不同无机磷源在生长育肥猪上的相对生物学效价

本文确定了5种不同无机磷源在生长育肥猪上的相对生物学效价。5种磷源分别为:DCP(磷酸氢钙)、MCP50(包含50%磷酸二氢钙的MDCP)、MCP70(包含70%磷酸二氢钙的MDCP)、MCP100(100%磷酸二氢钙)、MSP(磷酸二氢钠)。本试验包括11个日粮,基础日粮包含0.1%的磷,而另外10组日粮为5种无机磷源在基础日粮上添加0.07%及0.14%的磷。生长育肥猪(n=44,初始体重16.8±4.3kg)被随机分为11个处理组,单独饲喂,在28d的试验中猪只自由采食。试验末尾,所有猪只都被屠宰,收集掌骨(两个前蹄的第三和第四掌骨),用于测定骨强度、骨灰粉、钙、磷含量。骨灰分含量随着MCP50、MCP70、MCP100和MSP在基础日粮中添加而增长(P0.05),而骨中磷含量也随MCP70、MCP100和MSP在基础日粮中添加而增长(P0.05)。磷在处理组间的相对生物学效价以MSP为基准,以骨强度进行斜率比法计算。添加MSP和MCP100的斜率的回归线斜度较DCP组大(P0.05),但与MCP50和MCP70组差异不显著。结论:MSP和纯MCP100中磷的生物学效价高于DCP,但与MCP50、MCP70(即MDCP)差异不显著。     

磷源与磷水平对蛋鸡生产性能及钙、磷、氮代谢的影响

旨在研究磷源(磷酸氢钙(DCP)、磷酸一二钙(MDCP)、磷酸二氢钙(MCP)和植源性磷酸氢钙(PDCP))与添加水平(0.1%和0.2%)对蛋鸡生产性能、血清钙、磷含量及钙、磷、氮排泄的影响。本试验采用4×2完全随机试验设计,共8个处理组,分别为4种磷源DCP、MDCP、MCP、PDCP的低磷(0.1%)添加组和高磷(0.2%)添加组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。选取480只53周龄海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分配到各处理组,饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮(非植酸磷含量0.14%),各处理组除磷含量不同外,其他营养成分含量均相同,试验期20周。试验期间每天以重复为单位记录产蛋数和蛋重,每周记录耗料量,并计算平均产蛋率、平均产蛋量和料蛋比;于第10周周末和20周周末翅静脉采血,用以测定血清中钙、磷含量;每5周全收粪法收集各组粪便,以测定粪便中钙、磷和氮含量。结果表明:1)磷源、磷水平、磷源与磷水平交互对蛋鸡产蛋率、平均蛋重和料蛋比无显著影响,但均表现为,磷源PDCP、MDCP和MCP不同程度优于磷源DCP(P0.05),0.2%磷水平优于0.1%(P0.05)。2)磷源、磷水平、磷源与磷水平交互对蛋鸡血清钙含量无显著影响(P0.05);磷源、磷源与磷水平交互对蛋鸡血清磷含量无显著影响(P0.05);3)与DCP组相比,PDCP组钙(P0.05)和磷(P0.01)排泄量均显著降低,MCP组磷排泄量显著降低(P0.05)。磷源对氮排泄量无显著影响(P0.05);与0.1%磷水平添加组相比,0.2%组蛋鸡钙排泄量显著降低(P0.01),磷排泄显著增加(P0.01);磷源与磷水平交互作用对蛋鸡磷排泄有显著影响(P0.01),对氮排泄无显著影响(P0.05)。结果提示,在基础日粮(NPP为0.14%)中添加0.1%~0.2%磷水平可满足蛋鸡生产性能需要,以磷源PDCP和MDCP效果较好。     

