A Study of Variability,Associations, and Path Analysis in Poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh)

Forty-two genotypes were evaluated for juvenile wood yield and its components at three locations in Bihar, India. A significant difference was observed among the genotypes for all the characters under study. The highest value of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation was observed in juvenile wood volume followed by diameter at breast height (DBH). Characters like plant height, clear bole height, crown diameter number of branches, angle of branch, diameter of branch, and length of branch showed moderate values for genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation. Very high heritability was estimated for clear bole height, crown diameter, angle of branch, and length of branch. Diameter and plant height showed moderate to high heritability. Relatively genetic advance expressed in percentage of mean or genetic gain was observed the highest in volume (30.86%), DBH (18.96), clear bole height (17.19%), angle of branch (17.39), length of branch (19.53), and in plant height (11.87%). Juvenile wood volume per plant showed significant and positive correlation with height (0.619), diameter (DBH, 0.770), clear hole height (0.305), number of branch (0.372); and positive association with crown diameter (0.145), angle of branch (0.055), diameter of branch (0.251), length of branch (0.200), and survival (0.166); and significant negative correlation with taper (?0.499) at the phenotypic level. In phenotypic path analysis diameter (DBH, 0.702), plant height (0.169), crown diameter (0.121), taper (0.027), and survival (0.050) showed positive direct effect on juvenile wood volume. The direct impact of the same through clear bole height (?0.366), number of branch (?0.130), angle of branch (?0.228), and length of branch (?1.567) was negative. Hence it is suggested that due importance should be given to diameter (DBH), plant height, crown diameter, diameter of branch, taper, and survival for selection of superior plant with high juvenile wood yield potential in poplar.     

Quantitative Estimation of Genetic Variability in Morphological Characteristics of Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) Clones

The study was carried out to analyze the genetic variability for different growth parameters in poplar clones at the age of 2 and 3 yr in the nursery. Forty-nine exotic and indigenous clones of poplar were evaluated for eight morphological traits. Clones were planted in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications with four clones in a block in each treatment. Observations for different characters were recorded on six selected competitive clones per genotype. Results showed a high interclonal variability for most parameters. Statistically significant differences among clones indicated that the majority of study characters are controlled by genetic factors, specific to each clone. Highly significant genotypic difference supported by wide range of variation of mean and range values were observed for the characters under study. Significant and positive correlation was observed between diameter at breast height (DBH) and plant height. Leaf lamina length showed positive and significant correlation with petiole length, total leaf length, leaf width, and L/B ratio. Total leaf length showed positive and significant correlation with leaf width and L/B ratio. High estimates of heritability (in a broad sense) were observed for almost all characters in the study. High genetic advance expressed as percent of mean was recorded for petiole length (60.90), followed by plant height (60.78) and collar diameter (44.19) at 2 yr. At the age of 3 yr, genetic advance was found maximum for petiole length (60.05), followed by collar diameter (47.62) and plant height (45.29). The efforts for selecting new clones and their field-testing must continue under a long-term improvement plan so that the best clones can be recommended for plantations and hybridization programs.     

Variability and divergence in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pongamia pinnata</Emphasis> for further use in tree improvement

A total of 24 candidate plus trees (CPTs) of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. were selected to elucidate their variation and diversity based on thirteen quantitative traits (4 pod traits, 6 seed traits of parent trees and 3 progeny traits) at Forest Research Centre, Institute of Forest Productivity — Mandar, Ranchi district during 2005–2007. The results show that, CPT-19 had maximum for seven traits viz, pod length (65.6 mm), 100-pod weight (542.4 g), seed 2D (two dimension) area (351.2 mm²), seed length (27.9 mm), seed breadth (17.4 mm), 100-seed weight (217.9 g) and plant height (164.3 cm). The traits, 100-pod weight and 100-seed weight had a high heritability (98.4%, 96.9%) accompanied with high genetic advance (46.0%, 34.9%). There is a positive significant correlation between 100-pod weight and 100-seed weight traits at both genotypic and phenotypic levels with plant height, collar diameter and volume index at 30 MAS (months after sowing). Volume index expressed a moderate heritability (47.4%) accompanied with high genetic advance (48.4%), indicating that the character is governed by additive gene effects. In divergence study, 24 accessions were grouped into 6 clusters on the basis of non-hierarchical euclidian cluster analysis. The genotypes in cluster IV (CPT-5, CPT-6, CPT-7, CPT-12, CPT-16, CPT-18, CPT-22) and cluster III (CPT-4, CPT-8, CPT-9, CPT-20, CPT-21) were most heterogeneous and can be best used within group hybridization. The wide diversity exists between the cluster V and II, followed by cluster II and I and crosses between CPTs of these clusters may result in substantial segregates. It is revealed that the existence of substantial variation and diversity can be utilized for genetic resource conservation and further tree improvement programmers of the species.     

