桉树木粉的有机磺酸催化热化学液化研究

研究了对甲苯磺酸催化桉树木粉在多元醇体系的液化反应,利用在线红外光谱技术,研究了桉树木粉的醇解液化反应过程,探索了不同反应条件对液化反应的影响。通过对液化产物的分析,揭示了液化产物的性质随反应时间变化的规律。实验结果表明:桉树木粉在聚乙二醇-丙三醇(质量比4∶1)的液化溶剂中,当对甲苯磺酸用量为3%、反应温度160℃、液固质量比4∶1、液化反应时间180 min时,其液化产率高达89.97%。液化产物的羟值随反应时间的增加在460~340 mg/g区间逐渐降低、酸值在13~20 mg/g区间逐渐增加。     

玉米秸秆发酵残渣在多羟基醇中液化反应的研究

以玉米秸秆制备燃料乙醇所得到的发酵残渣(简称"发酵残渣")为原料,在聚乙二醇等多羟基醇中,以浓硫酸为催化剂,进行液化反应,得到植物纤维基多元醇,并以该种液化产物代替部分聚醚多元醇,用于聚氨酯硬泡的制备。通过对液化产物及残渣进行分析,研究了影响液化反应的因素。结果表明:发酵残渣在液化剂PEG200/甘油(质量比7∶3)中,当液化温度为160℃,时间为2 h,液固质量比4∶1,催化剂浓硫酸用量为液化剂质量的4%时液化效果最佳,液化率达64.54%。此时,液化产物羟值为349 mg/g,黏度为979 mPa·s。发酵残渣苯醇抽提物在上述液化条件下液化率可达96.59%,其液化产物的羟值及黏度分别为474 mg/g和791 mPa·s,也可用于聚氨酯硬泡的制备。     

杉木粉液化与液化产物树脂化的研究

以硫酸为催化剂、苯酚为液化剂采用溶剂热法对杉木粉进行液化,用杉木粉液化产物制备出酚醛树脂;考察了反应温度、反应时间、液比(苯酚-木粉的质量比)和催化剂用量对杉木粉液化效率的影响,并初步探讨了液化产物残渣率对所制酚醛树脂性能的影响。实验结果表明,杉木粉液化的最佳工艺条件是:反应温度160℃,液化时间12 h,液比值3,催化剂用量3%,在此条件下残渣率约为10%。液化产物残渣率的测定表明,升高反应温度、延长反应时间、增加液比和催化剂用量可以降低残渣率,提高液化效率;液比值为0.5~1.5时残渣率随液比增加而显著降低,催化剂用量为0.5%~2%时液化效率的变化明显。红外光谱结果表明,由液化产物所合成的酚醛树脂中羟甲基含量较高。液化产物残渣率低时制备的酚醛树脂残碳率较高。     

核桃壳苯酚液化及其产物树脂化制备木材胶黏剂的研究

采用硫酸催化剂,考察了苯酚与核桃壳质量比等条件对核桃壳液化的影响。结果表明相同液化条件下,随着苯酚与核桃壳质量比从2∶1升至5∶1,残渣率从26.49%降至6.60%;随着浓硫酸加入量从2%增至4%、反应时间从5 min延至120 min、反应温度从100℃增至150℃,残渣率则分别从20.79%降至10.48%、48.84%降至15.62%、28.86%降至9.39%,游离酚含量分别从17.32%降至12.67%、41.71%降至10.25%、21.94%降至14.33%。同时,液化产物重均相对分子质量(MW)可降至706~1 030、分散度可降至1.04~1.25;液化产物中高相对分子质量部分随着苯酚与核桃壳质量比的增加有所降低,但随着浓硫酸加入量、液化反应时间和温度的增加而有所增加;核桃壳液化产物/苯酚/甲醛共缩聚树脂胶黏剂(WPF)与传统酚醛树脂胶黏剂(PF)的对比表明,WPF的胶接强度可达1.33 MPa,可作为胶合板用胶黏剂。     