新型磷源Ⅲ型磷酸氢钙在肉鸡上相对生物学利用率的应用研究

本试验旨在研究新型磷源磷酸氢钙Ⅲ型(DCPⅢ)在肉鸡上的生物学利用率,为新型磷源DCPⅢ在肉鸡上的高效利用提供参考依据;同时选用三种钙磷水平相同(P21%,Ca 15%)但不同产地来源的DCPⅢ(10A组来自中化云龙有限公司,20A来自美国PCS,30A组来自美国MOSAIC),通过测定相对生物学效价(RBV),考察肉鸡对不同来源DCPⅢ的生物学利用率差异。试验采用4×3二因子完全随机设计,以美国USP级磷酸氢钙(DCPⅠ)为对照组,10A、20A、30A为试验组,分别设三个添加水平(0.1%、0.2%、和0.3%非植酸磷)。选择1日龄雄性科宝(Cobb×Cobb)品系商用肉鸡576只,随机分到12个处理组,每个处理组4个重复,每个重复12只。试验结果表明:在不同磷添加水平下(以DCPⅠ为100%参照),以体增重为指标,10A、20A和30A组的RBV值分别为89.62%、88.28%和93.37%,三者之间差异不显著(P0.05);以增重/饲料比为指标,10A、20A和30A组的RBV值分别为106.51%、105.10%和105.65%,三者之间差异不显著(P0.05);以胫骨灰分含量为指标,10A、20A和30A组的RBV值分别为133.89%、137.35%和132.70%,三者之间差异不显著(P0.05)。测定指标不同导致含磷矿物质饲料相对生物学利用率的测值不同,其中以胫骨灰分含量最高,体增重最低,增重/饲料居中。结果显示,三种不同来源DCPⅢ在肉鸡上的生物学效价相当;DCPⅢ作为肉鸡日粮的无机磷源的利用效率较DCPⅠ高。     

不同无机磷源对断奶仔猪钙、磷表观消化率及钙、磷代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究不同无机磷源对断奶仔猪钙、磷表观消化率及钙、磷代谢的影响。试验选取200头遗传背景一致、健康状况良好、初始体重为(8.41±0.97)kg的(28±2)日龄的长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成5个组,每个组4个重复,每个重复10头仔猪(公母各占1/2)。5组仔猪分别饲喂含0.66%粉状磷酸氢钙(DCP)、0.44%粒状磷酸二氢钙(MCP)、0.44%粉状MCP、0.49%粉状磷酸一二氢钙(M DCP)、0.49%粒状M DCP的饲粮,并保持饲粮钙、磷水平一致。试验期28 d。结果显示:1)各组仔猪的钙和干物质表观消化率差异不显著(P0.05),粉状MDCP组仔猪的磷表观消化率显著高于粉状DCP、粒状MCP和粉状MCP组(P0.05),但与粒状M DCP组差异不显著(P0.05);2)仔猪血清钙、磷含量各组之间差异不显著(P0.05),但粉状M CP组仔猪血清碱性磷酸酶活性显著低于其他组(P0.05);3)蹄骨重、蹄骨灰分重、蹄骨灰分率及蹄骨磷含量各组之间差异不显著(P0.05),但粉状MDCP、粉状MCP以及粒状MCP组蹄骨钙含量显著高于粉状DCP组(P0.05)。由此可知,相较于粉状DCP,粉状MDCP、粒状MDCP、粒状MCP和粉状MCP均能较好地促进断奶仔猪钙、磷的代谢和利用,是替代粉状DCP的良好磷源。     

不同种类矿物磷源在肉鸡相对生物学利用率和骨骼发育上的应用研究

研究旨考察不同类型的矿物磷源磷酸一二钙(MDCP)、磷酸氢钙(DCP)与磷酸三钙(TCP)在肉鸡上的相对生物学利用率,为精确使用矿物磷源提供依据。试验采取3×3双因子完全随机设计,选取MDCP、DCP、TCP为磷源,设定三个添加水平分别为:0. 1%、0. 2%、0. 3%非植酸磷。选用1日龄雄性CHUNKY肉鸡270只,按试验要求随机分为9个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复10只鸡,试验期21天。结果表明:三种不同磷源对0~21 d肉鸡骨骼发育影响不显著(P0. 05),但在0. 3%添加水平上,MDCP有优于DCP和TCP倾向。以体增重为指标,以MDCP为100%参照时,DCP组与TCP组的生物学效价值分别为78%和85%。     