文冠果表型性状的相关性及主成分分析

文冠果种子产量低,这是制约其大力开发与利用的瓶颈。为给文冠果优良品种的选育和文冠果资源评价和利用提供科学依据,对新疆维吾尔自治区奇台县的160株文冠果单株的种子质量、结果个数、果实质量等21个性状指标进行了调查,并采用变异分析、相关性分析和主成分分析等分析方法,对影响其产量的主要因素进行了探讨。变异分析结果表明:被调查的160株文冠果单株各性状指标间均存在明显差异;其中,单株结果个数的变异系数最大,为82.98%;叶密度的变异系数最小,为8.77%。相关性分析结果表明:单株种子质量与树高、地径、冠幅、果实纵径、种子长、单果种子质量、单株结果个数、单株果实质量、百果质量、百粒种子质量、叶长、叶宽、叶面积、果皮厚度、单果种子粒数及种子宽之间均存在显著正相关。主成分分析结果表明:从21个性状指标中提取了7个主成分,即单果产量、单株产量、果实产量、叶形、种形、果形、树形这7个因子,其累积贡献率达74.693%;依据各主成分贡献率的大小,在育种中可选择单果种子质量大、单株结果个数多、单株果实质量大、叶长、种子长、果纵径长、冠幅大的单株作为优良高产植株。     

不同叶果型栀子植株果内栀子苷和西红花苷含量分析

为给栀子种质资源评价及其活性成分的开发利用提供参考依据,对6种叶果型栀子植株(共60株)的叶片、果实形态参数,果实内部栀子苷、西红花苷含量进行了观测和分析。测定结果表明:同一栽培群体下栀子植株果实中的栀子苷、西红花苷含量间差异显著,其含量范围分别为1.75%~5.60%、0.33%~4.05%,大果型和中、小果型其栀子苷含量间存在显著差异。相关性分析结果表明,栀子苷与果实纵径间具有显著的正相关性(r=0.280),而与西红花苷含量间有极显著的正相关性(r=0.482),其它形态参数与栀子苷、西红花苷含量间均无显著相关性。稳定性试验结果表明:多数植株样本两年内果实中的栀子苷、西红花苷含量均稳定,而少数植株的含量却突增。同一栽培群体中的栀子植株存在着丰富的遗传多样性,果实内部栀子苷、西红花苷含量受遗传分化的影响均较大。     

滇楸无性系早期木材性状变异与评价

目的 为解析滇楸无性系材性遗传变异规律,提高滇楸材性的遗传改良效率。 方法 以生长于贵州的20个滇楸无性系为试验材料,测定了其树高、胸径、木材基本密度、胞壁率、双壁厚、胞腔直径和纤维长度等生长和材性指标;通过最大似然法估计了性状的遗传参数,分析了性状间的遗传相关和表型相关;以聚类和隶属函数法相结合的方法评价了无性系材性优良程度。 结果 结果表明：滇楸无性系间具有显著的材性差异;各性状的表型变异系数为6.21%~21.29%;木材基本密度、胞壁率和双壁厚受较强的遗传控制,重复力分别达0.88、0.87和0.73;遗传和表型相关分析结果发现,基本密度与管孔率、胞壁率和双壁厚均呈显著或极显著正相关,遗传相关系数分别为0.542、0.908和0.747。木材密度与胞腔直径各项性状的遗传相关均呈负相关。木材密度与其余材性性状的遗传相关系数绝对值均大于表型相关系数绝对值,材性性状的相关主要取决于遗传因素。回归分析进一步表明,木材基本密度与胞壁率和双壁厚有明显的正向线性关系,而与弦向胞腔直径和弦向中央直径有明显的负线性关系。 结论 滇楸无性系间材性差异显著,存在较大的变异程度;聚类分析和隶属函数法综合评价得出,滇楸无性系可分为：A高木材密度型,B短纤维型;C低木材密度型,D长纤维型,四大类型。     

