正交实验设计试验研究提取超声功率、温度、时间、乙醇浓度、料液比对急弯棘豆黄酮提取率的影响,筛选出最佳提取工艺。结果表明,影响急弯棘豆超声辅助提取的主要因素依次为超声功率、温度、超声时间和料液比。超声波辅助提取弯棘豆黄酮最佳提取工艺条件:乙醇浓度在60%,超声时间为45min,超声波功率为800 W,温度45℃,料液比为1∶10。最高提取率为1.97%。     

响应面法优化超声辅助提取佛手瓜总黄酮的工艺研究

本试验研究了超声辅助提取佛手瓜中总黄酮的工艺。在单因素试验基础上,考察乙醇浓度、超声温度、液料比和超声时间对佛手瓜总黄酮提取率的影响。根据Box-Benhnken中心组合试验设计原理,采用响应面法对佛手瓜总黄酮提取的关键参数进行了优化,建立了佛手瓜总黄酮提取率的数学模型。结果表明:4个因素对佛手瓜总黄酮提取率影响的大小顺序是超声温度超声时间液料比乙醇浓度。佛手瓜总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为:乙醇浓度69%、超声温度71℃、液料比25 m L/g、超声时间31 min,在此条件下总黄酮提取率为3.402%,与理论预测值相对误差为0.526%。与传统热水浸提法相比,提取率提高了12.69%。     

花生红衣中原花色素的超声波辅助提取工艺研究

本实验选取乙醇为溶剂,采用超声波辅助提取花生红衣中的原花色素。极差分析表明,各因素对花生衣中原花色素提取影响作用的大小为:超声温度>乙醇浓度>超声时间>料液比。最佳工艺提取参数是料液比1∶20、乙醇体积分数60%、超声时间30min、超声温度70℃,在该提取工艺条件下,原花色素的提取率为9.21%。     

白屈菜生物碱提取工艺研究

建立了反相HPLC法检测白屈菜碱含量的色谱条件,运用正交试验,分别以浸膏重量和白屈菜碱含量作为评价指标,考察了热浸和超声波两种醇提工艺的提取效果。运用SPSS14.0软件对结果进行分析,得到优化的提取工艺如下:以白屈菜浸膏为目标物质时,热浸提取法提取效率优于超声波提取法,且差异达到极显著水平,其提取条件为65%乙醇,料液比1:20,提取温度80℃,提取时间2h;以白屈菜碱为目标物质时,超声波提取法效果优于热浸提取法,差异极显著,其提取条件为95%乙醇,料液比1:10,提取温度50℃,提取时间0.5h,提取频率为85Hz。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.