不同磷源及无机磷水平对肉鸡血清无机磷、碱性磷酸酶及增重的影响

选用西德TATELA公司公雏216只,3×4复因子设计。试验磷源为国产商品饲料级磷酸氢钙,苏联产磷酸氢钙、苏联产磷酸三钙。设0.1％、0.2％、0.3％、0.4％四个无机磷添加水平。以玉米,大豆粕、玉米油配制成全植物性基础饲粮,分别添加上述三种磷源,共组成12种饲粮,每个饲粮组重复三次,每个重复3—3只鸡。出壳、21日龄、42日龄分别测定血清无机磷、血清碱性磷酸酶活性及增重。结果表明:不同磷源及无机磷水平对血清无机磷、血清碱性磷酸酶活性无显著影响(P>0.05),二因子间交互作用不显著(P>0.05)。出壳、21日龄、42日龄三次测得的血清碱性磷酸酶活性呈二次曲线变化,出壳时为12091U/L,21日龄最高(6631IU/L),42日龄又恢复到较低水平(1337IU/L)。三个日龄测得的血清无机磷呈对数曲线变化。不同磷源及无机磷水平对肉鸡增重有显著影响。苏联磷酸氢钙最佳,生物效价为国产磷酸氢钙的106％(100—115);苏联磷酸三钙较差,为国产磷酸氢钙的93％(80—101％)。添加0.3％0.4％无机磷对生长效果较好(P<0.05)。血清无机磷、血清碱性磷酸酶活性与各组体增重无相关。     

磷来源与水平对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋壳质量的影响

本试验采用2×7因子完全随机区组试验设计,旨在研究磷源[磷酸一二钙(MDCP)和磷酸氢钙(DCP)]及非植酸磷(NPP)添加水平(0、0.05％、0.10％、0.15％、0.20％、0.25％和0.30％)对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋壳质量的影响,试验共13个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复15只鸡.选取1 170只25周龄罗曼...     

不同无机磷源对仔猪腹泻及肠道微生态的影响

试验旨在研究磷酸二氢钙(MCP)、磷酸氢钙Ⅲ型(MDCP)与磷酸氢钙(DCP)对仔猪腹泻和肠道微生态的影响。选用日龄一致的断奶DLY仔猪200头,随机分为5个处理组,每组40头,设4个重复,每重复10头,试验期28 d。试验采用单因子试验设计,5种不同的磷酸盐作为试验处理,分别为DCP(粉状P17%)、MDCP(粒状P21%)、MDCP(粉状P21%)、MCP(粒状P22%)和MCP(粉状P22%)。结果表明:与DCP(P17%)相比,从无机磷源磷含量来看,MDCP(P21%)和MCP(P22%)可显著降低仔猪28~42 d和28~56 d腹泻率(P0.05),降低十二指肠p H,提高空肠总菌数和盲肠乙酸及丙酸含量(P0.05),有增加空肠和盲肠乳酸杆菌及空肠双歧杆菌趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05);但从无机磷源形态来看,粒状无机磷源组降低仔猪腹泻率幅度均大于粉状组,但对盲肠中乙酸和丙酸含量提高幅度不如粉状无机磷源,但均未达到显著水平(P0.05)。因此,从无机磷源含量上来看,相比DCP(P17%)、MDCP(P21%)和MCP(P22%)可显著降低仔猪腹泻率和改善肠道微生态,但二者间差异不显著(P0.05);从无机磷源形态来看,粒状无机磷源组能更好地降低仔猪腹泻率,粉状无机磷源组对提高仔猪盲肠挥发性脂肪酸效果更佳。     