Variability in pod and seed traits of Pongamia pinnata Pierre ecotypes in North Karnataka,India

An evaluation of 30 naturally available candidate-plus trees(CPTs) of Pongamia pinnata was carried out to elucidate the genetic variability and relationship of pod and seed traits and progeny growth traits to select the best planting material with higher productivity. Significant variations were observed in pod and seed characteristics,oil content, and during the progeny trial studies. The highest values were found in 100-pod weight(410.4 gm)and 100-seed weight(195.92 gm) and the phenotypic and genotypic variance was found maximum in 100 pod weight(4364.71 and 4289.93) and 100 seed weight(813.8 and768.93), respectively. Estimates of the phenotypic coefficient of variance were higher than the genotypic coefficient of variance for all the pod and seed traits and progeny growth traits, which depict the predominant role of the environment. Approximately 99 % of broad-sense heritability was revealed in oil content, followed by 100-pod weight(98.28 %), and canopy growth(96.93 %). Pod thickness shows the highest genetic advance of 56.61 %,followed by pod width(53.43 %) and canopy growth(49.3 %). Pod and seed traits have proven a positive correlation between each other and with progeny growth traits,except a few negative values. Hierarchical clustering by Ward's minimum variance cluster analysis showed phylogeographical patterns of genetic diversity. K-means clustering revealed that trees from different geographical regions were grouped together in a cluster where as trees from the same geographical area are placed in a different cluster. Seven Pongamia ecotypes(GRP-8, 9, 13, 14, 18,28, and 29) are found superior in traits, namely 100-pod weight, 100-seed weight, oil content, germination rate,plant height, canopy growth, and collar diameter. The traits100-pod weight and 100-seed weight are highly correlated with the progeny growth traits and even have higher heritability and genetic advantages.     

Variability in pod and seed traits of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pongamia pinnata</Emphasis> Pierre ecotypes in North Karnataka,India

An evaluation of 30 naturally available candidate-plus trees (CPTs) of Pongamia pinnata was carried out to elucidate the genetic variability and relationship of pod and seed traits and progeny growth traits to select the best planting material with higher productivity. Significant variations were observed in pod and seed characteristics, oil content, and during the progeny trial studies. The highest values were found in 100-pod weight (410.4 gm) and 100-seed weight (195.92 gm) and the phenotypic and genotypic variance was found maximum in 100 pod weight (4364.71 and 4289.93) and 100 seed weight (813.8 and 768.93), respectively. Estimates of the phenotypic coefficient of variance were higher than the genotypic coefficient of variance for all the pod and seed traits and progeny growth traits, which depict the predominant role of the environment. Approximately 99 % of broad-sense heritability was revealed in oil content, followed by 100-pod weight (98.28 %), and canopy growth (96.93 %). Pod thickness shows the highest genetic advance of 56.61 %, followed by pod width (53.43 %) and canopy growth (49.3 %). Pod and seed traits have proven a positive correlation between each other and with progeny growth traits, except a few negative values. Hierarchical clustering by Ward’s minimum variance cluster analysis showed phylogeographical patterns of genetic diversity. K-means clustering revealed that trees from different geographical regions were grouped together in a cluster where as trees from the same geographical area are placed in a different cluster. Seven Pongamia ecotypes (GRP-8, 9, 13, 14, 18, 28, and 29) are found superior in traits, namely 100-pod weight, 100-seed weight, oil content, germination rate, plant height, canopy growth, and collar diameter. The traits 100-pod weight and 100-seed weight are highly correlated with the progeny growth traits and even have higher heritability and genetic advantages.     