超临界水中蔗渣的液化反应及其产物的结构表征

以Na2CO3、K2CO3、NaOH为催化剂,在375~400℃的超临界水中进行蔗渣的液化反应。考察了液固比、反应时间、反应温度和催化剂对蔗渣液化的影响。在380℃、液固比18∶1(质量比)、反应时间20 min条件下,NaOH或Na2CO3催化剂用量为1%时,液化残渣率降到10%以下,而在同样条件下,KCO催化剂用量为3%时,液化反应的残渣率降到7%以下。对液化产物进行了表征。GC-MS分析表明,液体产物的主要组成是含环状结构的酮和一些含甲基、羟甲基等官能团的苯酚类化合物,气体产物主要为C1~C4烷烃和CO、CO2、H2等无机气体,且其组成因液化温度而变化。液化残渣经过FT-IR分析和扫描电镜分析,发现其主要由焦炭以及尚未完全分解的木质素组成。     

杨木粉液化产物及其树脂制备工艺

随着石油资源的不断匮乏,速生杨木这种可再生生物质资源逐渐被人们所重视,为制备可以替代传统树脂的新型树脂材料,解决当今能源危机问题,许多国家都在生物质资源利用方面做了研究。以杨木屑为原料,通过液化试验制备液化产物,再通过液化产物制备树脂,研究催化剂和液化剂用量、反应时间以及反应温度对液化产物所制树脂的影响,寻找较优制备条件。结果表明:液化反应在液固比为1.5的70%苯酚用量、聚乙二醇400的复合液化剂,4%浓硫酸催化剂用量,135℃的液化反应温度,120 min的液化反应时间条件下,可制备出效果较好的液化产物,其残渣率为7%,羟值为370 mg/g。通过液化产物制备树脂的较佳条件是:甲醛与液化产物摩尔比1.2,Na OH与液化产物摩尔比0.5,反应温度85℃反应时间120 min。在此条件下制得优质树脂,黏度为4 500~6 500 m Pa·s,固含量70%~80%。     

木材液化及其在聚氨酯胶黏剂上的应用研究

通过考察木粉在催化剂存在下的加溶剂液化,确定了木粉液化的最佳工艺条件,即:温度160℃,m(苯酚)∶m(木粉)为5∶1,催化剂用量1.2 mmol/g,反应时间60min,残渣率降至3.5%.并发现随着反应时间的延长,液化物出现再凝聚的残渣.利用液化产物制备了聚氨酯胶黏剂,拉伸剪切强度达5 MPa,达到应用要求,为今后的工业化生产提供了依据.     

小麦秸秆加压液化制备乙酰丙酸乙酯

以小麦秸秆为原料,浓硫酸为催化剂,乙醇为溶剂进行液化实验,分析了液化产物的组成,考察了不同条件对目标产物乙酰丙酸乙酯(EL)得率及液化率的影响。结果表明:在浓硫酸用量10%、反应温度190℃、反应时间60 min,液固比为18∶1(g∶g)条件下,小麦秸秆的液化效果较好,液化率为75%,此时EL的得率为18.11%;经红外光谱分析可知秸秆在反应过程中发生降解;液体产物中包含醛、酮、酯、酚、酸类等多种含氧化合物,纤维素降解生成葡萄糖、葡萄糖苷、乙氧基甲基糠醛等中间产物,并最终转化为乙酰丙酸乙酯。     

蔗渣在碳酸乙烯酯中的快速液化

研究了蔗渣在碳酸乙烯酯中以硫酸为催化剂的快速液化反应。讨论了温度、液固比及催化剂用量等因素对液化反应的影响。对液化产物进行了表征。结果表明蔗渣在碳酸乙烯酯中反应10～20min,残渣率即可降到3％。液化产物为一聚醚酯多元醇体系,羟值为220．330mg／g,可用来制备环氧树脂粘合剂。     

农作物秸秆加压液化制备乙酰丙酸乙酯及其分离初探

分别选取小麦、玉米和水稻等3种农作物的秸秆为原料,乙醇为溶剂,98%浓硫酸为催化剂,在反应压力2.25 MPa,反应温度200℃,催化剂用量5%,反应时间60 min和固液比1∶15(质量比)的条件下,进行加压液化的初步研究,对液化产物进行分析,并分离得到液化产物中的乙酰丙酸乙酯(EL)。结果显示:同等液化条件下,所选原料中小麦秸秆的液化效果最好;FT-IR、TG-DTG和SEM分析表明液化过程中小麦秸秆组分的结构发生改变和降解,液化产物的主要组分为EL,在水相的乙酸乙酯萃取液中EL的GC含量为52.61%;在蒸馏分离的过程中,EL的纯度可达92.71%,回收率达89.93%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.