猪用3种饲料级磷酸盐磷沉积率的评定

运用平衡试验法 ,以去势生长公猪为试验动物 ,采用 4× 4拉丁方设计 ,用玉米淀粉、葡萄糖玉米蛋白粉、血粉等原料配置低磷的基础饲粮。用待测矿物质磷源替代基础饲粮中玉米淀粉的方法配置试验饲粮 ,通过平衡试验 ,测定了生长猪对 3种常用饲料级磷酸盐中磷的沉积率。试验结果表明 ,生长猪对以下 3种饲料级磷酸盐磷的沉积率分别为 :磷酸一钙 (磷酸二氢钙MCP) ,85 70 % ;磷酸二钙 (磷酸氢钙DCP) ,77 76 % ;骨粉 ,73 92 %。     

磷酸一二钙不同添加水平对肉鸡后期生产性能、胫骨和血液指标的影响

为了研究磷酸一二钙对AA肉鸡后期生长性能、胫骨和血液生化指标的影响,该试验选取健康的21 d AA肉鸡300羽,随机分为5组(对照组CK、试验1组T1、试验2组T2、试验3组T3和试验4组T4)。对照组以磷酸氢钙补充饲粮非植酸磷,试验组以磷酸一二钙补充饲粮非植酸磷,T1、T2、T3和T4组饲粮中非植酸磷水平分别为对照组的60%、80%、100%及120%。每组4个重复,每个重复15羽,试验期21 d。试验期结束进行生产性能、血液样品等样品采集及分析。结果表明:与CK相比,T1的料重比、胫骨钙含量和血清中肌酐含量显著降低(P0.05);T2的平均日采食量和血清中肌酐显著降低、碱性磷酸酶显著升高(P0.05);T3的末重、平均日增重和球蛋白含量显著升高(P0.05),血清中肌酐含量显著降低(P0.05);T4组各指标无显著差异(P0.05)。综合各指标,当磷酸一二钙添加量为磷酸氢钙提供非植酸磷总量的60%～80%水平时,能够显著提高肉鸡后期的料重比,可获得较好的生产性能和经济效益。     

Standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in various inorganic phosphates fed to growing pigs

An experiment was conducted to determine the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in five sources of inorganic phosphate fed to growing pigs, including dicalcium phosphate (DCP), monodicalcium phosphate (MDCP), monocalcium phosphate (MCP), tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and monosodium phosphate (MSP, reagent grade). Six barrows (42.4 ± 1.1 kg) individually housed in metabolism crates were allotted to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with six dietary treatments and six periods. Each experimental period consisted of a 4 day adaptation period and a 5 day collection period. The five experimental diets contained 0.24 to 0.34% of P from each inorganic phosphate as a sole source of P. A P‐free diet was also prepared to estimate the basal endogenous loss of P. The STTD of P in MSP (94.9%) was not different from the STTD of P in MCP (93.0%), but was greater (P < 0.05) than that in DCP, MDCP and TCP (87.0, 86.5 and 71.3%, respectively). In conclusion, digestibility of P in reagent‐grade MSP was greater than that in feed‐grade inorganic phosphates such as DCP, MDCP and TCP, and digestibility of P in DCP and MDCP was greater than that in the TCP.     

Precaecal phosphorus digestibility of inorganic phosphate sources in male broilers

1. The aim of this study, comprising two experiments, was (1) to determine in Experiment 1 the relationship of incremental dietary P (phosphorus) content on precaecal digestible P in male broilers and (2) to determine in Experiment 2 the precaecal P digestibility of various inorganic P sources at marginal levels of P supply.

2. In Experiment 1, a total of 260 male Ross 308 broilers were divided into groups of 10 birds per pen resulting in 8 replicates for treatment 1 and 6 replicates for treatments 2–4. Experimental diets were formulated to contain 4 incremental concentrations of digestible P by means of increasing concentrations of monocalcium phosphate (MCP). In the second experiment, 480-d-old male Ross 308 broilers were divided in groups of 12 birds per pen resulting in 16 replicates for the basal diet and 6 replicates for each test diet. A total of 4 inorganic P sources, MCP, monodicalcium phosphate (MDCP), dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and defluorinated phosphate (DFP) were added to the basal diet to determine the precaecal P digestibility. Three of the 4 inorganic P sources (MCP, MDCP and DCP) represented a mix of batches from different producers. At the end of both experiments, the chyme of the posterior part of the small intestine was collected. Digestibility of P and Ca was determined using titanium dioxide as indigestible marker.