陕西红花椒树冠结构对产量的影响

根据花椒树冠结构与产量的关系,确定影响花椒产量的主要结构因素,为丰产管理提供依据.对4个品种('大红袍'豆椒'黄盖狮子头'小红袍')的树龄、地径、树高、冠幅、标准枝(结果枝)数和产量进行调查,分析产量与树冠结构因子的关系.结果表明:(1)花椒适宜栽植密度约50株/666.7m2,栽植后树高应控制在2.50 m左右...     

Variation in cone and seed characters in blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) across natural distribution in western Himalayas

We analyzed 17 seed sources (seed stands) of Pinus wallichiana for variations present in cone and seed characters, scattered over natural distribution in north-west Himalayan states (Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh) of India. The significant variations were observed in cone weight, cone length, cone width, seed length, seed width, seed weight, seed germination, radicle length, and plumule length among different seed sources of the species. Significant positive correlation between seed weight, cone weight and cone width showed that seed weight in the species depend more on the cone size. Seed germination was also positively correlated with seed weight, cone weight and radicle length in the study. The estimates of variability with regard to genetic parameters for seed weight, seed germination, cone length, cone width, cone weight showed wide range of variation in the study. Seed weight showed high heritability values coupled with maximum genetic gain. Traits with such values indicate presence of good amount of heritable additive components and are under strong genetic control. The findings of the study revealed that seed sources expressed both phenotypic and genotypic differences in the seed and cone traits which might be due to the differences in genetic make up of various seed sources and environmental factors i.e. genotypic and environmental interaction. The study suggests that the seed weight should be given the top priority for the further improvement of this species.     

马尾松产脂力与生长性状的家系变异及优良家系早期选择

利用设置在福建南平国有来舟林业试验场马尾松高产脂半同胞家系测定林,研究其产脂力与生长、树冠性状在家系间的遗传变异以及它们之间的遗传相关性,并进行脂用马尾松优良家系及优良单株选择。结果表明,马尾松产脂力与生长、树冠性状皆存在显著的家系差异,相对于生长、树冠性状,产脂力变异较大,变异系数高达61.91%,具有丰富的选择基础。产脂力受中度遗传控制,家系遗传力和单株遗传力分别为0.42和0.31,表明对马尾松产脂力通过家系和单株选择可取得较好的改良效果。性状遗传相关分析结果显示,马尾松家系产脂力与胸径、树高和材积呈较高的正遗传相关,表明在遗传育种进程中可同时对生长性状和产脂力进行改良。此外,产脂力与冠幅、冠高、轮盘数、活枝数也呈较高的正遗传相关。综合生长、树冠性状的遗传力以及与产脂力相关程度,认为胸径是高产脂优树间接选择的最佳指标。以单株产脂量和单株材积生长作为综合选择指标,共选出20个优良家系和16株优良单株,选出的优良单株产脂力遗传增益在52.54% 154.40%,单株材积遗传增益在0.22% 31.85%。     

Genetic evaluation of twenty seed sources of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Asparagus racemosus</Emphasis>

A field trial of 20 seed sources of Asparagus racemosus was conducted at the Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India to evaluate their performance of different economic traits. Genotypic variance, phenotypic variance, genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) for number of shoots, shoot height, shoot weight, number of roots, root length, root diameter and root weight were calculated. Maximum genotypic and phenotypic variance was observed in shoot height among the shoot — related traits and root length among the root — related traits. For the shoot height, genotypic variance, phenotypic variance, genotypic coefficient of variance, phenotypic coefficient of variance were 231.80, 3924.80, 61.26 and 1037.32, respectively, where those of the root length were 9.55, 16.80, 23.46 and 41.27, respectively. The maximum genetic advance and genetic gain were obtained for shoot height among the shoot-related traits and root length among the root-related traits. Index values were developed for all the seed sources based on the four most important traits, and Panthnagar (Uttrakhand), Jodhpur (Rajasthan), Dehradun (Uttarakhand), Chandigarh (Punjab), Jammu (Jammu and Kashmir) and Solan (Himachal Pradesh), were promising seed sources for root production.     

