地黄真空红外辐射干燥过程中梓醇降解动力学研究

以地黄为真空红外辐射干燥试验的原料,在确定地黄中梓醇提取方法为超声+冷浸工艺的基础上,进行了干燥过程中梓醇降解动力学研究。结果表明：地黄真空红外辐射干燥中梓醇降解动力学不符合零级和一级反应动力学。通过对一级反应动力学方程引入一个与辐射板温度有关的参数gT,并假设降解速率参数k符合Arrhenius方程,建立了地黄中有效成分梓醇在真空红外辐射干燥过程中的降解动力学模型方程,验证结果表明,该方程模拟效果较好。     

栀子多糖和山楂黄酮浸提工艺

采用超声波辅助浸提方法分别对栀子多糖和山楂黄酮进行浸提。通过单因素试验和正交试验,分别取得栀子多糖浸提最佳工艺条件:浸提温度50℃,浸提时间60 min,料水比1∶15;山楂黄酮浸提最佳工艺条件:乙醇溶液体积分数80%,浸提温度60℃,浸提时间45 min,料液比1∶25。所得山楂黄酮浸提液经40℃,0.1 MPa的减压蒸馏,除去乙醇。     

栀子多糖和山楂黄酮浸提工艺

采用超声波辅助浸提方法分别对栀子多糖和山楂黄酮进行浸提。通过单因素试验和正交试验,分别取得栀子多糖浸提最佳工艺条件:浸提温度50 ℃,浸提时间60 min,料水比1∶15;山楂黄酮浸提最佳工艺条件:乙醇溶液体积分数80%,浸提温度60 ℃,浸提时间45 min,料液比1∶25。所得山楂黄酮浸提液经40 ℃,0.1 MPa的减压蒸馏,除去乙醇。      

银杏叶黄酮的乙醇提取工艺优化及动力学研究

为提高银杏叶黄酮的提取效率,合理开发和有效利用银杏叶,研究了银杏叶黄酮的乙醇浸提提取的工艺条件优化及其动力学,探讨了影响提取效率的因素及水平等。结果表明:乙醇浸提提取银杏叶黄酮的最佳工艺条件为浸提温度70℃、浸提时间2h、料液比1∶25和乙醇体积分数70%。在此基础上,采用体积分数为70%乙醇为溶剂,按照料液比1∶25进行提取,得到乙醇提取动力学速率方程为lnK=3.1856-2.9135/T,其中扩散传质活化能为24.22kJ/mol,指前因子为24.16。     

茶末中儿茶素的乙醇提取工艺优化研究

为了获得儿茶素乙醇提取工艺的最佳条件,主要研究了乙醇浓度、浸提温度和液料比对儿茶素乙醇提取效果的影响.采用组合设计和动量梯度下降神经网络对反应条件网络进行训练仿真,充分挖掘试验信息,定量分析因素变化规律,利用训练好的网络对提取工艺条件进行优化预测.研究结果表明,经过训练的网络可以很好地模拟提取条件,得到了乙醇提取儿茶素的最佳工艺参数.在乙醇浓度为45%、浸提温度为67.5℃、液料比为15:1的条件下,儿茶素提取率为22.6%.该优化方法提高了儿茶素浸提率,为提取效果的预测提供了一条可行的途径.     

猪粪麦秸反应器好氧堆肥水分平衡模型研究

分别建立了基于质量守恒方程和水分蒸发一级动力学方程的猪粪麦秸好氧堆肥水分平衡模型。水分平衡质量守恒模型考虑进口气体水分含量、出口气体携水量和堆肥微生物产水量对水分质量平衡的影响,并将堆肥过程有机质降解的梯次性作为影响生物产水量的重要因素。水分蒸发一级动力学模型考虑堆体自身含水率和通风速率对水分蒸发速率的影响,且堆体自身含水率在堆肥过程中呈动态变化。实验室好氧堆肥反应器验证试验结果表明,2种水分平衡模型的模拟结果与实际测量结果一致性良好,水分平衡质量守恒模型水分含量变化的实际结果与模拟结果的相对标准偏差为8.01%,水分蒸发一级动力学模型水分含量变化的实际结果与模拟结果的相对标准偏差为8.86%。     