3. In Experiment 1, a reduction in precaecal digestibility of P was observed above an estimated precaecal digestible dietary P concentration of 4.8 g/kg.

4. The precaecal P digestibility of the tested inorganic P sources in Experiment 2 was 78.3% for MCP, 59.0% for DCP, 70.7% for MDCP and 31.5% for DFP.

     

Effects of an experimental phytase on performance, egg quality, tibia ash content and phosphorus bioavailability in laying hens fed on maize- or barley-based diets

A 24-week performance trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of an experimental phytase on performance, egg quality, tibia ash content and phosphorus excretion in laying hens fed on either a maize- or a barley-based diet. At the end of the trial, an ileal absorption assay was conducted in order to determine the influence of phytase supplementation on the apparent absorption of calcium and total phosphorus (P). Each experimental diet was formulated either as a positive control containing 3.2 g/kg non-phytate phosphorus (NPP), with the addition of dicalcium phosphate (DCP), or as a low P one, without DCP addition. Both low P diets (containing 1.3 or 1.1 g/kg NPP) were supplemented with microbial phytase at 0, 150, 300 and 450 U/kg. The birds were housed in cages, allocating two hens per cage as the experimental unit. Each of 10 dietary treatments was assigned to 16 replicates. Low dietary NPP (below 1.3 g/kg) was not able to support optimum performance of hens during the laying cycle (from 22 to 46 weeks of age), either in maize or barley diets. Rate of lay, daily egg mass output, feed consumption, tibia ash percentage and weight gain were reduced in hens fed low NPP diets. The adverse effects of a low P diet were more severe in hens on a maize diet than in those on a barley diet. Low dietary NPP reduced egg production, weight gain, feed consumption and tibia ash content and microbial phytase supplementation improved these parameters. Hens given low NPP diets supplemented with phytase performed as well as the hens on positive control diets containing 3.2 g/kg of NPP. A 49% reduction of excreta P content was achieved by feeding hens on low NPP diets supplemented with phytase, without compromising performance. Phytase addition to low NPP diets increased total phosphorus absorption at the ileal level, from 0.25 to 0.51 in the maize diet and from 0.34 to 0.58 in the barley diet. Phosphorus absorption increased linearly with increasing levels of dietary phytase. Mean phosphorus absorption was higher in barley diets than in maize diets (0.49 vs 0.39).     

Relative bio-availability and utilisation of phosphatic fertilisers as sources of phosphorus in broilers and layers

1. Different concentrations of non-phytate phosphorus (NPP, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0 and 4.5 g/kg diet) were given to broilers (8 to 42 d of age) to establish regressions between dietary NPP concentration and body weight gain and tibia ash content. Second and third experiments were conducted to study the feasibility of utilisation of different phosphatic fertilisers [ammonium phosphate (AP), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), single super phosphate (SSP), NPK (17:17:17, NPK) and NP (28:28:0, NPK)] in commercial broilers (8 to 42 d) and White Leghorn layers (252 to 364 d). 2. Phosphatic fertilisers were incorporated both in broiler (10 g calcium and 4.5 g NPP/kg) and layer (35 g calcium and 3.5 g NPP/kg) diets by replacing dicalcium phosphate (DCP) in toto. 3. The logarithmic curves obtained for predicting the body weight gain and tibia ash content at different levels of NPP used in experiment 1 were Y = 156.27 + 2,468.8 logX (r2= 0.958) and Y = 530.82 + 144.26 log X (r2 = 0.916), respectively. 4. Body weight gain and food intake in broilers given APP- or NP-supplemented diets were comparable to these in the DCP-fed group. Feeding of NPK, AP or SSP resulted in significant depression in weight gain and food intake and high excreta moisture content. Food/gain, Ca and P contents in tibia ash and serum were not influenced by the use of phosphatic fertilisers as P sources in broiler diets. 5. Tibia ash content in broilers fed on diets containing fertilisers was either similar to or significantly higher than that in the DCP-fed group. Broilers on AP or SSP retained more P and had higher tibia ash content than those on DCP. AP, SSP or NPK caused degenerative and necrotic changes in liver, kidney and intestine of broilers. 6. Relative bio-availability of P from APP or NP was better for body weight gain than AP, SSP or NPK, while the reverse was true for bone calcification. 7. APP and NP gave hen-d egg production similar to that of DCP-fed layers. Food intake was significantly reduced in layers fed on diets containing fertilisers. However, food/egg mass, egg weight and serum Ca and inorganic P contents were not influenced by inclusion of fertilisers in layer diets. 8. Except for AP, inclusion of fertilisers in layer diets reduced shell weight and shell thickness compared with the DCP-fed group. However, no apparent eggshell defects were found which could be attributable to diet. 9. Results of these experiments suggest that APP and NP can be used as the sole source of P both in broiler and layer diets, replacing DCP in toto. However, when utilising these P sources in layers, due attention should be given to shell quality. Fertilisers containing high F (AP and SSP) or K (NPK) reduced performance in broilers and layers and caused microscopic changes in liver, kidney and intestine in broilers.     