乌桕群体/家系苗期性状遗传变异

于2009年11月采集四川、重庆地区10个乌桕群体共300个家系种子,在四川达州市林业中心苗圃播种育苗,并进行苗期观测,结果表明:乌桕群体/家系的苗高、地径、主根长、侧根数、分枝数均存在极显著差异,苗期表型平均分化系数为17.63%,群体内的变异大于群体间的变异;5个性状的家系遗传力受中等强度的遗传控制,单株遗传力受中等到高等强度的遗传控制;以欧式平均距离5为阈值聚类,10个群体可聚为北部群体、中部群体和南部群体3大类。     

香椿优树半同胞家系苗期生长变异与选择

为了从苗期开始研究香椿优树半同胞家系的遗传变异,以来自四川香椿3大主要分布区域的18个香椿优树半同胞家系1年生容器苗为研究对象,进行了苗期生长比较与优良家系选择。结果表明:苗高与产地纬度、年均气温均有显著的正相关性,与海拔呈极显著的负相关性,地径与各环境因子均没有显著的相关性。苗高和地径变幅分别在38.1～101.6 cm之间和4.42～9.14 mm之间,不同家系间均有极显著差异。绝大部分家系苗高和地径的变异系数均小于15%,苗木生长均匀一致。苗高和地径的遗传力分别为0.939和0.762,苗高受到的遗传调控大于地径。以苗高为主进行苗期选择,选择出蓬溪1、5号、合江7号3个优等家系,入选率16.67%,入选家系苗高和地径的遗传增益分别为35.33%和20.19%。入选家系的选择差大,入选率低,遗传增益大,经过造林对比试验后有成为良种的潜力。     

野鸦椿主要经济性状遗传参数估算及优良家系选择

野鸦椿(Euscaphis japonica)12个表型优良单株的半同胞子代测定结果表明:野鸦椿表型优良单株的半同胞子代家系间在单位面积果实产量、果穗长度、穗重、单穗果数等方面存在着显著或极显著差异;果穗长度、穗重、单穗果数、单位面积果实产量4个性状家系遗传力和单株遗传力都较高,性状间有明显的线性相关。通过方差分析、相关分析和聚类分析等方法,对各初选植株半同胞子代家系间的单位面积果实产量、果穗长度、穗重以及单穗果数分析比较,从初选的12个家系中进一步选择出经济性状表现优良的N1、N2、N5、N6、S1、S2、S3等7个优良家系。     

Provenance Variation in Seed Morphometric Traits, Germination, and Seedling Growth of Cordia africana Lam

Patterns of genetic variation in Cordia africana, a tropical timber species, were evaluated at the population level. Bulk seed samples were collected from six natural populations in Ethiopia and examined for variations in seed morphometric traits, seed germination, and seedling growth at nursery stage. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among provenances in all studied attributes except root collar diameter after 4 months of growth. The provenance effect, as determined by broad sense heritability, was 71–98% for seed morphometric traits, 80% for germination capacity, 42% for germination energy, 57–58% for seedling height and 3–13% for root collar diameter. Seed weight showed a significant positive correlation with altitude and negative correlation with mean annual temperature of seed origin. Germination energy was significantly correlated with longitude and mean annual rainfall. Seedling parameters and geo-climatic variables of seed origin were fairly correlated. A significant intercharacter correlation was found between seed length and seed weight, between root collar diameter at the age of 4 months and seed length and weight, as well as between seedling height after 4 and 8 months of growth. It can be concluded that the observed patterns of variation will have implications for genetic resources conservation and tree improvement.     