农业废弃物花生壳热解气化利用研究

探讨了农业废弃物花生壳作为生物质能利用的可能性。在实验室对花生壳进行热解试验,揭示了花生壳热解产气规律。结果表明,花生壳热解产生的两种主要可燃气:氢气浓度随着热解温度的升高迅速增加,当温度为1 000℃时氢气浓度47%;甲烷浓度随热解温度的升高而显著升高,并在700℃时有最大值,随后降低。同时,利用化学一级反应动力学模型计算得到花生壳热解气化动力学参数活化能E=53. 11k J/mol。     

稻田土壤-作物系统模型参数敏感性分析与模型验证

为提高稻田土壤-作物模型校准过程的效率和精度,以长江中游地区两年的稻田试验数据为基础,采用Morris和Sobol’两种方法对WHCNS_Rice模型参数进行了全局敏感性分析,并在此基础上进行模型校准和验证。结果表明,两种方法得到的模型主要敏感性参数基本一致,与Sobol’方法相比,Morris方法具有计算量小和筛选快速的优势。土壤水力学参数和作物参数对模型输出项均有较大的影响,尤其是土壤水力学参数中的饱和含水率、田间持水率以及犁底层饱和导水率;作物参数中生育期总有效积温、最大比叶面积和作物系数对作物生长过程影响较大;氮素转化参数中仅氨挥发一阶动力学系数和反硝化经验系数分别对氨挥发和氮反硝化有一定的影响,其余参数均不敏感。在此基础上,固定非敏感参数,重点校准上述敏感参数。模型校验结果表明,模型模拟的地上部干物质质量、作物吸氮量、蒸散量和田面水高度均与实测值吻合较好,模拟值与实测值线性回归方程的斜率和相关系数均接近于1,P小于0. 01,说明校验后的模型可用于模拟该地区的水稻生长过程及稻田水分动态和氮素去向。采用Morris方法对筛选出的模型敏感性参数进行模型校准和验证,可以大大提高模型校验的效率和精度。本研究可为稻田土壤-作物系统WHCNS_Rice模型参数的校准和模型的推广应用提供技术支持。     

基于冠层温度变化的冬小麦蒸散模型

冠层温度是反映作物蒸散的重要指标,基于2006-2011年冬小麦田间试验资料,分析了小区及冠层尺度K-p模型参数的差异,对比了两种冠层温度表达式的冬小麦蒸散量计算模型的模拟效果,得到了基于冠层温度变化的冬小麦蒸散模型.结果表明:不同尺度(小区和冠层)K-P模型参数存在一定差异,冠层阻抗(rc)与临界阻抗(r*)的比值和临界阻抗(r*)与空气动力学阻抗(ra)的比值呈显著线性关系,且与冠层尺度K-P模型参数的差异小于不同尺度(小区和冠层)K-P模型参数的差异.以冠层温度的表达式(rc/ra、rc/r*)计算的作物蒸散量与采用田间水量平衡计算的作物蒸散量呈显著线性关系,以rc/ra参与计算的作物蒸散量明显高于田间实测值,而以rc/r*参与计算的作物蒸散量与田间实测值更为接近.因此,以rc/r*代替rc/ra参与作物蒸散量的计算更能反映田间冬小麦蒸散变化过程.     

温度分层均质压燃发动机燃烧和排放数值模拟

通过修改SENKIN程序,建立起一个有质量交换和缸壁传热的9区化学反应动力学模型.以SKLE正庚烷简化模型作为燃烧反应动力学机理,利用该模型计算了发动机的主要燃烧参数和排放物含量.结果表明,该多区模型能够准确地模拟温度分层均质压燃发动机的燃烧和排放特性.在温度分层均质压燃发动机中,外核心区、壁面边界层和缝隙是CO和HC的主要来源.其中,在外核心区产生CO和HC是由于壁面边界层和缝隙内的未燃混合气在膨胀过程中流入该区被部分氧化或没有被继续氧化.NO_x主要来源于高温的内核心区.要同时获得高效燃烧和超低排放,应适当提高壁面温度.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。