Relative bioavailability of phosphorus in inorganic phosphorus sources fed to growing pigs

The relative bioavailability of P in 5 sources of inorganic P was determined using growing pigs. The 5 sources of inorganic P were dicalcium phosphate (DCP), monocalcium phosphate (MCP) containing 50% MCP (MCP50), MCP containing 70% MCP (MCP70), MCP containing 100% MCP (MCP100), and monosodium phosphate (MSP). A total of 11 diets were formulated. The basal diet was formulated to contain 0.10% P, and 10 additional diets were formulated by adding 0.07 or 0.14% P from each of the 5 P sources to the basal diet. Growing pigs (n = 44; initial BW: 16.8 ± 4.3 kg) were individually housed and randomly allotted to the 11 experimental diets. Feed was provided on an ad libitum basis throughout the 28-d experimental period. At the conclusion of the experiment, all pigs were killed, and 4 bones (i.e., the third and fourth metacarpals on both front feet) were harvested. Bone-breaking strength, bone ash, and Ca and P concentrations were determined. The concentration of bone ash increased (P < 0.05) as MCP50, MCP70, MCP100, or MSP were added to the basal diet, and the concentration of bone P also increased (P < 0.05) as MCP70, MCP100, or MSP were added to the basal diet. The relative bioavailability of P in each of the feed phosphates was determined using slope ratio methodologies based on breaking strength, and expressed relative to MSP. The slope of the regression line for diets containing MSP or MCP100 was steeper (P < 0.05) than the slope for pigs fed the diet containing DCP, but not different (P > 0.05) from that of pigs fed diets supplemented with MCP50 or MCP70. In conclusion, P in MSP and MCP100 is more bioavailable than P in DCP, but there were no differences within MCP sources.     

生长猪基础饲粮组成对磷酸氢钙和磷酸二氢钙中磷的全肠道真消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究生长猪基础饲粮组成对磷酸氢钙(DCP)和磷酸二氢钙(MCP)中磷的全肠道真消化率(TTTD)的影响。试验1选用10头平均体重为(30.4±1.8)kg的生长猪,按照10×8不完全拉丁方设计,分别饲喂含有5个DCP添加水平的玉米-豆粕型和含有5个DCP添加水平的小麦-豆粕型饲粮,进行8期消化试验;试验2选用10头平均体重为(30.9±1.5)kg的生长猪,按照10×8不完全拉丁方设计,分别饲喂含有5个M CP添加水平的玉米-豆粕型和含有5个MCP添加水平的小麦-豆粕型饲粮,进行8期消化试验。每期消化试验包括5 d的饲粮适应期和2 d的粪便收集期。结果表明:1)玉米-豆粕型饲粮的总粪磷排泄量极显著高于小麦-豆粕型饲粮(P0.01),小麦-豆粕型饲粮的全肠道可消化磷含量和磷的表观全肠道消化率(ATTD)极显著高于玉米-豆粕型饲粮(P0.01)。饲粮添加DCP和MCP线性增加总粪磷排泄量、全肠道可消化磷含量及磷的ATTD(P0.01)。2)通过使用线性回归法,测得生长猪采食玉米-豆粕型和小麦-豆粕型饲粮对DCP中磷的TTTD分别为82.33%和82.88%,生长猪采食玉米-豆粕型和小麦-豆粕型饲粮对MCP中磷的TTTD分别为85.88%和84.62%。由此可见,生长猪基础饲粮组成对DCP和MCP中磷的TTTD无显著影响。     