香樟16个优良半同胞家系子代苗期性状遗传测定

以香樟16个半同胞家系子代为研究对象,在四川省大邑县进行苗期试验,测定1 a龄苗期苗高、地径、冠幅3个性状。采用方差分析、遗传力估算、相关分析等方法对测定数据进行统计分析。结果表明:香樟家系间苗高、地径达到极显著差异,表明香樟半同胞家系苗期存在较为丰富的变异,进行苗期选择潜力较大;苗高、地径遗传力较高,属强度遗传;苗高、地径、冠幅三个性状之间呈显著正相关,尤以苗高与地径相关密切;以苗高、地径2个主要苗期生长性状,初步筛选4个苗期生长较快的家系。     

170个红松无性系生长及结实性状变异及选择

目的 选育高产、优质红松无性系营建坚果用材林。 方法 以吉林省临江林业局闹枝林场170个红松无性系为材料,对38年生树高、胸径、单株材积、单株球果数、单塔出籽量、单株出籽量、千粒质量、球果鲜质量和发芽率进行测定分析。 结果 方差分析结果表明：除发芽率外（P=0.280）,无性系间各性状差异均达到极显著水平（P < 0.01）;无性系间各指标表型变异系数变化范围为3.57%~66.09%;除发芽率外（0.07）,各性状重复力均超过0.45;树高、胸径和单株材积间达到极显著正相关（0.680 < r < 0.975）;除发芽率外,各结实性状间也均达到极显著正相关（0.411 < r < 0.996）;结合生长和结实性状看,胸径和单株材积与单株球果数、单塔出籽量及单株出籽量间均达到极显著正相关水平（0.201 < r < 0.227）。利用生长性状对各无性系进行综合评价,以10%的入选率,初选出17个优良无性系,入选无性系单株材积和胸径的遗传增益分别为79.42%和32.20%;根据结实性状对无性系进行评价,初选出的17个无性系千粒质量和单株出籽量的遗传增益分别为2.19%~142.99%;结合生长和结实性状对无性系进行评价选择,初选的17个无性系各指标遗传增益变化范围为2.23%~137.44%。 结论 综合上述结果,利用生长性状、结实性状及生长与结实相结分别初选出适用于不同育种目标的17个优良无性系,其中无性系138均被选出,表明该无性系生长及结实均较优良。     

Genetic analysis of growth and wood variations in Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.

We selected 28 populations of Leucaena leucocephala from different geographical locations in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Orissa of India on the basis of height and girth at breast height (GBH). We evaluated fiber length, optical density, wall thickness, vessel element length, vessel element diameter, specific gravity and lignin of these populations of L. leucocephala in different sites. Populations had significant variations for all growth, wood and paper parameters. Girth at breast height (GBH) and specific gravity were the most important parameters for heritability and genetic gain, respectively. The minimum heritability was reported for vessel element length and genetic gain for fiber length. The populations were grouped into six clusters, cluster II had maximum number of populations (14) and clusters IV and VI had one population each. GBH contributed maximum of 34.39 % towards total divergence followed by specific gravity (14.02%). An economic technique to produce quality seed by establishing seed orchards with genetically divergent parents was suggested. The hybridization among the populations selected from diverse clusters could produce greater heterosis needed for higher growth and suitable wood and paper manufacturing parameters.     

Variation in cone and seed characters in clonal seed orchards of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis>

Cone and seed characters were observed on top, middle and bottom portions of tree crown in 3 ramets/clone in three Turkish Pinus sylvestris seed orchards. Broad sense heritability (clonal repeatability), and correlations among characters were estimated. Around one quarter of the seed production occurred in the top portion, half in the middle and one quarter in the bottom portion of the crown for all orchards. The percentage of filled seeds varied little with the crown position, indicating more or less similar levels of selfing in the bottom of the crown as in the top. The seed weight was typically 11 mg. Differences were found for studied cone and seed characters among orchards and crown positions. Variation among grafts within clone was higher than among clones for most characters. The heritability was on average below 0.5 (e.g., cone diameter, number of filled seed per cone) and rarely rose above that (e.g., cone form, length/diameter; percentage of filled seed) for any individual characters. The coefficient of variation within clones was often higher than among clones. Thus, non-genetic factors seem often more important for the variation in performance of grafts than their genetic constitution. Cone form (length/diameter) was the character where the clone influence was the strongest. Cone number and cone dry weight showed significant correlations with seed characters (numbers of total and filled seed, percentage and weight of filled seeds). Significant correlation was found between seed characters.