磷源对福美双诱导的肉鸡胫骨软骨发育不良及骨骼钙、磷代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究磷酸一二钙(MDCP)和磷酸氢钙(DCP)对福美双诱导的肉鸡胫骨软骨发育不良(TD)及骨骼钙、磷代谢的影响。选取1日龄科宝(Cobb)肉雏鸡120只,试验1～21 d采用2因子设计,按磷源的不同分为2个处理(磷源DCP和MDCP),每个处理60只鸡;试验22～42 d采用2×2因子设计,将每种磷源按福美双的添加水平不同再分为2个处理(福美双水平为0和100 mg/kg),每个处理3个重复,每个重复10只鸡。福美双组在基础饲粮中添加100mg/kg福美双,于22～28 d饲喂,然后换喂对应不含福美双饲粮。结果表明:1)MDCP组肉鸡第35天TD评分相对DCP组有降低的趋势(P=0.09),但磷源对肉鸡第28和42天TD评分影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。福美双显著升高了肉鸡第28、35和42天TD评分(P<0.05)。2)福美双和磷源对肉鸡第35天胫骨灰分、钙和磷含量交互效应显著(P<0.05)。福美双诱导条件下,MDCP组肉鸡第35天胫骨灰分、钙、磷含量显著高于DCP组(P<0.05)。3)DCP组第35天血清甲状旁腺素含量高于MDCP组(P=0.12)。由此可见,相对DCP,MDCP对福美双诱导的TD发生有一定减缓作用,且与肉鸡骨骼钙、磷代谢密切相关。2种磷源对肉鸡最终TD评分影响差异不显著。     

Novel procedure for estimating endogenous losses and measurement of apparent and true digestibility of phosphorus by growing pigs

An experiment was conducted to evaluate a novel procedure for estimating endogenous losses of P and for measuring the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and true total tract digestibility (TTTD) of P in 5 inorganic P sources fed to growing pigs. The P sources were dicalcium phosphate (DCP), monocalcium phosphate (MCP) with 50% purity (MCP50), MCP with 70% purity (MCP70), MCP with 100% purity (MCP100), and monosodium phosphate (MSP). A gelatin-based, P-free basal diet was formulated and used to estimate endogenous losses of P. Five P-containing diets were formulated by adding 0.20% total P from each of the inorganic P sources to the basal diet. A seventh diet was formulated by adding 0.16% P from MCP70 to the basal diet. All diets were fed to 7 growing pigs in a 7 x 7 Latin square design, and urine and feces were collected during 5 d of each period. The endogenous loss of P was estimated as 139 +/- 18 mg/kg of DMI. The ATTD of P in MSP was greater (P < 0.05) than in DCP, MCP50, and MCP70 (91.9 vs. 81.5, 82.6, and 81.7%, respectively). In MSP, the TTTD of P was 98.2%. This value was greater (P < 0.05) than the TTTD of P in DCP, MCP50, and MCP70 (88.4, 89.5, and 88.6%, respectively). The ATTD and the TTTD for MCP70 were similar in diets formulated to contain 0.16 and 0.20% total P. Results from the current experiment demonstrate that a P-free diet may be used to measure endogenous losses of P in pigs. By adding inorganic P sources to this diet, the ATTD of P can be directly measured and the TTTD of P may be calculated for each source of P.     

不同添加水平的磷酸一二钙对肉鸡生产性能、钙磷代谢及盲肠微生物的影响

本试验旨在研究磷酸一二钙（MDCP）对AA肉鸡生产性能、血液生化指标、胫骨强度、骨骼中钙、磷代谢和盲肠微生态的影响以及在饲粮中完全替代磷酸氢钙的适宜磷酸一二钙添加水平。试验选取健康的1日龄AA肉鸡450只，随机分为5组。对照组（CK）以磷酸氢钙（DCP）补充饲粮非植酸磷，试验组以MDCP补充饲粮非植酸磷，试验1组至试验4组饲粮中非植酸磷水平分别为对照组的60%、80%、100%及120%，即T1、T2、T3和T4。每组6个重复，每个重复15只，试验期42 d。于试验第19~21天和第39~41天进行代谢试验，于第21、42天分别进行生产性能、血液、盲肠微生物等指标测定和样品采集及分析。结果表明：1）与对照组相比，不同试验组均显著提高21 d和42 d肉鸡的生产性能（P<0.05），其中试验2组欧洲指数最高；2）除试验1组钙表观代谢率外，其他3个试验组21 d钙、磷的表观代谢率显著降低（P<0.05），试验1组和试验2组42 d的钙、磷表观代谢率显著提高（P<0.05）；3）试验1组21 d胫骨的钙含量较对照组显著升高（P<0.05），磷和最大应力显著降低（P<0.05），试验3组42 d胫骨的钙和磷含量较对照组和试验1组显著提高（P<0.05），试验2组和试验3组的最大应力显著高于其他处理组（P<0.05）；4）试验1组21 d血磷含量较对照组显著降低（P<0.05），试验4组较对照组显著提高（P<0.05）；5）肉鸡盲肠微生物高通量测序结果表示，对照组和4个试验组21 d肉鸡盲肠微生物有明显差异，聚类分支距离较远，42 d肉鸡试验组的微生物多样性较对照组丰富，其多样性明显高于21 d。综合各项指标结果表明，添加MDCP磷源的量为DCP磷源量的80%时，肉鸡1~21和1~42 d的生产性能，血液、骨骼指标均能达到最佳效果，同时有助于肠道微生物的稳定和健康。     

Effects of different phosphorus sources in the diet on bone composition and stability (breaking strength) in broilers

In two fattening trials (in each 100 broilers kept in four groups with 25 animals) as well as in a balance trial (four groups with four broilers in a group) the effects of inorganic phosphorus sources [monocalcium phosphate (MCP), dicalcium phosphate (dihydrate; DCP) and defluorinated phosphate (DFP)] in broiler diets were examined. The four diets contained up to 9 g calcium and 6 g phosphorus per kg and comparable energy and nutrient contents. Controls were fed a commercial diet with Ca-Na-phosphate as inorganic phosphorus source supplemented by phytase. In both fattening trials body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion were proved as well as the calcium and phosphorus levels in serum, the breaking strength of tibia or humerus and the femur mineralization (ash content in the fat free dry matter). Furthermore, in the balance trial the retention of calcium and phosphorus was determined by calculation (intake minus excretion) as well as by analysis of body composition. On a high performance level (that was only slightly influenced by the different treatments), the addition of DFP resulted in significantly reduced phosphorus availability (estimated by analysis of the whole carcass: control/MCP/DCP/DFP: 48.6/46.0/45.7/35.5%). The significantly reduced phosphorus level in serum (1.77 +/- 0.20/1.77 +/- 0.24/1.73 +/- 0.28 1.34 +/- 0.33 mmol/l) indicates the lower phosphorus retention in broilers given DFP. Furthermore, the crude ash content (582 +/- 17.6/580 +/- 18.6/563 +/- 15.2/547 +/- 29.7 g/kg fat free DM) and the breaking strength of bones (in right tibia in trial 2: 232 +/- 82.4/227 +/- 51.5/232 +/- 41.7/196 +/- 655 N) were lowest when given DFP. For diagnostic purposes it is of special interest that the phosphorus levels in the serum reflected markedly the different concentrations of available phosphorus in the diet.